最近学习了网络设备驱动的写法 ，并实践了ldd2的snull例子 ，这个例子最大的困难是，如果你不把这个例子调通，代码看懂 ，你就不明白到底这个例子是做什么的怎么用 。晕，刚好倒过来了
实际上ldd上说的太复杂 ，不太让人好懂 ，就是ldd的作者为了让俺们调试方便，让我们能够在一台机器上进行调试人为地搞了那么多乱七八糟的东西 ，snull发出的包在发出前目的地址被修改了 ，就这么点事情 ，比如我们ping 192.168.0.123 ,硬件收到包后调用snull的包处理部分，这个部分先把收到的包的目的地址改为192.168.1.123 ，然后再把这个包丢给应用程序 ，于是 一句话 ，俺原来ping 192.168.0.123发出的icmp包变成了ping 192.168.1.123产生的icmp包 ，所以这个时候需要给自己的系统配一个1.123的地址就可以收到这个包
ifconfig sn0 192.168.0.123
ifconfig sn1 192.168.1.123
这样 ，当俺们运行ping 192.168.0.123 的时候俺们通过地址192.168.1.123收到了这个包
这个搞清楚了后就可以看代码了 ，调试的时候也可以用任意的tcpip的客户端服务器端都可以发送接收数据成功,都已经到了实践6了俺相信如果各位同胞对简单的tcpip socket服务器端和客户端的通信的例子都不会写的情况就很少了，所以俺就不列出测试代码了 。网上有很多 。或者直接ping 192.168.0.123通过驱动种俺打印出来的包内容也可以进行分析判断驱动是否生效
准确的来说俺还没有完全搞清楚 ，比如这个中断处理 ，俺感觉snull没有用中断处理阿 ，spin_lock是互斥锁阿 希望有明白的人告诉俺
下面的代码中有些许注释 ，俺也自己实现了个htons，不知道是ldd2的原码错误太多还是俺水平不够，反正俺每次都要修改代码才能正确编译成功，代码中有些注释 。大家可以看看 ，也可以帮我解决一下俺不懂得问题 ，欢迎回贴
#ifndef __KERNEL__
# define __KERNEL__
#endif
#ifndef MODULE
# define MODULE
#endif
#include
#include
#include
#include /* printk() */
#include /* kmalloc() */
#include /* error codes */
#include /* size_t */
#include /* mark_bh */
#include
#include /* struct device, and other headers */
#include /* eth_type_trans */
#include /* struct iphdr */
#include /* struct tcphdr */
#include
#include "snull.h"
#define LINUX_24
#ifdef LINUX_20
# include
# define net_device_stats enet_statistics
#else
# include
#endif
#include
#include MODULE_AUTHOR("Alessandro Rubini");
/* This is a load-time options */
static int eth = 0; /* Call yourself "ethX". Default is "sn0"/"sn1" */
MODULE_PARM(eth, "i");
/*
* Transmitter lockup simulation, normally disabled.
*/
static int lockup = 0;
MODULE_PARM(lockup, "i");
#ifdef HAVE_TX_TIMEOUT
static int timeout = SNULL_TIMEOUT;
MODULE_PARM(timeout, "i");
#endif
int snull_eth;
/*
* This structure is private to each device. It is used to pass
* packets in and out, so there is place for a packet
*/
struct snull_priv {
struct net_device_stats stats;
int status;
int rx_packetlen;
u8 *rx_packetdata;
int tx_packetlen;
u8 *tx_packetdata;
struct sk_buff *skb;
spinlock_t lock;
};
extern struct net_device snull_devs[];
void snull_tx_timeout (struct net_device *dev);
/*
* Open and close
*/
int snull_open(struct net_device *dev)
{
MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;
/* request_region(), request_irq(), .... (like fops->open) */
#if 0 && defined(LINUX_20)
/*
* We have no irq line, otherwise this assignment can be used to
* grab a non-shared interrupt. To share interrupt lines use
* the dev_id argument of request_irq. See snull_interrupt below.
*/
irq2dev_map[dev->irq] = dev;
#endif
/*
* Assign the hardware address of the board: use "\0SNULx", where
* x is 0 or 1. The first byte is '\0' to avoid being a multicast
* address (the first byte of multicast addrs is odd).
*/
memcpy(dev->dev_addr, "\0SNUL0", ETH_ALEN);
dev->dev_addr[ETH_ALEN-1] += (dev - snull_devs); /* the number */
#ifndef LINUX_24
dev->start = 1;
#endif
netif_start_queue(dev);
/*
static inline void netif_start_queue(struct net_device *dev)
{
dev->tbusy = 0;
dev->start = 1;
}
*/
return 0;
}
int snull_release(struct net_device *dev)
{
/* release ports, irq and such -- like fops->close */
netif_stop_queue(dev); /* can't transmit any more */
#ifndef LINUX_24
dev->start = 0;
#endif
MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;
/* if irq2dev_map was used (2.0 kernel), zero the entry here */
return 0;
}
/*
* Configuration changes (passed on by ifconfig)
*/
int snull_config(struct net_device *dev, struct ifmap *map)
{
if (dev->flags & IFF_UP) /* can't act on a running interface */
return -EBUSY;
printk("you are now in function snull_config ___________\n") ;
/* Don't allow changing the I/O address */
if (map->base_addr != dev->base_addr) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "snull: Can't change I/O address\n");
return -EOPNOTSUPP;
}
/* Allow changing the IRQ */
if (map->irq != dev->irq) {
dev->irq = map->irq;
/* request_irq() is delayed to open-time */
}
/* ignore other fields */
return 0;
}
/*
* Receive a packet: retrieve, encapsulate and pass over to upper levels
*/
void snull_rx(struct net_device *dev, int len, unsigned char *buf)
{
struct sk_buff *skb;
struct snull_priv *priv = (struct snull_priv *) dev->priv;
printk("___________recv a package ____(have changed)________________snull_rx \n") ;
if (1) { /* enable this conditional to look at the data */
int i;
PDEBUG("len is %i\n" KERN_DEBUG "data:",len);
for (i=14 ; i printk(" %02x",buf[i]&0xff);
printk("\n");
}
/*
* The packet has been retrieved from the transmission
* medium. Build an skb around it, so upper layers can handle it
*/
skb = dev_alloc_skb(len+2);
if (!skb) {
printk("snull rx: low on mem - packet dropped\n");
priv->stats.rx_dropped++;
return;
}
skb_reserve(skb, 2); /* align IP on 16B boundary */
memcpy(skb_put(skb, len), buf, len);
/* Write metadata, and then pass to the receive level */
skb->dev = dev;
skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, dev);
skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY; /* don't check it */
priv->stats.rx_packets++;
#ifndef LINUX_20
priv->stats.rx_bytes += len;
#endif
netif_rx(skb);
return;
}
/*
* The typical interrupt entry point
*/
#ifdef LINUX_24
void snull_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
int statusword;
struct snull_priv *priv;
/*
* As usual, check the "device" pointer for shared handlers.
* Then assign "struct device *dev"
*/
struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *)dev_id;
/* ... and check with hw if it's really ours */
if (!dev /*paranoid*/ ) return;
/* Lock the device */
priv = (struct snull_priv *) dev->priv;
spin_lock(&priv->lock);
/* retrieve statusword: real netdevices use I/O instructions */
statusword = priv->status;
if (statusword & SNULL_RX_INTR) {
/* send it to snull_rx for handling */
snull_rx(dev, priv->rx_packetlen, priv->rx_packetdata);
}
if (statusword & SNULL_TX_INTR) {
/* a transmission is over: free the skb */
priv->stats.tx_packets++;
priv->stats.tx_bytes += priv->tx_packetlen;
dev_kfree_skb(priv->skb);
}
/* Unlock the device and we are done */
spin_unlock(&priv->lock);
return;
}
#else /* LINUX_22 or earlier */
void snull_interrupt(int irq, void *dev_id, struct pt_regs *regs)
{
int statusword;
struct snull_priv *priv;
/*
* As usual, check the "device" pointer for shared handlers.
* Then assign "struct device *dev"
*/
#if 0 && defined(LINUX_20)
/* This is the way to do things for non-shared handlers */
struct device *dev = (struct device *)(irq2dev_map[irq]);
#else
/* Otherwise use this SA_SHIRQ-safe approach */
struct net_device *dev = (struct net_device *)dev_id;
/* ... and check with hw if it's really ours */
#endif
if (!dev /*paranoid*/ ) return;
/* Lock the device */
priv = (struct snull_priv *) dev->priv;
/*从严格意义上说，semaphore和spinlock_XXX属于不同层次
的互斥手段，前者的
实现有赖于后者，*/
spin_lock(&priv->lock);
dev->interrupt = 1;
/* retrieve statusword: real netdevices use inb() or inw() */
statusword = priv->status;
if (statusword & SNULL_RX_INTR) {
/* send it to snull_rx for handling */
snull_rx(dev, priv->rx_packetlen, priv->rx_packetdata);
}
if (statusword & SNULL_TX_INTR)
{
/* a transmission is over: tell we are no more busy */
priv->stats.tx_packets++;
#ifndef LINUX_20
priv->stats.tx_bytes += priv->tx_packetlen;
#endif
dev_kfree_skb(priv->skb);
}
spin_unlock(&priv->lock);
dev->interrupt = 0;
return;
}
#endif /* LINUX_22 or earlier */
/*
* Transmit a packet (low level interface)
*/
void snull_hw_tx(char *buf, int len, struct net_device *dev)
{
/*
* This function deals with hw details. This interface loops
* back the packet to the other snull interface (if any).
* In other words, this function implements the snull behaviour,
* while all other procedures are rather device-independent
*/
struct iphdr *ih;
struct net_device *dest;
struct snull_priv *priv;
u32 *saddr, *daddr;
/* I am paranoid. Ain't I? */
/* if (len < sizeof(struct ethhdr) + sizeof(struct iphdr)) {
printk("snull: Hmm... packet too short (%i octets)\n",
len);
return;
}
*/
printk("___________send a package _(not change)___________________snull_rx \n") ;
if (1) { /* enable this conditional to look at the data */
int i;
PDEBUG("len is %i\n" KERN_DEBUG "data:",len);
for (i=14 ; i printk(" %02x",buf[i]&0xff);
printk("\n");
}
/*
* Ethhdr is 14 bytes, but the kernel arranges for iphdr
* to be aligned (i.e., ethhdr is unaligned)
*/
ih = (struct iphdr *)(buf+sizeof(struct ethhdr));
saddr = &ih->saddr;
daddr = &ih->daddr;
((u8 *)saddr)[2] ^= 1; /* change the third octet (class C) */
((u8 *)daddr)[2] ^= 1;
ih->check = 0; /* and rebuild the checksum (ip needs it) */
ih->check = ip_fast_csum((unsigned char *)ih,ih->ihl);
if (dev == snull_devs)
PDEBUGG("%08x:%05i --> %08x:%05i\n",
ntohl(ih->saddr),ntohs(((struct tcphdr *)(ih+1))->source),
ntohl(ih->daddr),ntohs(((struct tcphdr *)(ih+1))->dest));
else
PDEBUGG("%08x:%05i <-- %08x:%05i\n",
ntohl(ih->daddr),ntohs(((struct tcphdr *)(ih+1))->dest),
ntohl(ih->saddr),ntohs(((struct tcphdr *)(ih+1))->source));
/*
* Ok, now the packet is ready for transmission: first simulate a
* receive interrupt on the twin device, then a
* transmission-done on the transmitting device
*/
dest = snull_devs + (dev==snull_devs ? 1 : 0);
priv = (struct snull_priv *) dest->priv;
priv->status = SNULL_RX_INTR;
priv->rx_packetlen = len;
priv->rx_packetdata = buf;
snull_interrupt(0, dest, NULL);
priv = (struct snull_priv *) dev->priv;
priv->status = SNULL_TX_INTR;
priv->tx_packetlen = len;
priv->tx_packetdata = buf;
if (lockup && ((priv->stats.tx_packets + 1) % lockup) == 0) {
/* Simulate a dropped transmit interrupt */
netif_stop_queue(dev);
netif_stop_queue(dev) set_bit(0, &dev->tbusy)
PDEBUG("Simulate lockup at %ld, txp %ld\n", jiffies,
(unsigned long) priv->stats.tx_packets);
}
else
snull_interrupt(0, dev, NULL);
}
/*
dev->open = snull_open;
dev->stop = snull_release;
dev->set_config = snull_config;
dev->hard_start_xmit = snull_tx;
dev->do_ioctl = snull_ioctl;
dev->get_stats = snull_stats;
dev->change_mtu = snull_change_mtu;
dev->rebuild_header = snull_rebuild_header;
dev->hard_header = snull_header;
#ifdef HAVE_TX_TIMEOUT
dev->tx_timeout = snull_tx_timeout;
dev->watchdog_timeo = timeout;
#endif
*/
/*
dev->hard_start_xmit = snull_tx;
所有的网络设备驱动程序都必须有这个发送方法。
在系统调用驱动程序的xmit时，发送的数据放在一个
sk_buff结构中。一般的驱动程序把数据传给硬件发出
去。也有一些特殊的设备比如loopback把数据组成一个
接收数据再回送给系统，或者dummy设备直接丢弃数
据。如果发送成功，hard_start_xmit方法里释放sk_buff，返
回0(发送成功)。如果发送成功，hard_start_xmit方法里
释放sk_buff，返回0(发送成功)。如果设备暂时无法处
理，比如硬件忙，则返回1。这时如果dev->tbusy置为
非0，则系统认为硬件忙，要等到dev->tbusy置0以后才
会再次发送。tbusy的置0任务一般由中断完成。硬件在
发送结束后产生中断，这时可以把tbusy置0，然后用mark_bh()
调用通知系统可以再次发送。在发送不成功的情况下，
也可以不置dev->tbusy为非0，这样系统会不断尝试重发。
如果hard_start_xmit发送不成功，则不要释放sk_buff
本例子中因为需要修改目的ip地址所以进行了ip头的修改
*/
/*
* Transmit a packet (called by the kernel)
*/
int snull_tx(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *dev)
{
int len;
char *data;
struct snull_priv *priv = (struct snull_priv *) dev->priv;
#ifndef LINUX_24
if (dev->tbusy || skb == NULL) {
PDEBUG("tint for %p, tbusy %ld, skb %p\n", dev, dev->tbusy, skb);
snull_tx_timeout (dev);
if (skb == NULL)
return 0;
}
#endif
len = skb->len < ETH_ZLEN ? ETH_ZLEN : skb->len;
data = skb->data;
dev->trans_start = jiffies; /* save the timestamp */
/* Remember the skb, so we can free it at interrupt time */
priv->skb = skb;
/* actual deliver of data is device-specific, and not shown here */
snull_hw_tx(data, len, dev);
// printk("kkkkkkkkkkkkkkk____snull_tx____kkkkkkkkkkkkk\n") ;
return 0; /* Our simple device can not fail */
}
/*
* Deal with a transmit timeout.
*/
void snull_tx_timeout (struct net_device *dev)
{
struct snull_priv *priv = (struct snull_priv *) dev->priv;
PDEBUG("Transmit timeout at %ld, latency %ld\n", jiffies,
jiffies - dev->trans_start);
priv->status = SNULL_TX_INTR;
snull_interrupt(0, dev, NULL);
priv->stats.tx_errors++;
netif_wake_queue(dev); netif_wake_queue(dev) clear_bit(0, &dev->tbusy)
return;
}
/*
* Ioctl commands
*/
int snull_ioctl(struct net_device *dev, struct ifreq *rq, int cmd)
{
PDEBUG("ioctl\n");
return 0;
}
/*
* Return statistics to the caller
*/
struct net_device_stats *snull_stats(struct net_device *dev)
{
struct snull_priv *priv = (struct snull_priv *) dev->priv;
return &priv->stats;
}
/*
* This function is called to fill up an eth header, since arp is not
* available on the interface
*/
/*
有些网络有硬件地址(比如Ethernet)，并且在发送硬件帧
时需要知道目的硬件地址。这样就需要上层协议地址
(ip、ipx)和硬件地址的对应。这个对应是通过地址解析
完成的。需要做arp的的设备在发送之前会调用驱动程序
的rebuild_header方法。调用的主要参数包括指向硬件帧头的
指针，协议层地址。如果驱动程序能够解析硬件地址，
就返回1，如果不能，返回0。
对rebuild_header的调用在net/core/dev.c的do_dev_queue_xmit()里。
*/
#ifndef LINUX_20
int snull_rebuild_header(struct sk_buff *skb)
{
struct ethhdr *eth = (struct ethhdr *) skb->data;
struct net_device *dev = skb->dev;
memcpy(eth->h_source, dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
memcpy(eth->h_dest, dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
eth->h_dest[ETH_ALEN-1] ^= 0x01; /* dest is us xor 1 */
return 0;
}
#else /* LINUX_20 */
int snull_rebuild_header(void *buff, struct net_device *dev, unsigned long dst,
struct sk_buff *skb)
{
struct ethhdr *eth = (struct ethhdr *)buff;
memcpy(eth->h_source, dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
memcpy(eth->h_dest, dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
eth->h_dest[ETH_ALEN-1] ^= 0x01; /* dest is us xor 1 */
return 0;
}
#endif /* LINUX_20 */
unsigned short htons(unsigned short int arg)
{
unsigned short uret= 0 ;
unsigned char low ;
unsigned char high ;
low = arg&0xff ;
high = (arg&0xff00)>>8 ;
uret = (uret|low)<<8 ;
uret = uret|high ;
return uret ;
}
int snull_header(struct sk_buff *skb, struct net_device *dev,
unsigned short type, void *daddr, void *saddr,
unsigned int len)
{
struct ethhdr *eth = (struct ethhdr *)skb_push(skb,ETH_HLEN);
eth->h_proto =htons(type);
memcpy(eth->h_source, saddr ? saddr : dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
memcpy(eth->h_dest, daddr ? daddr : dev->dev_addr, dev->addr_len);
eth->h_dest[ETH_ALEN-1] ^= 0x01; /* dest is us xor 1 */
return (dev->hard_header_len);
}
/*
* The "change_mtu" method is usually not needed.
* If you need it, it must be like this.
*/
int snull_change_mtu(struct net_device *dev, int new_mtu)
{
unsigned long flags;
spinlock_t *lock = &((struct snull_priv *) dev->priv)->lock;
/* check ranges */
if ((new_mtu < 68) || (new_mtu > 1500))
return -EINVAL;
/*
* Do anything you need, and the accept the value
*/
spin_lock_irqsave(lock, flags);
dev->mtu = new_mtu;
spin_unlock_irqrestore(lock, flags);
return 0; /* success */
}
/*
* The init function (sometimes called probe).
* It is invoked by register_netdev()
*/
int snull_init(struct net_device *dev)
{
#if 0
/*
* Make the usual checks: check_region(), probe irq, ... -ENODEV
* should be returned if no device found. No resource should be
* grabbed: this is done on open().
*/
#endif
/*
* Then, assign other fields in dev, using ether_setup() and some
* hand assignments
*/
ether_setup(dev); /* assign some of the fields */
dev->open = snull_open;
dev->stop = snull_release;
dev->set_config = snull_config;
dev->hard_start_xmit = snull_tx;
dev->do_ioctl = snull_ioctl;
dev->get_stats = snull_stats;
dev->change_mtu = snull_change_mtu;
dev->rebuild_header = snull_rebuild_header;
dev->hard_header = snull_header;
#ifdef HAVE_TX_TIMEOUT
dev->tx_timeout = snull_tx_timeout;
dev->watchdog_timeo = timeout;
#endif
/* keep the default flags, just add NOARP */
dev->flags |= IFF_NOARP;
#ifndef LINUX_20
dev->hard_header_cache = NULL; /* Disable caching */
#endif
SET_MODULE_OWNER(dev);
/*
* Then, allocate the priv field. This encloses the statistics
* and a few private fields.
*/
dev->priv = kmalloc(sizeof(struct snull_priv), GFP_KERNEL);
if (dev->priv == NULL)
return -ENOMEM;
memset(dev->priv, 0, sizeof(struct snull_priv));
spin_lock_init(& ((struct snull_priv *) dev->priv)->lock);
return 0;
}
/*
* The devices
*/
#ifdef LINUX_24
struct net_device snull_devs[2] = {
{ init: snull_init, }, /* init, nothing more */
{ init: snull_init, }
};
#else /* pre-2.4 */
char snull_names[16];
struct net_device snull_devs[2] = {
{
name: snull_names,
init: snull_init, /* init function */
},
{
name: snull_names+8,
init: snull_init, /* init function */
}
};
#endif /* LINUX_24 */
/*
* Finally, the module stuff
*/
int snull_init_module(void)
{
int result, i, device_present = 0;
snull_eth = eth; /* copy the cfg datum in the non-static place */
if (!snull_eth) { /* call them "sn0" and "sn1" */
strcpy(snull_devs[0].name, "sn0");
strcpy(snull_devs[1].name, "sn1");
} else { /* use automatic assignment */
#ifdef LINUX_24
printk("__________2.4________\n") ;
strcpy(snull_devs[0].name, "eth%d");
strcpy(snull_devs[1].name, "eth%d");
#else
snull_devs[0].name[0] = snull_devs[1].name[0] = ' ';
#endif
}
for (i=0; i<2; i++)
if ( (result = register_netdev(snull_devs + i)) )
printk("snull: error %i registering device \"%s\"\n",
result, snull_devs[i].name);
else device_present++;
#ifndef SNULL_DEBUG
EXPORT_NO_SYMBOLS;
#endif
return device_present ? 0 : -ENODEV;
}
void snull_cleanup(void)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<2; i++) {
kfree(snull_devs[i].priv);
unregister_netdev(snull_devs + i);
}
return;
}
module_init(snull_init_module);
module_exit(snull_cleanup);
------------------------------------------------------------
差点忘记还有个头文件，头文件俺没有改动
#undef PDEBUG /* undef it, just in case */
#ifdef SNULL_DEBUG
# ifdef __KERNEL__
/* This one if debugging is on, and kernel space */
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) printk( KERN_DEBUG "snull: " fmt, ## args)
# else
/* This one for user space */
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) fprintf(stderr, fmt, ## args)
# endif
#else
# define PDEBUG(fmt, args...) /* not debugging: nothing */
#endif
#undef PDEBUGG
#define PDEBUGG(fmt, args...) /* nothing: it's a placeholder */
/* These are the flags in the statusword */
#define SNULL_RX_INTR 0x0001
#define SNULL_TX_INTR 0x0002
/* Default timeout period */
#define SNULL_TIMEOUT 5 /* In jiffies */
extern struct net_device snull_devs[];
