oracle 外键约束

             Oracle使用外键来限制子表中参考的字段值，要求子表中的数据必须在主表中存在。当主表的记录发生变化时导致外键参考唯一约束值发生了变化时，Oracle指定了三种动作：默认值（类似于restrict）、delete cascade和delete set null。(整理自网络)


1.创建父表并初始化数据
SQL> create table t_parent (parent_id int primary key, name varchar2(10));
Table created.
SQL> insert into t_parent values (1,'record1');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into t_parent values (2,'record2');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into t_parent values (3,'record3');
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.

2.创建三种类型的子表t_child1、t_child2和t_child3
(1)no action类别
SQL> create table t_child1 (child1_id int primary key, parent_id int);
Table created.
SQL> alter table t_child1 add constraint FK_t_child1 foreign key (parent_id) references t_parent (parent_id);
Table altered.
SQL> insert into t_child1 values (1,1);
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.

(2)cascade类型
SQL> create table t_child2 (child2_id int primary key, parent_id int);
Table created.
SQL> alter table t_child2 add constraint FK_t_child2 foreign key (parent_id) references t_parent (parent_id) on delete cascade;
Table altered.
SQL> insert into t_child2 values (2,2);
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.

(3)SET NULL类型
SQL> create table t_child3 (child2_id int primary key, parent_id int);
Table created.
SQL> alter table t_child3 add constraint FK_t_child3 foreign key (parent_id) references t_parent (parent_id) on delete set null;
Table altered.
SQL> insert into t_child3 values (3,3);
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.

3.确认主表和子表中的数据


SQL> select * from T_PARENT;
PARENT_ID NAME
---------- ----------
         1 record1
         2 record2
         3 record3
SQL> select * from T_CHILD1;
CHILD1_ID  PARENT_ID
---------- ----------
         1          1
SQL> select * from T_CHILD2;
 CHILD2_ID  PARENT_ID
---------- ----------
         2          2
SQL> select * from T_CHILD3;
 CHILD2_ID  PARENT_ID
---------- ----------
         3          3


4.尝试对具有默认类型外键参照的主表记录进行删除
SQL> delete from T_PARENT where parent_id = 1;
delete from T_PARENT where parent_id = 1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02292: integrity constraint (HBHE.FK_T_CHILD1) violated - child record
found
SQL> select * from T_CHILD1;


 CHILD1_ID  PARENT_ID
---------- ----------
         1          1
在此类型下，不允许删除操作

5.尝试对具有delete cascade类型外键参照的主表记录进行删除
SQL> delete from T_PARENT where parent_id = 2;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from T_CHILD2;
no rows selected
级联删除成功


6.尝试对具有delete set null类型外键参照的主表记录进行删除
SQL> delete from T_PARENT where parent_id = 3;


1 row deleted.

SQL> select * from T_CHILD3;


 CHILD2_ID  PARENT_ID
---------- ----------
         3
  主表记录可以完成删除，子表中对应的内容被设置为NULL。