Linux ALSA声卡驱动之六：ASoC架构中的Machine

前面一节的内容我们提到，ASoC被分为Machine、Platform和Codec三大部分，其中的Machine驱动负责Platform和Codec之间的耦合以及部分和设备或板子特定的代码，再次引用上一节的内容：Machine驱动负责处理机器特有的一些控件和音频事件（例如，当播放音频时，需要先行打开一个放大器）；单独的Platform和Codec驱动是不能工作的，它必须由Machine驱动把它们结合在一起才能完成整个设备的音频处理工作。

ASoC的一切都从Machine驱动开始，包括声卡的注册，绑定Platform和Codec驱动等等，下面就让我们从Machine驱动开始讨论吧。

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1. 注册Platform Device

ASoC把声卡注册为Platform Device，我们以装配有WM8994的一款Samsung的开发板SMDK为例子做说明，WM8994是一颗Wolfson生产的多功能Codec芯片。

代码的位于：/sound/soc/samsung/smdk_wm8994.c，我们关注模块的初始化函数：

static int __init smdk_audio_init(void)
{
int ret;

smdk_snd_device = platform_device_alloc("soc-audio", -1);
if (!smdk_snd_device)
return -ENOMEM;

platform_set_drvdata(smdk_snd_device, &smdk);

ret = platform_device_add(smdk_snd_device);
if (ret)
platform_device_put(smdk_snd_device);

return ret;
}

static int __init smdk_audio_init(void) { int ret; smdk_snd_device = platform_device_alloc("soc-audio", -1); if (!smdk_snd_device) return -ENOMEM; platform_set_drvdata(smdk_snd_device, &smdk); ret = platform_device_add(smdk_snd_device); if (ret) platform_device_put(smdk_snd_device); return ret; }

由此可见，模块初始化时，注册了一个名为soc-audio的Platform设备，同时把smdk设到platform_device结构的dev.drvdata字段中，这里引出了第一个数据结构snd_soc_card的实例smdk，他的定义如下：

static struct snd_soc_dai_link smdk_dai[] = {
{ /* Primary DAI i/f */
.name = "WM8994 AIF1",
.stream_name = "Pri_Dai",
.cpu_dai_name = "samsung-i2s.0",
.codec_dai_name = "wm8994-aif1",
.platform_name = "samsung-audio",
.codec_name = "wm8994-codec",
.init = smdk_wm8994_init_paiftx,
.ops = &smdk_ops,
}, { /* Sec_Fifo Playback i/f */
.name = "Sec_FIFO TX",
.stream_name = "Sec_Dai",
.cpu_dai_name = "samsung-i2s.4",
.codec_dai_name = "wm8994-aif1",
.platform_name = "samsung-audio",
.codec_name = "wm8994-codec",
.ops = &smdk_ops,
},
};

static struct snd_soc_card smdk = {
.name = "SMDK-I2S",
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.dai_link = smdk_dai,
.num_links = ARRAY_SIZE(smdk_dai),
};

static struct snd_soc_dai_link smdk_dai[] = { { /* Primary DAI i/f */ .name = "WM8994 AIF1", .stream_name = "Pri_Dai", .cpu_dai_name = "samsung-i2s.0", .codec_dai_name = "wm8994-aif1", .platform_name = "samsung-audio", .codec_name = "wm8994-codec", .init = smdk_wm8994_init_paiftx, .ops = &smdk_ops, }, { /* Sec_Fifo Playback i/f */ .name = "Sec_FIFO TX", .stream_name = "Sec_Dai", .cpu_dai_name = "samsung-i2s.4", .codec_dai_name = "wm8994-aif1", .platform_name = "samsung-audio", .codec_name = "wm8994-codec", .ops = &smdk_ops, }, }; static struct snd_soc_card smdk = { .name = "SMDK-I2S", .owner = THIS_MODULE, .dai_link = smdk_dai, .num_links = ARRAY_SIZE(smdk_dai), };

通过snd_soc_card结构，又引出了Machine驱动的另外两个个数据结构：

• snd_soc_dai_link（实例：smdk_dai[] ）
• snd_soc_ops（实例：smdk_ops ）

其中，snd_soc_dai_link中，指定了Platform、Codec、codec_dai、cpu_dai的名字，稍后Machine驱动将会利用这些名字去匹配已经在系统中注册的platform，codec，dai，这些注册的部件都是在另外相应的Platform驱动和Codec驱动的代码文件中定义的，这样看来，Machine驱动的设备初始化代码无非就是选择合适Platform和Codec以及dai，用他们填充以上几个数据结构，然后注册Platform设备即可。当然还要实现连接Platform和Codec的dai_link对应的ops实现，本例就是smdk_ops，它只实现了hw_params函数：smdk_hw_params。

2. 注册Platform Driver

按照Linux的设备模型，有platform_device，就一定会有platform_driver。ASoC的platform_driver在以下文件中定义：sound/soc/soc-core.c。

还是先从模块的入口看起：

static int __init snd_soc_init(void)
{
......
return platform_driver_register(&soc_driver);
}

static int __init snd_soc_init(void) { ...... return platform_driver_register(&soc_driver); }

soc_driver的定义如下：

/* ASoC platform driver */
static struct platform_driver soc_driver = {
.driver = {
.name = "soc-audio",
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.pm = &soc_pm_ops,
},
.probe = soc_probe,
.remove = soc_remove,
};

/* ASoC platform driver */ static struct platform_driver soc_driver = { .driver = { .name = "soc-audio", .owner = THIS_MODULE, .pm = &soc_pm_ops, }, .probe = soc_probe, .remove = soc_remove, };

我们看到platform_driver的name字段为soc-audio，正好与platform_device中的名字相同，按照Linux的设备模型，platform总线会匹配这两个名字相同的device和driver，同时会触发soc_probe的调用，它正是整个ASoC驱动初始化的入口。

3. 初始化入口soc_probe()

soc_probe函数本身很简单，它先从platform_device参数中取出snd_soc_card，然后调用snd_soc_register_card，通过snd_soc_register_card，为snd_soc_pcm_runtime数组申请内存，每一个dai_link对应snd_soc_pcm_runtime数组的一个单元，然后把snd_soc_card中的dai_link配置复制到相应的snd_soc_pcm_runtime中，最后，大部分的工作都在snd_soc_instantiate_card中实现，下面就看看snd_soc_instantiate_card做了些什么：

该函数首先利用card->instantiated来判断该卡是否已经实例化，如果已经实例化则直接返回，否则遍历每一对dai_link，进行codec、platform、dai的绑定工作，下只是代码的部分选节，详细的代码请直接参考完整的代码树。

/* bind DAIs */
for (i = 0; i < card->num_links; i++)
soc_bind_dai_link(card, i);

/* bind DAIs */ for (i = 0; i < card->num_links; i++) soc_bind_dai_link(card, i);

ASoC定义了三个全局的链表头变量：codec_list、dai_list、platform_list，系统中所有的Codec、DAI、Platform都在注册时连接到这三个全局链表上。soc_bind_dai_link函数逐个扫描这三个链表，根据card->dai_link[]中的名称进行匹配，匹配后把相应的codec，dai和platform实例赋值到card->rtd[]中（snd_soc_pcm_runtime）。经过这个过程后，snd_soc_pcm_runtime：（card->rtd）中保存了本Machine中使用的Codec，DAI和Platform驱动的信息。

snd_soc_instantiate_card接着初始化Codec的寄存器缓存，然后调用标准的alsa函数创建声卡实例：

/* card bind complete so register a sound card */
ret = snd_card_create(SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX1, SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR1,
card->owner, 0, &card->snd_card);
card->snd_card->dev = card->dev;

card->dapm.bias_level = SND_SOC_BIAS_OFF;
card->dapm.dev = card->dev;
card->dapm.card = card;
list_add(&card->dapm.list, &card->dapm_list);

/* card bind complete so register a sound card */ ret = snd_card_create(SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX1, SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR1, card->owner, 0, &card->snd_card); card->snd_card->dev = card->dev; card->dapm.bias_level = SND_SOC_BIAS_OFF; card->dapm.dev = card->dev; card->dapm.card = card; list_add(&card->dapm.list, &card->dapm_list);

然后，依次调用各个子结构的probe函数：

/* initialise the sound card only once */
if (card->probe) {
ret = card->probe(card);
if (ret < 0)
goto card_probe_error;
}

/* early DAI link probe */
for (order = SND_SOC_COMP_ORDER_FIRST; order <= SND_SOC_COMP_ORDER_LAST;
order++) {
for (i = 0; i < card->num_links; i++) {
ret = soc_probe_dai_link(card, i, order);
if (ret < 0) {
pr_err("asoc: failed to instantiate card %s: %d\n",
card->name, ret);
goto probe_dai_err;
}
}
}

for (i = 0; i < card->num_aux_devs; i++) {
ret = soc_probe_aux_dev(card, i);
if (ret < 0) {
pr_err("asoc: failed to add auxiliary devices %s: %d\n",
card->name, ret);
goto probe_aux_dev_err;
}
}

/* initialise the sound card only once */ if (card->probe) { ret = card->probe(card); if (ret < 0) goto card_probe_error; } /* early DAI link probe */ for (order = SND_SOC_COMP_ORDER_FIRST; order <= SND_SOC_COMP_ORDER_LAST; order++) { for (i = 0; i < card->num_links; i++) { ret = soc_probe_dai_link(card, i, order); if (ret < 0) { pr_err("asoc: failed to instantiate card %s: %d\n", card->name, ret); goto probe_dai_err; } } } for (i = 0; i < card->num_aux_devs; i++) { ret = soc_probe_aux_dev(card, i); if (ret < 0) { pr_err("asoc: failed to add auxiliary devices %s: %d\n", card->name, ret); goto probe_aux_dev_err; } }

在上面的soc_probe_dai_link()函数中做了比较多的事情，把他展开继续讨论：

static int soc_probe_dai_link(struct snd_soc_card *card, int num, int order)
{
......
/* set default power off timeout */
rtd->pmdown_time = pmdown_time;

/* probe the cpu_dai */
if (!cpu_dai->probed &&
cpu_dai->driver->probe_order == order) {

if (cpu_dai->driver->probe) {
ret = cpu_dai->driver->probe(cpu_dai);
}
cpu_dai->probed = 1;
/* mark cpu_dai as probed and add to card dai list */
list_add(&cpu_dai->card_list, &card->dai_dev_list);
}

/* probe the CODEC */
if (!codec->probed &&
codec->driver->probe_order == order) {
ret = soc_probe_codec(card, codec);
}

/* probe the platform */
if (!platform->probed &&
platform->driver->probe_order == order) {
ret = soc_probe_platform(card, platform);
}

/* probe the CODEC DAI */
if (!codec_dai->probed && codec_dai->driver->probe_order == order) {
if (codec_dai->driver->probe) {
ret = codec_dai->driver->probe(codec_dai);
}

/* mark codec_dai as probed and add to card dai list */
codec_dai->probed = 1;
list_add(&codec_dai->card_list, &card->dai_dev_list);
}

/* complete DAI probe during last probe */
if (order != SND_SOC_COMP_ORDER_LAST)
return 0;

ret = soc_post_component_init(card, codec, num, 0);
if (ret)
return ret;
......
/* create the pcm */
ret = soc_new_pcm(rtd, num);
........
return 0;
}

static int soc_probe_dai_link(struct snd_soc_card *card, int num, int order) { ...... /* set default power off timeout */ rtd->pmdown_time = pmdown_time; /* probe the cpu_dai */ if (!cpu_dai->probed && cpu_dai->driver->probe_order == order) { if (cpu_dai->driver->probe) { ret = cpu_dai->driver->probe(cpu_dai); } cpu_dai->probed = 1; /* mark cpu_dai as probed and add to card dai list */ list_add(&cpu_dai->card_list, &card->dai_dev_list); } /* probe the CODEC */ if (!codec->probed && codec->driver->probe_order == order) { ret = soc_probe_codec(card, codec); } /* probe the platform */ if (!platform->probed && platform->driver->probe_order == order) { ret = soc_probe_platform(card, platform); } /* probe the CODEC DAI */ if (!codec_dai->probed && codec_dai->driver->probe_order == order) { if (codec_dai->driver->probe) { ret = codec_dai->driver->probe(codec_dai); } /* mark codec_dai as probed and add to card dai list */ codec_dai->probed = 1; list_add(&codec_dai->card_list, &card->dai_dev_list); } /* complete DAI probe during last probe */ if (order != SND_SOC_COMP_ORDER_LAST) return 0; ret = soc_post_component_init(card, codec, num, 0); if (ret) return ret; ...... /* create the pcm */ ret = soc_new_pcm(rtd, num); ........ return 0; }

该函数出了挨个调用了codec，dai和platform驱动的probe函数外，在最后还调用了soc_new_pcm()函数用于创建标准alsa驱动的pcm逻辑设备。现在把该函数的部分代码也贴出来：

/* create a new pcm */
int soc_new_pcm(struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd, int num)
{
......
struct snd_pcm_ops *soc_pcm_ops = &rtd->ops;

soc_pcm_ops->open = soc_pcm_open;
soc_pcm_ops->close = soc_pcm_close;
soc_pcm_ops->hw_params = soc_pcm_hw_params;
soc_pcm_ops->hw_free = soc_pcm_hw_free;
soc_pcm_ops->prepare = soc_pcm_prepare;
soc_pcm_ops->trigger = soc_pcm_trigger;
soc_pcm_ops->pointer = soc_pcm_pointer;

ret = snd_pcm_new(rtd->card->snd_card, new_name,
num, playback, capture, &pcm);

/* DAPM dai link stream work */
INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&rtd->delayed_work, close_delayed_work);

rtd->pcm = pcm;
pcm->private_data = rtd;
if (platform->driver->ops) {
soc_pcm_ops->mmap = platform->driver->ops->mmap;
soc_pcm_ops->pointer = platform->driver->ops->pointer;
soc_pcm_ops->ioctl = platform->driver->ops->ioctl;
soc_pcm_ops->copy = platform->driver->ops->copy;
soc_pcm_ops->silence = platform->driver->ops->silence;
soc_pcm_ops->ack = platform->driver->ops->ack;
soc_pcm_ops->page = platform->driver->ops->page;
}

if (playback)
snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, soc_pcm_ops);

if (capture)
snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, soc_pcm_ops);

if (platform->driver->pcm_new) {
ret = platform->driver->pcm_new(rtd);
if (ret < 0) {
pr_err("asoc: platform pcm constructor failed\n");
return ret;
}
}

pcm->private_free = platform->driver->pcm_free;
return ret;
}

/* create a new pcm */ int soc_new_pcm(struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd, int num) { ...... struct snd_pcm_ops *soc_pcm_ops = &rtd->ops; soc_pcm_ops->open = soc_pcm_open; soc_pcm_ops->close = soc_pcm_close; soc_pcm_ops->hw_params = soc_pcm_hw_params; soc_pcm_ops->hw_free = soc_pcm_hw_free; soc_pcm_ops->prepare = soc_pcm_prepare; soc_pcm_ops->trigger = soc_pcm_trigger; soc_pcm_ops->pointer = soc_pcm_pointer; ret = snd_pcm_new(rtd->card->snd_card, new_name, num, playback, capture, &pcm); /* DAPM dai link stream work */ INIT_DELAYED_WORK(&rtd->delayed_work, close_delayed_work); rtd->pcm = pcm; pcm->private_data = rtd; if (platform->driver->ops) { soc_pcm_ops->mmap = platform->driver->ops->mmap; soc_pcm_ops->pointer = platform->driver->ops->pointer; soc_pcm_ops->ioctl = platform->driver->ops->ioctl; soc_pcm_ops->copy = platform->driver->ops->copy; soc_pcm_ops->silence = platform->driver->ops->silence; soc_pcm_ops->ack = platform->driver->ops->ack; soc_pcm_ops->page = platform->driver->ops->page; } if (playback) snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK, soc_pcm_ops); if (capture) snd_pcm_set_ops(pcm, SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE, soc_pcm_ops); if (platform->driver->pcm_new) { ret = platform->driver->pcm_new(rtd); if (ret < 0) { pr_err("asoc: platform pcm constructor failed\n"); return ret; } } pcm->private_free = platform->driver->pcm_free; return ret; }

该函数首先初始化snd_soc_runtime中的snd_pcm_ops字段，也就是rtd->ops中的部分成员，例如open，close，hw_params等，紧接着调用标准alsa驱动中的创建pcm的函数snd_pcm_new()创建声卡的pcm实例，pcm的private_data字段设置为该runtime变量rtd，然后用platform驱动中的snd_pcm_ops替换部分pcm中的snd_pcm_ops字段，最后，调用platform驱动的pcm_new回调，该回调实现该platform下的dma内存申请和dma初始化等相关工作。到这里，声卡和他的pcm实例创建完成。

回到snd_soc_instantiate_card函数，完成snd_card和snd_pcm的创建后，接着对dapm和dai支持的格式做出一些初始化合设置工作后，调用了 card->late_probe(card)进行一些最后的初始化合设置工作，最后则是调用标准alsa驱动的声卡注册函数对声卡进行注册：

if (card->late_probe) {
ret = card->late_probe(card);
if (ret < 0) {
dev_err(card->dev, "%s late_probe() failed: %d\n",
card->name, ret);
goto probe_aux_dev_err;
}
}

snd_soc_dapm_new_widgets(&card->dapm);

if (card->fully_routed)
list_for_each_entry(codec, &card->codec_dev_list, card_list)
snd_soc_dapm_auto_nc_codec_pins(codec);

ret = snd_card_register(card->snd_card);
if (ret < 0) {
printk(KERN_ERR "asoc: failed to register soundcard for %s\n", card->name);
goto probe_aux_dev_err;
}

if (card->late_probe) { ret = card->late_probe(card); if (ret < 0) { dev_err(card->dev, "%s late_probe() failed: %d\n", card->name, ret); goto probe_aux_dev_err; } } snd_soc_dapm_new_widgets(&card->dapm); if (card->fully_routed) list_for_each_entry(codec, &card->codec_dev_list, card_list) snd_soc_dapm_auto_nc_codec_pins(codec); ret = snd_card_register(card->snd_card); if (ret < 0) { printk(KERN_ERR "asoc: failed to register soundcard for %s\n", card->name); goto probe_aux_dev_err; }

至此，整个Machine驱动的初始化已经完成，通过各个子结构的probe调用，实际上，也完成了部分Platfrom驱动和Codec驱动的初始化工作，整个过程可以用一下的序列图表示：

图3.1 基于3.0内核 soc_probe序列图

下面的序列图是本文章第一个版本，基于内核2.6.35，大家也可以参考一下两个版本的差异：

图3.2 基于2.6.35 soc_probe序列图