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分类: 嵌入式

2013-04-24 18:16:53

摄像头驱动实现源码分析

Spac5xx的实现是按照标准的USB
VIDEO设备的驱动框架编写(其具体的驱动框架可参照/usr/src/linux/drivers/usb/usbvideo.c文件),整个源程序由四个主体部分组成:设备模块的初始化模块和卸载模块,上层软件接口模块,数据传输模块。具体的模块分析如下:

一.           初始化设备模块:

该驱动采用了显式的模块初始化和消除函数,即调用module_init来初始化一个模块,并在卸载时调用moduel-exit函数(此二函数在2.3.13内核开始支持)。其具体实现如下:

1.模块初始化:
module_init (usb_spca5xx_init);
static int __init

usb_spca5xx_init (void)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS                  

  proc_spca50x_create ();                     //建立PROC设备文件
#endif /*
CONFIG_PROC_FS */
  if (usb_register (&spca5xx_driver) < 0)        
//注册USB设备驱动
    return -1;
  info ("spca5xx driver %s registered",
version);
  return 0;
}
2.模块卸载:
module_exit (usb_spca5xx_exit);

tatic void __exit
usb_spca5xx_exit (void)
{
  usb_deregister
(&spca5xx_driver);                //注销USB设备驱动
  info ("driver spca5xx
deregistered");
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
  proc_spca50x_destroy
();                         //撤消PROC设备文件
#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */
}

关键数据结构:                             //USB驱动结构,即插即用功能的实现
static struct
usb_driver spca5xx_driver = {
       "spca5xx",
      
spca5xx_probe,                   //注册设备自我侦测功能
      
spca5xx_disconnect,               //注册设备自我断开功能
       {NULL,NULL}
};

  用两个函数调用spca5xx_probe 和spca5xx_disconnect来支持USB设备的即插即用功能:

spca5xx_probe具体实现如下:
static void *
spca5xx_probe (struct usb_device
*dev, unsigned int ifnum, const struct usb_device_id *id)
{
  struct
usb_interface_descriptor *interface;          //USB设备接口描述符
  struct
usb_spca50x *spca50x;                    //物理设备数据结构
  int err_probe;
 
int i;
  if (dev->descriptor.bNumConfigurations != 1)        //探测设备是不是可配置

    goto nodevice;
  if (ifnum > 0)
    goto nodevice;
 
interface = &dev->actconfig->interface[ifnum].altsetting[0];
 
MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;
  interface = &intf->altsetting[0].desc;
  if
(interface->bInterfaceNumber > 0)
    goto nodevice;
  if
((spca50x = kmalloc (sizeof (struct usb_spca50x), GFP_KERNEL)) == NULL)

//分配物理地址空间
    {
      err ("couldn't kmalloc spca50x struct");

      goto error;
    }
  memset (spca50x, 0, sizeof (struct
usb_spca50x));
  spca50x->dev = dev;
  spca50x->iface =
interface->bInterfaceNumber;
  if ((err_probe = spcaDetectCamera
(spca50x)) < 0)      
//具体物理设备查找,匹配厂商号,设备号(在子程序中)
    {
      err
(" Devices not found !! ");
      goto error;
    }
  PDEBUG (0,
"Camera type %s ", Plist[spca50x->cameratype].name
  for (i = 0; i <
SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; i++)
    init_waitqueue_head
(&spca50x->frame.wq);     //初始化帧等待队列
    init_waitqueue_head
(&spca50x->wq);            //初始化驱动等待队列
  if (!spca50x_configure
(spca50x))                 

//物理设备配置(主要完成传感器侦测和图形参数配置),主要思想是给控制寄存器写值,读回其返回值,以此判断具体的传感器型号
    {

      spca50x->user = 0;
      init_MUTEX
(&spca50x->lock);                  //信号量初始化
      init_MUTEX
(&spca50x->buf_lock);
      spca50x->v4l_lock =
SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
      spca50x->buf_state = BUF_NOT_ALLOCATED;
   
}                                 
  else
    {
      err ("Failed
to configure camera");
      goto error;
    }
  /* Init video stuff
*/
  spca50x->vdev = video_device_alloc ();           //设备控制块内存分配
 
if (!spca50x->vdev)
    goto error;
  memcpy (spca50x->vdev,
&spca50x_template, sizeof (spca50x_template)); 

//系统调用的挂接,在此将驱动实现的系统调用,挂到内核中
  video_set_drvdata (spca50x->vdev,
spca50x);
  if (video_register_device (spca50x->vdev, VFL_TYPE_GRABBER,
video_nr) < 0)
    {                                           
//video设备注册
      err ("video_register_device failed");
      goto
error;
    }
  spca50x->present = 1;
  if (spca50x->force_rgb)

    info ("data format set to RGB");
  spca50x->task.sync = 0;
 
spca50x->task.routine = auto_bh;
  spca50x->task.data = spca50x;
 
spca50x->bh_requested = 0;
 
MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;                            //增加模块使用数
  return
spca50x;                                       //返回数据结构

error:                                                  //错误处理
  if
(spca50x->vdev)
    {
      if (spca50x->vdev->minor == -1)

       video_device_release (spca50x->vdev);
      else
      
video_unregister_device (spca50x->vdev);
      spca50x->vdev = NULL;

    }
  if (spca50x)
    {
      kfree (spca50x);
     
spca50x = NULL;
    }
  MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;
  return NULL;

nodevice:
  return NULL;
}
Spca5xx_disconnect的具体实现如下:
static
void
spca5xx_disconnect (struct usb_device *dev, void *ptr)
{
 
struct usb_spca50x *spca50x = (struct usb_spca50x *) ptr;
  int n;
 
MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;                             //增加模块使用数
  if (!spca50x)

    return;
  down
(&spca50x->lock);                                //减少信号量
 
spca50x->present = 0;                                   //驱动卸载置0
  for (n
= 0; n < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; n++)       //标示所有帧ABORTING状态
   
spca50x->frame[n].grabstate = FRAME_ABORTING;
    spca50x->curframe =
-1;
  for (n = 0; n < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; n++)       //唤醒所有等待进程
    if
(waitqueue_active (&spca50x->frame[n].wq))
     
wake_up_interruptible (&spca50x->frame[n].wq);
  if (waitqueue_active
(&spca50x->wq))
      wake_up_interruptible (&spca50x->wq);

  spca5xx_kill_isoc(spca50x);                      //子函数终止URB包的传输
 
PDEBUG (3,"Disconnect Kill isoc done");
  up
(&spca50x->lock);                            //增加信号量
 
while(spca50x->user)                            //如果还有进程在使用,进程切换
     
schedule();
    down (&spca50x->lock);
    if (spca50x->vdev)

       video_unregister_device (spca50x->vdev);          //注销video设备

      usb_driver_release_interface (&spca5xx_driver,     //端口释放

                                &spca50x->dev->actconfig->

                                interface[spca50x->iface]);
     
spca50x->dev = NULL;
      up (&spca50x->lock);
#ifdef
CONFIG_PROC_FS
      destroy_proc_spca50x_cam (spca50x);              
//注销PROC文件
#endif /* CONFIG_PROC_FS */
      if (spca50x &&
!spca50x->user)                      //释放内存空间
       {
        
spca5xx_dealloc (spca50x);
         kfree (spca50x);
         spca50x =
NULL;
       }
  MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;                             
//减少模块记数
  PDEBUG (3, "Disconnect complete");
}
二.          
上层软件接口模块:

该模块通过file_operations数据结构,依据V4L协议规范,实现设备的关键系统调用,实现设备文件化的UNIX系统设计特点。作为摄相头驱动,其功能在于数据采集,而没有向摄相头输出的功能,因此在源码中没有实现write系统调用。其关键的数据结构如下:

static struct video_device spca50x_template = {
  .owner = THIS_MODULE,

  .name = "SPCA5XX USB Camera",
  .type = VID_TYPE_CAPTURE,
 
.hardware = VID_HARDWARE_SPCA5XX,
  .fops = &spca5xx_fops,
       
};
static struct file_operations spca5xx_fops = {
  .owner =
THIS_MODULE,
  .open = spca5xx_open,                    //open 功能
 
.release = spca5xx_close,                   //close 功能
  .read =
spca5xx_read,                      //read  功能
  .mmap =
spca5xx_mmap,                   //内存映射功能
  .ioctl =
spca5xx_ioctl,                      //文件信息获取
  .llseek =
no_llseek,                         //文件定位功能未实现
};
1. Open功能:

完成设备的打开和初始化,并初始化解码器模块。其具体实现如下:
static int
spca5xx_open(struct
video_device *vdev, int flags)
{
  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x =
video_get_drvdata (vdev);
  int err;
 
MOD_INC_USE_COUNT;                         //增加模块记数
  down
(&spca50x->lock);                          
  err = -ENODEV;
  if
(!spca50x->present)                 //检查设备是不是存在,有不有驱动,是不是忙
    goto out;

  err = -EBUSY;
  if (spca50x->user)
    goto out;
  err =
-ENOMEM;
  if (spca50x_alloc (spca50x))
goto out;                  

  err = spca50x_init_source (spca50x);          
//初始化传感器和解码模块,在此函数的实现中,对每一款DSP芯片的初始化都不一样,对中星微301P的DSP芯片的初始化在子函数zc3xx_init,其实现方法为寄存器填值。

  if (err != 0){
      PDEBUG (0, "DEALLOC error on
spca50x_init_source\n");
       up (&spca50x->lock);
     
spca5xx_dealloc (spca50x);
    goto out2;
    }
 
spca5xx_initDecoder(spca50x);                  //解码模块初始化,其模块的具体实现采用的是huffman算法

  spca5xx_setFrameDecoder(spca50x);
  spca50x->user++;
  err =
spca50x_init_isoc (spca50x);              //初始化URB(usb request block)
包,启动摄相头,采用同步传输的方式传送数据
  if (err)
    {
      PDEBUG (0, " DEALLOC
error on init_Isoc\n");
      spca50x->user--;
     
spca5xx_kill_isoc (spca50x);
      up (&spca50x->lock);
     
spca5xx_dealloc (spca50x);
      goto out2;
}
 
spca50x->brightness = spca50x_get_brghtness (spca50x) << 8;
 
spca50x->whiteness = 0;
out:
  up (&spca50x->lock);
out2:

  if (err)
    MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;
  if (err)
    {
     
PDEBUG (2, "Open failed");
    }
  else
    {
      PDEBUG (2,
"Open done");
    }
  return err;
}
2.Close功能:
 
完成设备的关闭,其具体过程是:
static void
spca5xx_close( struct video_device *vdev)

{
  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x =vdev->priv;
  int i;
 
PDEBUG (2, "spca50x_close");
  down
(&spca50x->lock);                       //参数设置
  spca50x->user--;

  spca50x->curframe = -1;
  if
(spca50x->present)                        //present:是或有驱动加载
    {

      spca50x_stop_isoc (spca50x);             //停止摄相头工作和数据包发送
     
spcaCameraShutDown (spca50x);     //关闭摄相头,由子函数spca50x_stop_isoc完成
  for (i =
0; i < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; i++)    //唤醒所有等待进程
    {
      if
(waitqueue_active (&spca50x->frame.wq))
        
wake_up_interruptible (&spca50x->frame.wq);
    }
       if
(waitqueue_active (&spca50x->wq))
       wake_up_interruptible
(&spca50x->wq);
  } 
   up (&spca50x->lock);
  
spca5xx_dealloc (spca50x);                //回收内存空间
  PDEBUG(2,"Release
ressources done");
  MOD_DEC_USE_COUNT;
}




2. Read功能:

完成数据的读取,其主要的工作就是将数据由内核空间传送到进程用户空间。
static long
spca5xx_read(struct
video_device *dev, char * buf, unsigned long
       count,int noblock)
{

  struct usb_spca50x *spca50x = video_get_drvdata (dev);
  int i;
 
int frmx = -1;
  int rc;
  volatile struct spca50x_frame *frame;
if
(down_interruptible(&spca50x->lock))              //获取信号量

              return -EINTR;
  if (!dev ||
!buf){                                 //判断设备情况
    
up(&spca50x->lock);
    return -EFAULT;
}
  if
(!spca50x->dev){
     up(&spca50x->lock);
    return -EIO;

}
  if (!spca50x->streaming){
     up(&spca50x->lock);

    return -EIO;
}
if((rc =
wait_event_interruptible(spca50x->wq,     //在指定的队列上睡眠,直到参数2的条件为真

              spca50x->frame[0].grabstate == FRAME_DONE ||

              spca50x->frame[1].grabstate == FRAME_DONE ||

              spca50x->frame[2].grabstate == FRAME_DONE ||

              spca50x->frame[3].grabstate == FRAME_DONE ))){

             up(&spca50x->lock);
              return rc;

       }
  for (i = 0; i < SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES; i++)         //当数据到来

    if (spca50x->frame.grabstate == FRAME_DONE)   //标识数据已到
      frmx
= i;
  if (frmx < 0)
    {
      PDEBUG (2, "Couldnt find a frame
ready to be read.");
      up(&spca50x->lock);
      return
-EFAULT;
    }
  frame = &spca50x->frame[frmx];
  PDEBUG (2,
"count asked: %d available: %d", (int) count,
         (int)
frame->scanlength);
  if (count > frame->scanlength)
    count
= frame->scanlength;
  if ((i = copy_to_user (buf, frame->data,
count)))   //实现用户空间和内核空间的数据拷贝
    {
      PDEBUG (2, "Copy failed! %d
bytes not copied", i);
          up(&spca50x->lock);
      return
-EFAULT;
    }
  /* Release the frame */
  frame->grabstate =
FRAME_READY;            //标识数据已空

up(&spca50x->lock);                          
  return
count;                                //返回拷贝的数据数
}
3. Mmap功能:

实现将设备内存映射到用户进程的地址空间的功能,其关键函数是remap_page_range,其具体实现如下:
static int

spca5xx_mmap(struct video_device *dev,const char *adr, unsigned long size)

{
  unsigned long start=(unsigned long) adr;
  struct usb_spca50x
*spca50x = dev->priv;
  unsigned long page, pos;
 
  if
(spca50x->dev == NULL)
    return -EIO;
  PDEBUG (4, "mmap: %ld (%lX)
bytes", size, size);
  if (size >
(((SPCA50X_NUMFRAMES *
MAX_DATA_SIZE) + PAGE_SIZE - 1) & ~(PAGE_SIZE -1)))
    return -EINVAL;

       if (down_interruptible(&spca50x->lock))               //获取信号量

              return -EINTR;
  pos = (unsigned long) spca50x->fbuf;

  while (size > 0)                                   //循环实现内存映射
    {

      page = kvirt_to_pa (pos);
if (remap_page_range (start, page,
PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SHARED)){  //实现内存映射
         up(&spca50x->lock);

         return -EAGAIN;    }
      start += PAGE_SIZE;
      pos +=
PAGE_SIZE;
      if (size > PAGE_SIZE)
       size -= PAGE_SIZE;

      else
       size = 0;
    }

up(&spca50x->lock);                             //释放信号量
  return
0;
}
4.  Ioctl功能:
实现文件信息的获取功能,
static int
spca5xx_ioctl
(struct inode *inode, struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)

{
       struct video_device *vdev = file->private_data;
      
struct usb_spca50x *spca50x = vdev->priv;
       int rc;
       if
(down_interruptible(&spca50x->lock))       //获取信号量
             
return -EINTR;
  rc = video_usercopy (inode, file, cmd, arg,
spca5xx_do_ioctl);  //将信息传送到用户进程,其关键函数实现spca5xx_do_ioctl

up(&spca50x->lock);
  return rc;
}

spca5xx_do_ioctl函数的实现依赖于不同的硬件,本驱动为了支持多种芯片,实现程序过于烦琐,其主要思想是通过copy_to_user(arg,b,sizeof(struct
video_capability)函数将设备信息传递给用户进程。
 
三.数据传输模块:

源程序采用tasklet来实现同步快速传递数据,并通过spcadecode.c上的软件解码模块实现图形信息的解码。此模块的入口点挂节在spca_open函数中,其具体的函数为spca50x_init_isoc。当设备被打开时,同步传输数据也已经开始,并通过spca50x_move_data函数将数据传递给驱动程序,驱动程序通过轮询的办法实现对数据的访问。

void
outpict_do_tasklet (unsigned long ptr)
{
  int err;
 
struct spca50x_frame *taskletframe = (struct spca50x_frame *) ptr;
 
taskletframe->scanlength = taskletframe->highwater -
taskletframe->data;
  PDEBUG (2, "Tasklet ask spcadecoder hdrwidth %d
hdrheight %d method %d",
         taskletframe->hdrwidth,
taskletframe->hdrheight,
         taskletframe->method);
  err =
spca50x_outpicture (taskletframe);            //输出处理过的图片数据
  if (err != 0)

    {
      PDEBUG (0, "frame decoder failed (%d)", err);
     
taskletframe->grabstate = FRAME_ERROR;
    }
  else
    {

      taskletframe->grabstate = FRAME_DONE;
    }
  if
(waitqueue_active (&taskletframe->wq))         //如果有进程等待,唤醒等待进程
   
wake_up_interruptible (&taskletframe->wq);
}
  
值得一提的是spcadecode.c上解码模块将原始压缩图形数据流yyuyv,yuvy,
jpeg411,jpeg422解码为RGB图形,但此部分解压缩算法的实现也依赖于压缩的格式,归根结底依赖于DSP(数字处理芯片)中的硬件压缩算法。
 

四.USB CORE的支持:
LINUX下的USB设备对下层硬件的操作依靠系统实现的USB CORE层,USB
CORE对上层驱动提供了众多函数接口如:usb_control_msg,usb_sndctrlpipe等,其中最典型的使用为源码中对USB端点寄存器的读写函数spca50x_reg_write和spca50x_reg_read等,具体实现如下:(举spca50x_reg_write的实现,其他类似)

static int spca50x_reg_write(struct usb_device *dev,__u16 reg,__u16 index,

                        __u16 value)
{
       int rc;
       rc
= usb_control_msg(dev,          //通过USB CORE提供的接口函数设置寄存器的值
             
usb_sndctrlpipe(dev, 0),
              reg,
             
USB_TYPE_VENDOR | USB_RECIP_DEVICE,
              value, index, NULL, 0,
TimeOut);
       PDEBUG(5, "reg write: 0x%02X,0x%02X:0x%02X, 0x%x", reg,
index, value, rc);
       if (rc < 0)
              err("reg write:
error %d", rc);
       return rc;
}
 

以上为驱动程序的具体框架说明,以及其中的关键数据结构和函数说明。
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