Nginx 0.7.x + PHP 5.2.6（FastCGI）搭建Web服务器

前言：本文是我撰写的关于搭建“Nginx + PHP（FastCGI）”Web服务器的第4篇文章。本系列文章作为国内最早详细介绍 Nginx + PHP 安装、配置、使用的资料之一，为推动 Nginx 在国内的发展产生了积极的作用。这是一篇关于Nginx 0.7.x系列版本的文章，安装、配置方式与第3篇文章相差不大，但配置参数有不同。Nginx 0.7.x系列版本虽然为开发版，但在很多大型网站的生产环境中已经使用。
　 Nginx ("engine x") 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器，也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的，它已经在该站点运行超过两年半了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。
　　Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和稳定性，使得国内使用 Nginx 作为 Web 服务器的网站也越来越多，其中包括新浪博客、新浪播客、网易新闻等门户网站频道，六间房、56.com等视频分享网站，Discuz!官方论坛、水木社区等知名论坛，豆瓣、YUPOO相册、海内SNS、迅雷在线等新兴Web 2.0网站。
Nginx 的官方中文维基：
　　在高并发连接的情况下，Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果，Nginx 0.7.17 + PHP 5.2.6 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数，相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。
　　根据我的经验，4GB内存的服务器+Apache（prefork模式）一般只能处理3000个并发连接，因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存，还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器，因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000，当Apache并发连接数达到3800 时，导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。
　　而这台 Nginx 0.7.17 + PHP 5.2.6 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下，开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存（15M*10=150M），开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存（20M*64=1280M），加上系统自身消耗的内存，总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小，完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程，这样 php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。
　　在3万并发连接下，访问Nginx 0.7.17 + PHP 5.2.6 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序，仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面，显示的活动连接数为28457（关于Nginx的监控页配置，会在本文接下来所给出的Nginx配置文件中写明）：




我生产环境下的两台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器，跑多个一般复杂的纯PHP动态程序，单台Nginx + PHP5（FastCGI）服务器跑PHP动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700次请求/秒”，相当于每天可以承受6000万（700*60*60*24=60480000）的访问量（更多信息见此），而服务器的系统负载也不高：




安装步骤：
（系统要求：Linux 2.6+ 内核，本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 5.1，另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功）

一、获取相关开源程序：
1、利用CentOS Linux系统自带的yum命令安装、升级所需的程序库（RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包，进行安装）：
sudo -s
LANG=C
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel

2、RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包（事先可通过类似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在，通常是“xxx-devel”不存在，需要安装）。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包安装，以下是RPM包下载网址：
①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4
　　
　　
②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5
　　
　　
③、RPM包搜索网站
　　
　　
3、下载程序源码包：
本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2008年8月28日的最新稳定版。
mkdir -p /data0/software
cd /data0/software
wget
wget
wget
#wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloa ... 0.com/mirror/mysql/
wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/mysql/mysql-5.1.26-rc.tar.gz
wget
#wget ""
wget
#wget ""
wget
wget
#wget ""
wget
wget
wget

二、安装PHP 5.2.6（FastCGI模式）
1、编译安装PHP 5.2.6所需的支持库：
tar zxvf libiconv-1.12.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.12/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local
make
make install
cd ../

tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
./configure
make
make install
/sbin/ldconfig
cd libltdl/
./configure --enable-ltdl-install
make
make install
cd ../../

tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.tar.gz
cd mhash-0.9.9/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

cp /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.* /usr/lib
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2

tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.7.tar.gz
cd mcrypt-2.6.7/
./configure
make
make install
cd ../

2、编译安装MySQL 5.1.26-rc
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.1.26-rc.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.1.26-rc/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf
cd ../
附：以下为附加步骤，如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库，则执行以下两步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库，能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库，那么，以下两步无需执行。
①、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表：
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/data --user=mysql --pid-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/mysql.pid --skip-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
②、启动MySQL（最后的&表示在后台运行）
/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf &

3、编译安装PHP（FastCGI模式）
tar zxvf php-5.2.6.tar.gz
gzip -cd php-5.2.6-fpm-0.5.9.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.6 -p1
cd php-5.2.6/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl
sed -i 's#-lz -lm -lxml2 -lz -lm -lxml2 -lz -lm -lcrypt#& -liconv#' Makefile
make
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
cd ../

4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块
tar zxvf memcache-2.2.3.tgz
cd memcache-2.2.3/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../

tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
cd eaccelerator-0.9.5.3/
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make
make install
cd ../

5、修改php.ini文件
手工修改：查找/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = "./"
修改为extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"
并在此行后增加以下几行，然后保存：
extension = "memcache.so"
再查找output_buffering = Off
修改为output_buffering = On
自动修改：若嫌手工修改麻烦，可执行以下shell命令，自动完成对php.ini文件的修改：
sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\n#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini

6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP：
mkdir -p /usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾，加上以下配置信息：
[eaccelerator]
zend_extension="/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"
eaccelerator.shm_size="128"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/webserver/eaccelerator_cache"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="300"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="120"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"

修改配置文件：
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
输入以下内容：
kernel.shmmax = 134217728
然后执行以下命令使配置生效：
/sbin/sysctl -p

7、创建www用户和组，以及供blog.s135.com和两个虚拟主机使用的目录：
/usr/sbin/groupadd www -g 48
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/blog
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/blog
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/blog
mkdir -p /data0/htdocs/www
chmod +w /data0/htdocs/www
chown -R www:www /data0/htdocs/www

8、创建php-fpm配置文件（php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁，可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi）：
在/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/目录中创建php-fpm.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
输入以下内容（如果您安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试，请将以下的0改为1，以便显示PHP错误信息，否则，Nginx 会报状态为500的空白错误页）：
1.
2.
3.
4. All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix
5.
6.

7.
8. Pid file
9. /usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.pid
10.
11. Error log file
12. /usr/local/webserver/php/logs/php-fpm.log
13.
14. Log level
15. notice
16.
17. When this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...
18. 10
19.
20. ... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated.
21. Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.
22. 1m
23.
24. Time limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master
25. 5s
26.
27. Set to 'no' to debug fpm
28. yes
29.
30.

31.
32.
33.
34.

35.
36. Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.
37. default
38.
39. Address to accept fastcgi requests on.
40. Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'
41. 127.0.0.1:9000
42.
43.
44.
45. Set listen(2) backlog
46. -1
47.
48. Set permissions for unix socket, if one used.
49. In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server.
50. Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.
51.
52.
53. 0666
54.
55.
56. Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers.
57.
58. /usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i
59. 1
60.
61.
62. Unix user of processes
63. www
64.
65. Unix group of processes
66. www
67.
68. Process manager settings
69.
70.
71. Sets style of controling worker process count.
72. Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'
73. static
74.
75. Sets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served.
76. Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive.
77. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi
78. Used with any pm_style.
79. 128
80.
81. Settings group for 'apache-like' pm style
82.
83.
84. Sets the number of server processes created on startup.
85. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
86. 20
87.
88. Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes.
89. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
90. 5
91.
92. Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes.
93. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected
94. 35
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100. The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated
101. Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason
102. '0s' means 'off'
103. 0s
104.
105. The timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file
106. '0s' means 'off'
107. 0s
108.
109. The log file for slow requests
110. logs/slow.log
111.
112. Set open file desc rlimit
113. 51200
114.
115. Set max core size rlimit
116. 0
117.
118. Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute path
119.
120.
121. Chdir to this directory at the start, absolute path
122.
123.
124. Redirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log.
125. If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specs
126. yes
127.
128. How much requests each process should execute before respawn.
129. Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries.
130. For endless request processing please specify 0
131. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
132. 10240
133.
134. Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect.
135. Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+)
136. Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.
137. 127.0.0.1
138.
139. Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH
140. All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment
141.
142. $HOSTNAME
143. /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
144. /tmp
145. /tmp
146. /tmp
147. $OSTYPE
148. $MACHTYPE
149. 2
150.
151.
152.

153.
154.
155.
156. 　

9、启动php-cgi进程，监听127.0.0.1的9000端口，进程数为200（如果服务器内存小于3GB，可以只开启64个进程），用户为www：
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
注：/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm还有其他参数，包括：start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate，修改php.ini后不重启php-cgi，重新加载配置文件使用reload。

三、安装Nginx 0.7.17
1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库：
tar zxvf pcre-7.7.tar.gz
cd pcre-7.7/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../

2、安装Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.7.17.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.7.17/
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
make && make install
cd ../

3、创建Nginx日志目录
mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs

4、创建Nginx配置文件
①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件：
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

输入以下内容：
user www www;
worker_processes 8;
error_log /data1/logs/nginx_error.log crit;
pid /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;
#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;
events
{
use epoll;
worker_connections 51200;
}
http
{
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
#charset gb2312;
server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
client_header_buffer_size 32k;
large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
keepalive_timeout 60;
tcp_nodelay on;
fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;

gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers 4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.0;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
gzip_vary on;

#limit_zone crawler $binary_remote_addr 10m;
server
{
listen 80;
server_name blog.s135.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data0/htdocs/blog;
#limit_conn crawler 20;
location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
{
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fcgi.conf;
}
location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
{
expires 30d;
}
location ~ .*\.(js|css)?$
{
expires 1h;
}

log_format access '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
access_log /data1/logs/access.log access;
}

server
{
listen 80;
server_name ;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data0/htdocs/www;

location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$
{
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fcgi.conf;
}
log_format wwwlogs '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
access_log /data1/logs/wwwlogs.log wwwlogs;
}
server
{
listen 80;
server_name status.blog.s135.com;

location / {
stub_status on;
access_log off;
}
}
}

②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件：
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf
输入以下内容：
fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;

fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS 200;

5、启动Nginx
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx

四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下内容：
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm start
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx

五、优化Linux内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下内容：
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000
使配置立即生效：
/sbin/sysctl -p

六、在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置
1、修改/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后，请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确：
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -t
如果屏幕显示以下两行信息，说明配置文件正确：
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
the configuration file /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully

2、这时，输入以下命令查看Nginx主进程号：
ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'
屏幕显示的即为Nginx主进程号，例如：
6302
这时，执行以下命令即可使修改过的Nginx配置文件生效：
kill -HUP 6302
或者无需这么麻烦，找到Nginx的Pid文件：
kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`

七、编写每天定时切割Nginx日志的脚本
1、创建脚本/usr/local/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh：
vi /usr/local/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
输入以下内容：
#!/bin/bash
# This script run at 00:00
# The Nginx logs path
logs_path="/usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/"
mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/
mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid`

2、设置crontab，每天凌晨00:00切割nginx访问日志：
crontab -e
输入以下内容：
00 00 * * * /bin/bash /usr/local/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh