磁盘划分限定：
4个主分区
3个主分区（p）+1扩展分区（e）
1个扩展分区可以分多个逻辑分区（l）
===============================================================================================================
RAID 0：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-130, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-130, default 130): +100M
Command (m for help): l
0 Empty 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix bf Solaris
1 FAT12 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi ee EFI GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2
First cylinder (14-130, default 14):
Using default value 14
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (14-130, default 130): +100M
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 14 26 104422+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help):
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-4): 2
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 2 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 13 104391 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/sdb2 14 26 104422+ fd Linux raid autodetect
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l 0 -n 2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 //将新建分区组成RAID0
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started. (raid0)
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid0]
md0 : active raid0 sdb2[1] sdb1[0]
208640 blocks 64k chunks
unused devices:
[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -j /dev/md0 （格式化）
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
52208 inodes, 208640 blocks
10432 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
26 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raiddata
[root@localhost ~]# ls /raiddata/
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /raiddata/
鎬昏? 0
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raiddata/ 挂载
[root@localhost ~]# ls -l /raiddata/
鎬昏? 12
drwx------ 2 root root 12288 02-06 23:09 lost+found
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
/dev/sda2 4.0G 2.9G 891M 77% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/md0 198M 5.8M 182M 4% /raiddata
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/fstab
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0
devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs =[' defaults 0 0
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
LABEL=SWAP-sda3 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/md0 /raiddata ext3 defaults 1 2
~
~
~
~
"/etc/fstab" 9L, 609C written
[root@localhost ~]# mount
/dev/sda2 on / type ext3 (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
none on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw)
none on /proc/fs/vmblock/mountPoint type vmblock (rw)
sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw)
/dev/md0 on /raiddata type ext3 (rw)
[root@localhost ~]# reboot
Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Mon Feb 6 23:14:07 2012):
The system is going down for reboot NOW!
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb2
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdb2
更换硬盘
恢复数据：
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb2
=================================================================================================================
RAID5：至少需要三个磁盘。。。。
实验环境：1个系统分区3个工作分区1个备用工作分区 一共5个分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 6442 MB, 6442450944 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 783 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 14 541 4241160 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 542 606 522112+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Disk /dev/sdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 13 104391 83 Linux
Disk /dev/sdc: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sdd: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdd doesn't contain a valid partition table
Disk /dev/sde: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sde doesn't contain a valid partition table
进行磁盘分区：
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 1
First cylinder (1-130, default 1):
Using default value 1
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-130, default 130): +100M
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 13 104391 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): fd
Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux raid autodetect)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdc: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 130 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdc1 1 13 104391 fd Linux raid autodetect
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
依次将其他3个磁盘进行分区
。。。。。。
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe （即可生效）
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -l5 -n3 -x1 /dev/sd[b-e]1 \\将新建分区组建成RAID5！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！
l5： RAID5
n3： 3工作区
x1：1备份区（热备盘）
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
格式化RAID：
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/md0
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
52208 inodes, 208640 blocks
10432 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
26 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
挂载文件系统：
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /raid5
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid5/
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 4.0G 2.9G 936M 76% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/md0 198M 5.8M 182M 4% /raid5 \\ 理论上3个工作分区一共300M 实际存储容量为200M
[root@localhost ~]# ll
总计 156496
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 17 02-13 13:28 aa -> /root/install.log
-rw------- 1 root root 1280 02-06 08:04 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 02-06 00:14 Desktop
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 160021215 02-13 23:29 hh.flv
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31964 02-06 08:04 install.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5502 02-06 08:03 install.log.syslog
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 493 02-06 00:19 scsrun.log
[root@localhost ~]# cp hh.flv /raid5/ 在RAID5中存储一个较大文件方便等下查看实验效果！！！！
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/sda2 4.0G 3.0G 783M 80% /
/dev/sda1 99M 12M 83M 12% /boot
tmpfs 252M 0 252M 0% /dev/shm
/dev/md0 198M 159M 29M 85% /raid5
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat \\查看RAID设备相关信息
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 sdd[2]sde1[3](S) sdc1[1] sdb1[0] ---此时，sde1成为备份磁盘
208640 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdb1 // 模拟sdb1坏掉
mdadm: set /dev/sdb1 faulty in /dev/md0
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdb1 //模拟sdb1热拔出
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb1
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 sdd1[2] sde1[0] sdc1[1] //备份用的sde1代替了sdb1 计数由3-->0
208640 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
unused devices:
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdc1
mdadm: set /dev/sdc1 faulty in /dev/md0
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdc1
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdc1
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 sdd1[2] sde1[0]
208640 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [U_U]
unused devices:
恢复数据：
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb1 ----插回sdb1
mdadm: added /dev/sdb1
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 sdb1[3] sdd1[2] sde1[0]
208640 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [U_U]
[=====>...............] recovery = 26.4% (27904/104320) finish=0.1min speed=6976K/sec ----正在恢复数据
unused devices:
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 sdb1[3] sdd1[2] sde1[0]
208640 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [U_U]
[===========>.........] recovery = 56.8% (60288/104320) finish=0.1min speed=6698K/sec
unused devices:
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 sdb1[1] sdd1[2] sde1[0] \\ sdb1代替原来sdc1存储其数据
208640 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
unused devices:
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdc1 插回一个正常的sdc1
mdadm: added /dev/sdc1
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid5 sdc1[3](S) sdb1[1] sdd1[2] sde1[0] \\此时，sdc1成为备份磁盘（原先备份盘是sde1）
208640 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 \\查看RAID基本信息
/dev/md0:
Version : 0.90
Creation Time : Mon Feb 13 23:04:00 2012
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 208640 (203.78 MiB 213.65 MB)
Used Dev Size : 104320 (101.89 MiB 106.82 MB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Feb 13 23:32:54 2012
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
UUID : e85ef82c:98f3d55c:ec09a842:090663e9
Events : 0.16
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 65 0 active sync /dev/sde1
1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1
2 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1
3 8 33 - spare /dev/sdc1
unused devices:
==================================================
设置RAID5系统启动自动运行：
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -A /dev/md0 /dev/sd[b-e]1
[root@localhost ~]# mdadm -Ds >/etc/mdadm.conf
[root@localhost ~]# vi /etc/mdadm.conf
device /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1 /dev/sde1
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid5 num-devices=3 metadata=0.90 spares=1 UUID=e85ef82c:98f3d55c:ec09a842:090663e9
最后修改/etc/fstab自动挂载
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