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分类: 嵌入式

2014-06-24 00:02:52

一、基本内核移植

1.   解压内核源码包

tar jxvf android_kernel_2.6.35_smdkv210.tar.bz2

cd android-kernel-samsung-dev/

2.   修改Makefile中的体系结构ARCH和交叉编译器前缀CROSS_COMPILE

vim Makefile

修改191192行为如下:

ARCH            ?= arm

CROSS_COMPILE   ?= /usr/local/arm/arm-2009q3/bin/arm-none-linux-gnueabi-

3.   使用SMDKV210的缺省配置文件

make  smdkv210_android_defconfig

4.   配置内核,修改串口

make menuconfig

修改底层消息和底层调试串行端口为UART0

System Type  --->

(0) S3C UART to use for low-level messages

Kernel hacking  --->

(0) S3C UART to use for low-level debug

5.   确定机器码

vim arch/arm/tools/mach-types

433行可以看出,SMDKV210评估板的机器码是245616进制是0x998):

smdkv210        MACH_SMDKV210           SMDKV210                2456

6.   确定内核的加载地址和参数地址

vim  arch/arm/mach-s5pv210/Makefile.boot

可以看出,内核的加载地址和参数地址分别为0x200080000x20000100bootloader启动内核前应该将内核拷贝到0x20008000,并将参数放到0x20000100

zreladdr-y   += 0x20008000

params_phys-y   := 0x20000100

7.   编译内核

make uImage -j 2

-j 2指定了编译时的线程数,使用2个线程可加快编译的速度,编译完成后可以看到:

OBJCOPY arch/arm/boot/Image

  Kernel: arch/arm/boot/Image is ready

  AS      arch/arm/boot/compressed/head.o

  GZIP    arch/arm/boot/compressed/piggy.gzip

  AS      arch/arm/boot/compressed/piggy.gzip.o

  CC      arch/arm/boot/compressed/misc.o

  CC      arch/arm/boot/compressed/decompress.o

  SHIPPED arch/arm/boot/compressed/lib1funcs.S

  AS      arch/arm/boot/compressed/lib1funcs.o

  LD      arch/arm/boot/compressed/vmlinux

  OBJCOPY arch/arm/boot/zImage

  Kernel: arch/arm/boot/zImage is ready

  UIMAGE  arch/arm/boot/uImage

Image Name:   Linux-2.6.35.7

Created:      Mon Mar  4 17:18:54 2013

Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)

Data Size:    2667648 Bytes = 2605.12 kB = 2.54 MB

Load Address: 20008000

Entry Point:  20008000

Image arch/arm/boot/uImage is ready

可以看出,内核的加载地址的确是0x20008000,进入点地址也是0x20008000u-boot支持的Linux内核映像uImage也可用了,它在arch/arm/boot目录。

在编译Linux内核,配置时:

make menuconfig ---> Kernel hacking --> show timing information on printks

     当选中这个选项后,启动内核,会在日志信息前面加上时间戳。从下面的输出可以看出,时间精确到微秒(us)。如下:

image

8.   设置u-boot的环境变量

现在我们需要在u-boot下设置一些环境变量,其中bootargs是引导参数行,machid是机器码,0x9982456,即SMDKV210评估板,最后输入saveenv保存环境变量到Nand Flash

SMDKV210 # setenv bootargs root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=192.168.0.5:/work/rootfile/rootfs ip=192.168.0.1:192.168.0.5:192.168.0.1:255.255.255.0: console=ttySAC0

SMDKV210 # setenv machid 0x998

SMDKV210 # saveenv

Saving Environment to SMDK bootable device...

Erasing Nand...

Writing to Nand...

Saved enviroment variables

u-boot下输入bdinfo可以查看一些开发板的信息,可以看到boot_params引导参数的地址是0x20000100,这个地址和arch/arm/mach-s5pv210/Makefile.boot中的params_phys-y的值是一致的。内存DRAM分了两个BANK,其中DRAM 1的基地址是0x40000000,大小是0x10000000(即256MB):

SMDKV210 # bdinfo

arch_number = 0x00000998

env_t       = 0x00000000

boot_params = 0x20000100

DRAM bank   = 0x00000000

-> start    = 0x20000000

-> size     = 0x10000000

DRAM bank   = 0x00000001

-> start    = 0x40000000

-> size     = 0x10000000

ethaddr     = 00:40:5C:26:0A:5B

ip_addr     = 192.168.0.20

baudrate    = 115200 bps

9.   下载内核

由于u-boot并没有用到DRAM 1,所以DRAM 1可供我们暂存数据,在u-boot里通过TFTP下载内核映像uImageDRAM 1的起始地址0x40000000

SMDKV210 # tftp 0x40000000 uImage

10.  引导内核

0x40000000地址处引导内核映像uImage

SMDKV210 # bootm 0x40000000

get_format

-------- 1 --------

## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 40000000 ...

   Image Name:   Linux-2.6.35.7

   Created:      2013-03-05   1:18:54 UTC

   Image Type:   ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)

   Data Size:    2667648 Bytes =  2.5 MB

   Load Address: 20008000

   Entry Point:  20008000

   Verifying Checksum ... OK

get_format

-------- 1 --------

   Loading Kernel Image ... OK

OK

Using machid 0x998 from environment

Starting kernel ...

Uncompressing Linux... done, booting the kernel.

[    0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu

[    0.000000] Linux version 2.6.35.7 (root@localhost.localdomain) (gcc version 4.4.1 (Sourcery G++ Lite 2009q3-67) ) #1 PREEMPT Mon Mar 4 17:18:30 PST 2013

[    0.000000] CPU: ARMv7 Processor [412fc082] revision 2 (ARMv7), cr=10c53c7f

[    0.000000] CPU: VIPT nonaliasing data cache, VIPT nonaliasing instruction cache

[    0.000000] Machine: SMDKV210

。。。。。。省略部分。。。。。。

[    0.000000] Kernel command line: console=ttySAC0,115200 root=/dev/mtdblock4 rootfstype=yaffs rw

[    0.000000] PID hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)

[    0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)

[    0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)

[    0.000000] Memory: 256MB 256MB = 512MB total

[    0.000000] Memory: 352128k/352128k available, 172160k reserved, 0K highmem

[    0.000000] Virtual kernel memory layout:

。。。。。。省略部分。。。。。。

[    0.670485] machine_constraints_voltage: failed to apply 1100000uV constraint to VALIVE_1.1V

[    0.678443] Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000060

[    0.686442] pgd = c0004000

[    0.689125] [00000060] *pgd=00000000

[    0.692673] Internal error: Oops: 5 [#1] PREEMPT

[    0.697262] last sysfs file:

[    0.700209] Modules linked in:

[    0.703245] CPU: 0    Not tainted  (2.6.35.7 #1)

[    0.707843] PC is at dev_driver_string+0xc/0x44

[    0.712346] LR is at max8698_pmic_probe+0x150/0x32c

11.  引导结果分析

成功地启动了机器SMDKV210,说明机器码的传入是没有问题的,另外输出了“Kernel command line: console=ttySAC0,115200 root=/dev/mtdblock4 rootfstype=yaffs rw”,说明引导参数的传入也是没有问题的,虽然GEC210开发板不像SMDKV210开发板那样拥有512MB*21GB的内存,但内核通过u-boot传递进来的引导参数识别出256MB*2512MB的内存,所以能输出“Memory: 256MB 256MB = 512MB total”这样的字符串。“Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at virtual address 00000060”提示了我们内核访问了不合法的虚拟地址,我们知道PC是当前程序计数寄存器,在正在运行的函数里,LR是链接地址寄存器,在调用者函数里,所以内核是在max8698电源管理芯片的探测函数max8698_pmic_probe里调用dev_driver_string函数时崩溃掉的,在移植u-boot时,我们把电源管理芯片的初始化函数屏蔽掉了,现在移植内核,同样要把max8698电源管理芯片的驱动去掉:

配置内核:

make menuconfig

去掉Maxim Semiconductor MAX8698 PMICMaxim 8698 voltage regulator的支持:

Device Drivers  --->

[*] Multifunction device drivers  --->

[ ]   Maxim Semiconductor MAX8698 PMIC Support

[*] Voltage and Current Regulator Support  --->

< >   Maxim 8698 voltage regulator

     重新编译内核:

make uImage -j 2

     重新下载和引导内核:

[    1.628906] yaffs: dev is 32505860 name is "mtdblock4" rw

[    1.631831] yaffs: passed flags ""

[    2.402354] VFS: Mounted root (yaffs filesystem) on device 31:4.

[    2.402441] Freeing init memory: 148K

[    2.797235] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!

[    2.797290] Backtrace:

[    2.797339] [] (dump_backtrace+0x0/0x110) from [] (dump_stack+0x18/0x1c)

[    2.797411]  r6:efc2c000 r5:c0520818 r4:c051f084 r3:00000000

[    2.797473] [] (dump_stack+0x0/0x1c) from [] (panic+0x78/0xf8)

[    2.804909] [] (panic+0x0/0xf8) from [] (do_exit+0x74/0x5f0)

[    2.812257]  r3:c0520818 r2:00000000 r1:efc2fe10 r0:c04a25e2

[    2.817881] [] (do_exit+0x0/0x5f0) from [] (do_group_exit+0x98/0xc8)

[    2.825961] [] (do_group_exit+0x0/0xc8) from [] (get_signal_to_deliver+0x358/0x394)

[    2.835310]  r7:efdd9a04 r6:efc2fec8 r5:00106001 r4:efc2e000

[    2.840933] [] (get_signal_to_deliver+0x0/0x394) from [] (do_signal+0x70/0x674)

[    2.849962] [] (do_signal+0x0/0x674) from [] (do_notify_resume+0x20/0x50)

[    2.858455] [] (do_notify_resume+0x0/0x50) from [] (work_pending+0x1c/0x20)

[    2.867113]  r4:ffffffff r3:000000005

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