linux更新apt源以及安装卸载软件的几个小命令

我们在安装程序的时候，由于网络的不同可能要采用不同的源来更新自己的软件包，以达到较快的速度。

1、要更新源的时候我们首先备份一下自己原有的源文件：

sudo cp /etc/apt/source.list /etc/apt/source.list.backup

2、修改更新源
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list （打开Ubuntu 12.04源列表文件）
3、将下面的代码粘贴进去（“#”开头的那一行为注释，可以直接复制进文件中）

4、通知ubuntu启用新的更新源   sudo apt-get update

#台湾源
deb precise main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src precise main universe restricted multiverse
deb precise-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb precise-updates universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-updates universe main multiverse restricted

#网易 Ubuntu 11.10 源（速度很快）
deb precise main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src precise main universe restricted multiverse
deb precise-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb precise-updates universe main multiverse restricted
deb precise-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb precise-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-updates universe main multiverse restricted

#骨头源，骨头源是bones7456架设的一个Ubuntu源 ，提供ubuntu,deepin
deb precise main universe restricted multiverse
deb-src precise main universe restricted multiverse
deb precise-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-security universe main multiverse restricted
deb precise-updates universe main multiverse restricted
deb precise-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-proposed universe main multiverse restricted
deb precise-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-backports universe main multiverse restricted
deb-src precise-updates universe main multiverse restricted

#mirror.lupaworld.com的源，速度很快
deb precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise main restricted universe multiverse

#ubuntu.cn99.com源（推荐）:
deb precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise main restricted universe multiverse

#电子科技大学
deb precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse

#中国科技大学
deb precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-backports restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse

#北京理工大学
deb precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

#兰州大学
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb ftp://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/ubuntu-cn/ precise main multiverse restricted universe

#上海交通大学
deb precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

1、APT方式

（1）普通安装：apt-get install softname1 softname2 …;

（2）修复安装：apt-get -f install softname1 softname2... ;(-f Atemp to correct broken dependencies)

（3）重新安装：apt-get --reinstall install softname1 softname2...;

2、Dpkg方式

（1）普通安装：dpkg -i package_name.deb

3、源码安装（.tar、tar.gz、tar.bz2、tar.Z）

首先解压缩源码压缩包然后通过tar命令来完成

a．解xx.tar.gz：tar zxf xx.tar.gz
b．解xx.tar.Z：tar zxf xx.tar.Z
c．解xx.tgz：tar zxf xx.tgz
d．解xx.bz2：bunzip2 xx.bz2
e．解xx.tar：tar xf xx.tar

然后进入到解压出的目录中，建议先读一下README之类的说明文件，因为此时不同源代码包或者预编译包可能存在差异，然后建议使用ls -F --color或者ls -F命令（实际上我的只需要 l 命令即可）查看一下可执行文件，可执行文件会以*号的尾部标志。

一般依次执行./configure

                      make

                     sudo make install

即可完成安装。

二、Ubuntu中软件包的卸载方法

1、APT方式

（1）移除式卸载：apt-get remove softname1 softname2 …;（移除软件包，当包尾部有+时，意为安装）

（2）清除式卸载 ：apt-get --purge remove softname1 softname2...;(同时清除配置)

        清除式卸载：apt-get purge sofname1 softname2...;(同上，也清除配置文件)

2、Dpkg方式

（1）移除式卸载：dpkg -r pkg1 pkg2 ...;

（2）清除式卸载：dpkg -P pkg1 pkg2...;