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2011-03-29 21:43:02

名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句,其功同名词一样。 一.主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如: It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is +形容词+从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) it is +不及物动词+从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… (4) it +过去分词+从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如: Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如: 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. 二.宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略),例如: I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句,例如: 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如: She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语 例如:Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语 例如:I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语: Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语 It 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如: We heard it that she would get married next month.. 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词 这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如: I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如: He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如: I don’t think this dress fits you well.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。) 三.表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如: 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 四.同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如: 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如: He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如: 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语) 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分) =============================================================================================第二部分:

在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面
1.
考查名词性从句的语序问题          2. 考查引导词thatwhat的区别
3.
考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法      4. 考查whetherif的区别
5.
考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别             6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题
语法要点剖析
一、名词性从句

主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
   连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
   连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
   连接副词:when, where, how, why
1.
主语从句

作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词thatwhetherif和连接代词whatwhowhichwhateverwhoever以及连接副词howwhenwherewhy等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear.                 
他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer.        
我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.

英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。

有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
1It + be + 名词 + that从句                                 2It + be + 形容词 + that从句
3It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句              4It + 不及物动词 + that 从句

另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that

It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that

It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that

2. 宾语从句

名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1.
由连接词that引导的宾语从句

由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.              
他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.

我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:demandordersuggestdecideinsist, desire, demand, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.             
我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.   
司令员命令部队马上出发。
2.
whowhom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。

例如:   I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well.
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3.
whetherif引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whetherif 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if
a.
引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。

例如:    Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.

月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
 Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
4.
注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。

例如:   he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term.
(从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year.
(从句用一般将来时)
he has studied English since 1998.
(从句用现在完成时)

当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。

例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose
等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。

例如:   We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don
t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
3.
表语从句

在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game.                    
事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
 That is why he didn
t come to the meeting.    那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain.                         
看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning

4. 同位语从句

同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advicedemanddoubtfacthopeideainformationmessagenewsorderproblempromisequestionrequestsuggestiontruthwishword等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting.
  我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:

that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here
.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea
thatthis book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)

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