线程的最大特点是资源的共享性,但资源共享中的同步问题是多线程编程的难点。linux下提供了多种方式来处理线程同步,最常用的是互斥锁、条件变量和信号量。
一、互斥锁(mutex)
通过锁机制实现线程间的同步。
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初始化锁。在Linux下,线程的互斥量数据类型是pthread_mutex_t。在使用前,要对它进行初始化。
静态分配:pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
动态分配:int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, const pthread_mutex_attr_t *mutexattr);
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加锁。对共享资源的访问,要对互斥量进行加锁,如果互斥量已经上了锁,调用线程会阻塞,直到互斥量被解锁。
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex *mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
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解锁。在完成了对共享资源的访问后,要对互斥量进行解锁。
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
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销毁锁。锁在是使用完成后,需要进行销毁以释放资源。
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex *mutex);
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#include <cstdio>
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#include <cstdlib>
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#include <unistd.h>
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#include <pthread.h>
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#include "iostream"
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using namespace std;
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pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
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int tmp;
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void* thread(void *arg)
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{
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cout << "thread id is " << pthread_self() << endl;
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pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
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tmp = 12;
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cout << "Now a is " << tmp << endl;
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pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
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return NULL;
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}
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int main()
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{
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pthread_t id;
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cout << "main thread id is " << pthread_self() << endl;
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tmp = 3;
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cout << "In main func tmp = " << tmp << endl;
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if (!pthread_create(&id, NULL, thread, NULL))
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{
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cout << "Create thread success!" << endl;
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}
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else
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{
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cout << "Create thread failed!" << endl;
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}
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pthread_join(id, NULL);
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pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
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return 0;
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}
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//编译:g++ -o thread testthread.cpp -lpthread
二、条件变量(cond)
互斥锁不同,条件变量是用来等待而不是用来上锁的。条件变量用来自动阻塞一个线程,直到某特殊情况发生为止。通常条件变量和互斥锁同时使用。条件变量分为两部分: 条件和变量。条件本身是由互斥量保护的。线程在改变条件状态前先要锁住互斥量。条件变量使我们可以睡眠等待某种条件出现。条件变量是利用线程间共享的全局变量进行同步的一种机制,主要包括两个动作:一个线程等待"条件变量的条件成立"而挂起;另一个线程使"条件成立"(给出条件成立信号)。条件的检测是在互斥锁的保护下进行的。如果一个条件为假,一个线程自动阻塞,并释放等待状态改变的互斥锁。如果另一个线程改变了条件,它发信号给关联的条件变量,唤醒一个或多个等待它的线程,重新获得互斥锁,重新评价条件。如果两进程共享可读写的内存,条件变量可以被用来实现这两进程间的线程同步。
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初始化条件变量。
静态态初始化,pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIER;
动态初始化,int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr);
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等待条件成立。释放锁,同时阻塞等待条件变量为真才行。timewait()设置等待时间,仍未signal,返回ETIMEOUT(加锁保证只有一个线程wait)
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
int pthread_cond_timewait(pthread_cond_t *cond,pthread_mutex *mutex,const timespec *abstime);
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激活条件变量。pthread_cond_signal,pthread_cond_broadcast(激活所有等待线程)
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond); //解除所有线程的阻塞
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清除条件变量。无线程等待,否则返回EBUSY
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond);
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <pthread.h>
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#include "stdlib.h"
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#include "unistd.h"
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pthread_mutex_t mutex;
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pthread_cond_t cond;
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void hander(void *arg)
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{
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free(arg);
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(void)pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
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}
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void *thread1(void *arg)
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{
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pthread_cleanup_push(hander, &mutex);
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while(1)
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{
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printf("thread1 is running\n");
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pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
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pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);
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printf("thread1 applied the condition\n");
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pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
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sleep(4);
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}
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pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
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}
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void *thread2(void *arg)
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{
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while(1)
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{
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printf("thread2 is running\n");
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pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
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pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);
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printf("thread2 applied the condition\n");
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pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
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sleep(1);
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}
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}
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int main()
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{
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pthread_t thid1,thid2;
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printf("condition variable study!\n");
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pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
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pthread_cond_init(&cond, NULL);
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pthread_create(&thid1, NULL, thread1, NULL);
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pthread_create(&thid2, NULL, thread2, NULL);
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sleep(1);
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do
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{
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pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
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}while(1);
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sleep(20);
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pthread_exit(0);
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return 0;
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}
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#include <pthread.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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#include "stdio.h"
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#include "stdlib.h"
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static pthread_mutex_t mtx = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
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static pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
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struct node
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{
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int n_number;
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struct node *n_next;
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}*head = NULL;
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static void cleanup_handler(void *arg)
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{
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printf("Cleanup handler of second thread./n");
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free(arg);
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(void)pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx);
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}
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static void *thread_func(void *arg)
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{
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struct node *p = NULL;
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pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup_handler, p);
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while (1)
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{
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//这个mutex主要是用来保证pthread_cond_wait的并发性
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pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);
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while (head == NULL)
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{
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//这个while要特别说明一下,单个pthread_cond_wait功能很完善,为何
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//这里要有一个while (head == NULL)呢?因为pthread_cond_wait里的线
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//程可能会被意外唤醒,如果这个时候head != NULL,则不是我们想要的情况。
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//这个时候,应该让线程继续进入pthread_cond_wait
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// pthread_cond_wait会先解除之前的pthread_mutex_lock锁定的mtx,
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//然后阻塞在等待对列里休眠,直到再次被唤醒(大多数情况下是等待的条件成立
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//而被唤醒,唤醒后,该进程会先锁定先pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);,再读取资源
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//用这个流程是比较清楚的
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pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mtx);
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p = head;
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head = head->n_next;
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printf("Got %d from front of queue/n", p->n_number);
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free(p);
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}
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pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx); //临界区数据操作完毕,释放互斥锁
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}
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pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
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return 0;
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}
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int main(void)
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{
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pthread_t tid;
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int i;
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struct node *p;
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//子线程会一直等待资源,类似生产者和消费者,但是这里的消费者可以是多个消费者,而
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//不仅仅支持普通的单个消费者,这个模型虽然简单,但是很强大
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pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thread_func, NULL);
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sleep(1);
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for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
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{
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p = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
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p->n_number = i;
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pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx); //需要操作head这个临界资源,先加锁,
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p->n_next = head;
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head = p;
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pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
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pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx); //解锁
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sleep(1);
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}
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printf("thread 1 wanna end the line.So cancel thread 2./n");
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//关于pthread_cancel,有一点额外的说明,它是从外部终止子线程,子线程会在最近的取消点,退出
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//线程,而在我们的代码里,最近的取消点肯定就是pthread_cond_wait()了。
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pthread_cancel(tid);
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pthread_join(tid, NULL);
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printf("All done -- exiting/n");
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return 0;
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}
#include
#include
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
static pthread_mutex_t mtx = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
static pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
struct node
{
int n_number;
struct node *n_next;
}*head = NULL;
static void cleanup_handler(void *arg)
{
printf("Cleanup handler of second thread./n");
free(arg);
(void)pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx);
}
static void *thread_func(void *arg)
{
struct node *p = NULL;
pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup_handler, p);
while (1)
{
//这个mutex主要是用来保证pthread_cond_wait的并发性
pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);
while (head == NULL)
{
//这个while要特别说明一下,单个pthread_cond_wait功能很完善,为何
//这里要有一个while (head == NULL)呢?因为pthread_cond_wait里的线
//程可能会被意外唤醒,如果这个时候head != NULL,则不是我们想要的情况。
//这个时候,应该让线程继续进入pthread_cond_wait
// pthread_cond_wait会先解除之前的pthread_mutex_lock锁定的mtx,
//然后阻塞在等待对列里休眠,直到再次被唤醒(大多数情况下是等待的条件成立
//而被唤醒,唤醒后,该进程会先锁定先pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);,再读取资源
//用这个流程是比较清楚的
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mtx);
p = head;
head = head->n_next;
printf("Got %d from front of queue/n", p->n_number);
free(p);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx); //临界区数据操作完毕,释放互斥锁
}
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
pthread_t tid;
int i;
struct node *p;
//子线程会一直等待资源,类似生产者和消费者,但是这里的消费者可以是多个消费者,而
//不仅仅支持普通的单个消费者,这个模型虽然简单,但是很强大
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thread_func, NULL);
sleep(1);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
p = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
p->n_number = i;
pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx); //需要操作head这个临界资源,先加锁,
p->n_next = head;
head = p;
pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx); //解锁
sleep(1);
}
printf("thread 1 wanna end the line.So cancel thread 2./n");
//关于pthread_cancel,有一点额外的说明,它是从外部终止子线程,子线程会在最近的取消点,退出
//线程,而在我们的代码里,最近的取消点肯定就是pthread_cond_wait()了。
pthread_cancel(tid);
pthread_join(tid, NULL);
printf("All done -- exiting/n");
return 0;
}
三、信号量(sem)
如同进程一样,线程也可以通过信号量来实现通信,虽然是轻量级的。信号量函数的名字都以"sem_"打头。线程使用的基本信号量函数有四个。
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信号量初始化。
int sem_init (sem_t *sem , int pshared, unsigned int value);
这是对由sem指定的信号量进行初始化,设置好它的共享选项(linux 只支持为0,即表示它是当前进程的局部信号量),然后给它一个初始值VALUE。
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等待信号量。给信号量减1,然后等待直到信号量的值大于0。
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem);
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释放信号量。信号量值加1。并通知其他等待线程。
int sem_post(sem_t *sem);
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销毁信号量。我们用完信号量后都它进行清理。归还占有的一切资源。
int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem);
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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#include <pthread.h>
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#include <semaphore.h>
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#include <errno.h>
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#define return_if_fail(p) if((p) == 0){printf ("[%s]:func error!/n", __func__);return;}
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typedef struct _PrivInfo
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{
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sem_t s1;
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sem_t s2;
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time_t end_time;
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}PrivInfo;
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-
static void info_init (PrivInfo* thiz);
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static void info_destroy (PrivInfo* thiz);
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static void* pthread_func_1 (PrivInfo* thiz);
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static void* pthread_func_2 (PrivInfo* thiz);
-
-
int main (int argc, char** argv)
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{
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pthread_t pt_1 = 0;
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pthread_t pt_2 = 0;
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int ret = 0;
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PrivInfo* thiz = NULL;
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thiz = (PrivInfo* )malloc (sizeof (PrivInfo));
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if (thiz == NULL)
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{
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printf ("[%s]: Failed to malloc priv./n");
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return -1;
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}
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info_init (thiz);
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ret = pthread_create (&pt_1, NULL, (void*)pthread_func_1, thiz);
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if (ret != 0)
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{
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perror ("pthread_1_create:");
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}
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ret = pthread_create (&pt_2, NULL, (void*)pthread_func_2, thiz);
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if (ret != 0)
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{
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perror ("pthread_2_create:");
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}
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pthread_join (pt_1, NULL);
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pthread_join (pt_2, NULL);
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info_destroy (thiz);
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return 0;
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}
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static void info_init (PrivInfo* thiz)
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{
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return_if_fail (thiz != NULL);
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thiz->end_time = time(NULL) + 10;
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sem_init (&thiz->s1, 0, 1);
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sem_init (&thiz->s2, 0, 0);
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return;
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}
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static void info_destroy (PrivInfo* thiz)
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{
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return_if_fail (thiz != NULL);
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sem_destroy (&thiz->s1);
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sem_destroy (&thiz->s2);
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free (thiz);
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thiz = NULL;
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return;
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}
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static void* pthread_func_1 (PrivInfo* thiz)
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{
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return_if_fail(thiz != NULL);
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while (time(NULL) < thiz->end_time)
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{
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sem_wait (&thiz->s2);
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printf ("pthread1: pthread1 get the lock./n");
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sem_post (&thiz->s1);
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printf ("pthread1: pthread1 unlock/n");
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sleep (1);
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}
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return;
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}
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static void* pthread_func_2 (PrivInfo* thiz)
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{
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return_if_fail (thiz != NULL);
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while (time (NULL) < thiz->end_time)
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{
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sem_wait (&thiz->s1);
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printf ("pthread2: pthread2 get the unlock./n");
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sem_post (&thiz->s2);
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printf ("pthread2: pthread2 unlock./n");
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sleep (1);
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}
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return;
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}
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