linux使用---1.ubuntu使用记录

一.系统使用
1.1 硬盘安装ubuntu时

ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ mount
     /dev/sda1 on /isodevice type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096)
ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo umount -l /isodevice

1.2 进入系统之后
a.如果有双系统,需要重引更新一下引导

cong@msi:~$ sudo update-grub2
[sudo] password for cong:
Sorry, try again.
[sudo] password for cong:
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-31-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-31-generic
Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf
Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin
Found Windows 7 (loader) on /dev/sda1
done

b.更新源列表

cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get update   //更新源，这样apt-get install 才可以用

1.3 安装cario-dock

cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get install cairo-dock
重启，在登陆时
Select desktop environment
切换到cario-dock,图标是一个CD

1.4 配置vim

cong@msi:/work$ tar xf ./vim.tar.gz -C ~               #将以前的vim配置包解压

cong@msi:/work$ sudo apt-get install vim               #如果不执行这一步打开vim时会有如下错误
Error detected while processing /home/cong/.vimrc:
line    2:
E319: Sorry, the command is not available in this version: syn on                  " 打开语法高亮
line    3:
E319: Sorry, the command is not available in this version: syntax enable
line   18:
E185: Cannot find color scheme 'desert'
cong@msi:/work$ sudo apt-get install exuberant-ctags   #安装ctags

1.5安装chrome浏览器

进入 http://www.chromeliulanqi.com/ 下载deb包
cong@msi:~/Downloads$ sudo dpkg -i ./google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
 google-chrome-stable depends on libappindicator1; however: Package libappindicator1 is not installed.
 dpkg: error processing package google-chrome-stable (--install):   #安装时会提示缺少一个依赖包
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured

cong@msi:~/Downloads$ sudo apt-get -f install           #重新安装即可

1.6 fcitx的安装

a. 安装
cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get install fcitx-table-wbpy    #这一条命令就会把fcitx及wbpy这两个都安装了
#cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get install fcitx-pinyin fcitx-table-wubi  #下面是备选的码表
b.配置码表
#只安装不行，还要把码表放在fcitx中
cong@msi:~$ fcitx-configtool
如果里面只有一项 Keyboard-English(US)则需要添加码表
点左下方的+ --> 去掉 only Show Current Language前面的勾 -->选中WubiPinyin后点OK,这样就把WubiPinyin加到码表里面去了。
c.将fcitx作为默认的输入法
system_settings --> language Support--> Keyboard input method system -->fcitx
d. 重启后生效
cong@msi:~$ sudo reboot    #重启后用ctrl+space 切换

1.7 编译环境
a. ubuntu64位兼容32位

cong@msi:/work$ sudo apt-get install gcc-multilib g++-multilib

b. 内核的menuconfig

cong@msi:/tmp/minix$ sudo apt-get install libncurses5-dev

1.8 将ubuntu的中文环境为英文环境

cong@msi:/work$ sudo vi /etc/default/locale
:1,$s/zh_CN/en_US/g

1.9 界面设置
a. 取消边缘自动最大化
sudo apt-get install CompizConfig Settings Manager
SystemTools-->Preferrence-->CompizConfig Settings Manager-->WindowsManagement-->SnappingWindows去掉前面的勾
b.将按钮放在右边

按照以前的办法用gconf-editor不行了，因为在gconf-editor-->apps中没有metacity
用下面这个方法:
cong@msi:~$ gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.wm.preferences button-layout ':minimize,maximize,close

1.10 startdict词典的安装

a. cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get install stardict
b. 下载词典: http://abloz.com/huzheng/stardict-dic/zh_CN/
c. 将下载的词典解压到dict目录下即可
cong@msi:~/Downloads$ sudo tar xf ./stardict-langdao-ce-gb-2.4.2.tar.bz2 -C /usr/share/stardict/dic/
cong@msi:~/Downloads$ sudo tar xf ./stardict-langdao-ec-gb-2.4.2.tar.bz2 -C /usr/share/stardict/dic/
cong@msi:~/Downloads$ sudo tar xf ./stardict-oxford-gb-2.4.2.tar.bz2 -C /usr/share/stardict/dic/
d. 重启startdict,点右下方的小齿轮manage dictionaries就看到新添加的词典了

1.11 virtualbox的安装

a. 到  去下载virtulbox
b. cong@msi:~$ sudo dpkg -i ./Downloads/virtualbox-5.1_5.1.6-110634-Ubuntu-trusty_amd64.deb
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of virtualbox-5.1:
 virtualbox-5.1 depends on libsdl1.2debian (>= 1.2.11); however:
  Package libsdl1.2debian is not installed.                #缺少依赖包

dpkg: error processing package virtualbox-5.1 (--install):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get -f install                       #重新安装

a. virtualbox 增加IDE硬盘
  先按照步骤设置虚拟机,设置完成后不要启动，然后:
  settings-->Storage --> Controller:IDE --> 加号 Add Hard disk -->Create New disk
 同时删掉不需要的SCSI的硬盘即可
1.12 wine的安装
a. cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get install wine

b. souce insight 在系统中的路径

~/.wine/drive_c/users/cong/My\ Documents/Source\ Insight/Settings/

c. 配置source insight的字体

c.1 左侧边栏 -->右键Symbol Window Properties --> Font
c.2 中间字体 --> Options--> Document Options(或者Alt+t)--> ScreenFonts
c.3 右侧 右键-->Font

1.13 ssh的安装

cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get install openssh-server    -->安装ssh

cong@msi:~$ sudo ps -ef | grep "ssh"
root     11453     1  0 00:48 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -D   -->有sshd说明ssh的server己启动
cong@msi:~$ sudo service ssh start                -->如果没有启动,则start
start: Job is already running: ssh
cong@msi:~$ sudo service ssh restart            -->重启动ssh
ssh stop/waiting
ssh start/running, process 11546

1.14 nfs server的安装

cong@msi:~$ sudo apt-get install nfs-common nfs-kernel-server
cong@msi:~$ sudo vi /etc/exports
/work *(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash)    -->设置共享目录
/tmp/ *(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash,insecure)
解释:
sync-->  将数据同步写入内存缓冲区与磁盘中，效率低，但可以保证数据的一致性；
insecure-->  允许客户端从大于1024的tcp/ip端口连接服务器；
no_root_squash-->  此时root用户的身份被压缩为NFS server上面的root
no_subtree_check--> 即使输出目录是一个子目录，nfs服务器也不检查其父目录的权限，这样可以提高效率；
cong@msi:~$ sudo service nfs-kernel-server start

cong@redhat:~$ sudo mount -t nfs 192.168.1.101:/work/ ./work
                                -->注意这儿不要和scp混了,路径前没有用户名

1.14.1 nfs mount出错

cong@msi:/tmp$ sudo mount -t nfs 192.168.4.93:/work/os/ /mnt/
mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on 192.168.4.93:/work/os/,
       missing codepage or helper program, or other error
       (for several filesystems (e.g. nfs, cifs) you might
       need a /sbin/mount.<type> helper program)
       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
       dmesg | tail or so

查看/sbin/mount*,发现的确没有mount.nfs

cong@msi:/tmp$ ls /sbin/mount.*
/sbin/mount.fuse /sbin/mount.ntfs /sbin/mount.ntfs-3g /sbin/mount.vboxsf

解决方法:

cong@msi:/tmp$ sudo apt-get install nfs-common

1.15 samba的安装

cong@msi:/work$ sudo apt-get install samba samba-common

cong@msi:/work$ sudo mkdir /work

cong@msi:/work$ sudo chown cong:cong /work/

cong@msi:/work$ sudo vi /etc/samba/smb.conf    -->添加如下
[share]
      path = /work
      available = yes
      browsealbe = yes
      public = yes
      writable = yes
cong@msi:/work$ sudo /etc/init.d/smbd restart

如果windows下只有读没有写的权限,执行如下操作:

解决:smbd不能启动的问题:
a. 将smbd的启动信息打印出来
sudo /usr/sbin/smbd -F -d 10 -S
b. 出现如下信息:
doing parameter security = share
WARNING: Ignoring invalid value 'share' for parameter 'security'
pm_process() returned No
lp_servicenumber: couldn't find homes
error opening config file '/etc/samba/smb.conf'
c. 修改/etc/samb/smb.conf
将  security = share 改为 security = user
[参考]

1.16 常用配置

a. bashrc

# some more ls aliases
alias ll='ls -alF'
alias la='ls -A'
alias l='ls -CF'
alias l='ls -CF'
alias cd1='cd ../'
alias cd2='cd ../../'
alias cd3='cd ../../../'
alias cd4='cd ../../../../'
alias cd5='cd ../../../../../'
alias cd6='cd ../../../../../../'
alias cd7='cd ../../../../../../../'
alias cd8='cd ../../../../../../../../'
alias cd9='cd ../../../../../../../../../'
alias cd10='cd ../../../../../../../../../../'
alias r='reset
alias grep='grep --color=auto'   -->这样grep就带颜色了

b. gp -->grep

cong@msi:/usr/local/bin$ cat gp
#!/bin/sh
grep "$1" * -R --color=auto

c. si -->open source insight

cong@msi:/usr/local/bin$ cat si
#!/bin/sh
wine "C:\Program Files (x86)\Source Insight 3\insight3.exe" 1>/dev/null 2>&1 &

d.foxit

cong@msi:~/Downloads$ cat /usr/local/bin/foxit
#!/bin/sh
wine /work/bak/soft/FoxitReader/Foxit\ Reader.exe 1>/dev/null 2>&1 &

d. adbr

cong@msi:/usr/local/bin$ cat adbr
#!/bin/sh
sudo /work/bak/android/androidSDK/platform-tools/adb kill-server
sudo /work/bak/android/androidSDK/platform-tools/adb start-server
adb devices

5. 打开eclipse会出现错误：

A Java Runtime Environment (JRE) or Java Development Kit (JDK) must be available in order to run Eclipse. No Java virtual machine was found after searching the following locations: /opt/andorid/eclipse/jre/bin/java java in your current PATH 

sun@ubuntu:/usr/share/applications$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/java java /opt/andorid/jdk1.6.0_24/bin/java 300

sun@ubuntu:/usr/share/applications$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac javac /opt/andorid/jdk1.6.0_24/bin/javac 300

http://liyixing1.iteye.com/blog/1335617

6. vmware 停在starting nfs kernel 中
ubuntu 无法启动，停在 starting nfs kernel daemon [ok]上面，就没有动静了。看到网上有人说“不用管等几十分钟就可以起来”，我了个去等了二十分钟还没有反应，是不是我上面装的软件多，又等了二个二十分钟，坑爹啊，还没有起来！

a.    分析上面的打印感觉是跟网络有关，我的虚拟机上有两处与网络有关：

一个是网卡，另一个是与windows共享的文件夹，先把这两个都去掉试一下，

    vmware setting –> Network Adpator –> Devices status –> 去掉connected 和 connect at power on

   vmware setting –> Options –> Shared Folders –> Disabled

b. 重开机，正常启动。

c. 进一步排除，把网卡选上重启动，也是正常的；再把共享文件夹选上，不能启动。

---

7. change resolution of unknown monitor

今天开机发现ubuntu分辨率不正常只有1024×768, Displays选项卡下面最大的分辨率是1024×768
a.
sun@ubuntu:~$ xrandr
Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1024 x 768, maximum 8192 x 8192
VGA1 connected 1024x768+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 0mm x 0mm
   1024x768       60.0*
   800x600        60.3     56.2
   848x480        60.0
   640x480        59.9
sun@ubuntu:~$ cvt 1440 900
# 1440x900 59.89 Hz (CVT 1.30MA) hsync: 55.93 kHz; pclk: 106.50 MHz
Modeline "1440x900_60.00" 106.50  1440 1528 1672 1904  900 903 909 934 -hsync +vsync
sun@ubuntu:~$ xrandr
Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1024 x 768, maximum 8192 x 8192
VGA1 connected 1024x768+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 0mm x 0mm
   1024x768       60.0*
   800x600        60.3     56.2
   848x480        60.0
   640x480        59.9
sun@ubuntu:~$ cvt 1440 900
# 1440x900 59.89 Hz (CVT 1.30MA) hsync: 55.93 kHz; pclk: 106.50 MHz
Modeline "1440x900_60.00" 106.50  1440 1528 1672 1904  900 903 909 934 -hsync +vsync
sun@ubuntu:~$ xrandr --newmode "1440x900_60.00" 106.50  1440 1528 1672 1904  900 903 909 934 -hsync +vsync 中间的×与*容易混淆
sun@ubuntu:~$ xrandr --newmode "1440*900_60.00" 106.50  1440 1528 1672 1904  900 903 909 934 -hsync +vsync
sun@ubuntu:~$ xrandr --addmode VGA1 1440*900_60.00
sun@ubuntu:~$ xrandr --output VAG1 --mode 1440*900_60.00
warning: output VAG1 not found; ignoring
sun@ubuntu:~$ xrandr --output VAG1 --mode 1440*900_60.00^C
sun@ubuntu:~$ sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf.failsafe /etc/X11/xorg.conf
[sudo] password for sun:
sun@ubuntu:~$ vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf
sun@ubuntu:~$ sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:a3zWvZLNaT8J:anhe51.wordpress.com/2012/01/30/change-resolution-of-unknown-monitor-in-ubuntu-11-10/+ubuntu+unknown+displays&cd=1&hl=zh-TW&ct=clnk&gl=hk
出来了，终于可以将分辨率调高了！

8.uboot编译出问题
./scripts/dtc-version.sh: line 17: dtc: command not found
这说明dct工具没有安装
cong@msi:/code/ct/lichee/u-boot$ sudo apt-get install device-tree-compiler

9.chrome打开出错
命令行运行chrome报错

[11191:11232:1009/232424:ERROR:connection.cc(1060)] Web sqlite error 5, errno 0: database is locked, sql: PRAGMA journal_mode = PERSIST

删除/home/cong/.config/google-chrome即可，删除之前记得备份书签等
11. wlan_11n无线配置

[root@localhost /]# ifconfig eth0 down     ;首先关闭有线网卡
[root@localhost /]# wlanconfig ath0 create wlandev wifi0 wlanmode sta ;如果没有无线则创建
[root@localhost /]# ifconfig ath0 up          ;启动无线网卡ath0
[root@localhost /]# ifconfig             ;查看无线信息，出现HWaddr 00:12:34:56:78:90
[root@localhost /]# iwlist ath0 scan
ath0 Scan completed :
          Cell 01 - Address: 00:1F:64:E1:96:51
                    ESSID:"test1"
                    Mode:Master
                    Frequency:2.412 GHz (Channel 1)
                    Quality=50/94 Signal level=-71 dBm Noise level=-121 dBm
                    Encryption key:off
                    Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 6 Mb/s
                              9 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 18 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s
                              48 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
                    Extra:bcn_int=100
                    Extra:rsn_ie=30140100000fac020100000fac020100000fac020000
                    Extra:wme_ie=dd180050f2020101020003a4000027a4000042435e0062322f00
                    Extra:ath_ie=dd0900037f01010000ff7f
[root@localhost /]# iwconfig ath0 essid " test1" ;使用无线网络名称接入
[root@localhost /]# ifconfig ath0 192.168.22.196 ;不解释
[root@localhost /]# ping 192.168.22.1            ;验证一下

---

二.文本处理
1.文本文件的编码
a. 查看文本文件的编码
在Vim 中可以直接查看文件编码 --> :set fileencoding  
b.转换文本文件的编码
iconv 转换，iconv的命令格式如下：
iconv -f encoding -t encoding inputfile -o outputfile
比如将一个UTF-16LE 编码的文件转换成UTF-8编码
iconv -f UTF-16LE -t UTF-8 file1 -o file2
其中 -f 是指from       -t是指to
c. 一个小脚本
作用是将ass字幕文件的编码由utf-16le转为utf-8
然后替换其分辨率由640×360为1024×576

#!/bin/sh
for assfile in `find . -name "*.ass"`
do
    echo $assfile
    `iconv -f UTF-16LE -t UTF-8 $assfile -o $assfile.tmp`
    mv $assfile.tmp $assfile
    sed -i 's/PlayResX: 640/PlayResX: 1024/' $assfile
    sed -i 's/PlayResY: 360/PlayResY: 576/' $assfile
done

2.批量改mp3的title
现在很多音频播放器都按mp3内部的tags显示文件名，但是很多音频文件只有一个文件名，没有tags的名字
所以用了ffmpeg来改mp3文件的tags

#!/bin/sh
FFMPEG_OUT=/work/ffmpeg/out
FFMPEG_LIB=$FFMPEG_OUT/lib
FFMPEG_BIN=$FFMPEG_OUT/bin
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$FFMPEG_LIB
#./ffmpeg -i /tmp/test/S1E07.mp3 -codec copy -metadata title="out1" -metadata album="" -metadata artist="" out1.mp3
for mp3file in `find . -name "*.mp3"`
do
    echo "mp3file=$mp3file"
    titlename=`echo "$mp3file" | sed 's/.mp3//'`
    titlename=`echo "$titlename" | sed 's/.\///'`
    echo "titlename=$titlename"
    echo "$FFMPEG_BIN/ffmpeg -i $mp3file -codec copy -metadata title=\"$titlename\" -metadata album=\"\" -metadata artist=\"\" $mp3file.mp3"
    $FFMPEG_BIN/ffmpeg -i $mp3file -codec copy -metadata title="$titlename" -metadata album="" -metadata artist="" $mp3file.mp3
    mv $mp3file.mp3 $mp3file
done

注意: ffmpeg是按照输出文件的后缀来转换格式的，如果输出文件为S1E07.mp3.tmp时，则ffmpeg会报如下错误:
Unable to find a suitable output format for 'S1E07.mp3.tmp'
3.去掉文件名中的空格

#!/bin/sh
find . -type f | while read F
do
    #echo "F=$F"
    temp=`echo "$F" | sed 's/Friends //'`
    #echo "temp=$temp"
    echo "mv $F $temp"
    mv "$F" $temp
done

---

三.命令使用
3.1 zip 避免符号链接丢失
zip -ry  test.zip ./test/    -->加上y选项
3.2. pkg-config

查找路径:
/usr/lib/pkgconfig
/usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/pkgconfig/
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/pkgconfig
/usr/share/pkgconfig/
如果没有找到，则会查找 PKG_CONFIG_PATH 所定义的路径
使用自定义:
export PKG_CONFIG_PATH=$PKG_CONFIG_PATH:/work/opencv/opencv-2.4.13/build/INSTALL/lib/pkgconfig/
$ pkg-config --cflags opencv
$ pkg-config --libs opencv

3.find使用
a. 把当前目录下面的*.zip，移动到/tmp下
find  .  -name "*.zip"  -exec mv {}   /tmp   \;