xunuj

首页　| 　博文目录　| 　关于我

博客访问： 151087
博文数量： 32
博客积分： 2053
博客等级：大尉
技术积分： 382
用户组：普通用户
注册时间： 2010-04-09 12:45

文章分类

全部博文（32）

fs（2）
学习记录（25）
翻译（0）
问题集（1）
心情日记（2）
未分配的博文（2）

文章存档

2011年（12）

2010年（20）

我的朋友

About GCC printf optimization

Peter Seiderer

November 30, 2005

Abstract:

As you may have noticed, your GCC compiled source code is not always calling the functions you wrote in the source code. This can easily observed with printf in the hello world example. Starting from this some more GCC optimizations will be examined and analyzed in detail.

For a start we examine what the GCC compiler [] will do with the hello world example when different optimization level are used.

**Figure 1:** example1.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example1.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

Take a look at the nmoutput when compiled without optimization.

> gcc-3.3.6 -O0 example1.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         w __gmon_start__
         w _Jv_RegisterClasses
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U printf@@GLIBC_2.0

As expected the dynamically linked executable a.out will call the function printf. Now we compile the same source code with optimization on.

> gcc-3.3.6 -O1 example1.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out
         w __gmon_start__
         w _Jv_RegisterClasses
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U puts@@GLIBC_2.0

The nm output indicates that puts is called instead of the original printf from the source code. To verify this we take a look at the intermediate assembler listing. First with optimization off.

> gcc-3.3.6 -O0 -S example1.c

Here the resulting example1.s file:

   1 	.file	"example1.c"
   2 	.section .rodata
   3 .LC0:
   4 	.string	"hello world\n"
   5 	.text
   6 .globl main
   7 	.type	main, @function
   8 main:
   9 	pushl	%ebp
  10 	movl	%esp, %ebp
  11 	subl	$8, %esp
  12 	andl	$-16, %esp
  13 	movl	$0, %eax
  14 	subl	%eax, %esp
  15 	movl	$.LC0, (%esp)
  16 	call	printf
  17 	movl	$0, %eax
  18 	leave
  19 	ret
  20 	.size	main, .-main
  21 	.ident	"GCC: (GNU) 3.3.6"

Second with optimization on.

> gcc-3.3.6 -O1 -S example1.c

And the resulting example1.s file:

   1 	.file	"example1.c"
   2 	.section .rodata
   3 .LC0:
   4 	.string	"hello world"
   5 	.text
   6 .globl main
   7 	.type	main, @function
   8 main:
   9 	pushl	%ebp
  10 	movl	%esp, %ebp
  11 	subl	$8, %esp
  12 	andl	$-16, %esp
  13 	movl	$.LC0, (%esp)
  14 	call	puts
  15 	movl	$0, %eax
  16 	movl	%ebp, %esp
  17 	popl	%ebp
  18 	ret
  19 	.size	main, .-main
  20 	.ident	"GCC: (GNU) 3.3.6"

The string constant in line 4 changed from "hello world $\backslash$ n" to "hello world". The call printf on line 16 changed to call puts on line 14.

Where is the optimization implemented in the GCC source code:

GCC-3.3.6: gcc/c-common.c line 1324
GCC-3.4.4: gcc/builtins.c line 4651
GCC-4.0.2: gcc/builtins.c:4654.

Step by step guide along the source code lines (for GCC-3.4.4). In the following examples we will omit the first two lines

         w __gmon_start__
         w _Jv_RegisterClasses

of the nm output.

No optimization if the return code of printf is evaluated [line 4662-4664].

**Figure 2:** example2.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example2.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example2.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U printf@@GLIBC_2.0

The format string must be a literal string constant [line 4666-4677].

**Figure 3:** example3.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example3.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example3.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U printf@@GLIBC_2.0

Note that the GCC-4.0.2 is smart enough to optimize this example if an optimization level greater or even

is given.

> gcc-4.0.2 -Wall -O2 example3.c
 nm --undefined-only a.out
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U puts@@GLIBC_2.0

call with the format string $''\%s\backslash n''$ [line 4679-4687] is converted to a

call.

  printf("%s\n", "hello world"); // converted to puts("hello world");

**Figure 4:** example4.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example4.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example4.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U puts@@GLIBC_2.0

A printf call with the format string $''\%c''$ [line 4688-4696] is converted to a

call.

  printf("%c", 'A'); // converted to putchar('A');

**Figure 5:** example5.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example5.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example5.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U putchar@@GLIBC_2.0

No optimization if one or more $'\%'$ are detected in the format string [line 4699-4701].

**Figure 6:** example6.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example6.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example6.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U printf@@GLIBC_2.0

Omit printf call if format string is empty [line 4706-4708].

  printf(""); // converted to empty statement

**Figure 7:** example7.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example7.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example7.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0

A printf call with a format string of length one [line 4709-4718] is converted to

call.

  printf("A"); // converted to putchar('A');

**Figure 8:** example8.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example8.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example8.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U putchar@@GLIBC_2.0

No optimization if the string is not ending with $'\backslash n'$ [line 4721-4739].

**Figure 9:** example9.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example9.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example9.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U printf@@GLIBC_2.0

A printf call with a simple format string ending with $'\backslash n'$ [line 4721-4739] is converted to a

call.

  printf("hello world\n"); // converted to puts("hello world");

**Figure 10:** example10.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{example10.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.4.4 -O1 example10.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out 
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U puts@@GLIBC_2.0

Example taken from []. The glibc [] printf implementation has the nice feature to print '(null)' in case of the format string $'\%s'$ and a pointer to NULL is given as argument.

**Figure 11:** bug_15685.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{bug_15685.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.3.6 -Wall -O0 bug_15685.c
./a.out 
(null)

> gcc-3.3.6 -Wall -O1 bug_15685.c
./a.out 
Segmentation fault

As stated in the bug report by Andrew Pinski this is not a bug, because both behaviors are allowed by the standard. If the standard states undefined behavior the compiler and/or library is free in what to implement. You should not depend on the one or the other behavior in a portable program.

From the glibc manual: ``If you accidentally pass a null pointer as the argument for a %s conversion, the GNU library prints it as (null). We think this is more useful than crashing. But it's not good practice to pass a null argument intentionally.'' [].

In figure note that the GCC-4.0.2 is doing this optimization even if -O0 (no optimization) is given on the command line.

**Figure 12:** Results for *example1.c*
$\begin{figure}\par \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{\vert c\vert c\vert c\vert c\v... ...0.2 & puts & puts & puts & puts \\ \hline \end{tabular}\end{center} \end{figure}$

To get the original call with GCC-4.0.2 you must provide or as command line argument.

> gcc-4.0.2 -fno-builtin -O0 example1.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out
         w __gmon_start__
         w _Jv_RegisterClasses
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U printf@@GLIBC_2.0

> gcc-4.0.2 -fno-builtin-printf -O0 example1.c
> nm --undefined-only a.out
         w __gmon_start__
         w _Jv_RegisterClasses
         U __libc_start_main@@GLIBC_2.0
         U printf@@GLIBC_2.0

Some simple measurement for the hello world example.

**Figure 13:** loop_printf.c
$\begin{figure}\begin{listinginput}{1}{loop_printf.c} \end{listinginput} \end{figure}$

> gcc-3.3.6 -Wall -O0 loop_printf.c
> time ./a.out > /dev/null
real    0m2.197s
user    0m2.186s
sys     0m0.010s
> gcc-3.3.6 -Wall -O1 loop_printf.c
> time ./a.out > /dev/null
real    0m1.007s
user    0m0.997s
sys     0m0.009s

In figure we see that the

loop consumes roughly half the time of the

loop.

**Figure 14:** Times for *loop_printf.c*
$\begin{figure}\begin{center} \begin{tabular}{\vert c\vert c\vert c\vert c\vert}\... ...s & sys 0m0.011s & sys 0m0.010s \\ \hline \end{tabular}\end{center} \end{figure}$

Document the remaining optimizations mentioned in

. Explore advanced optimization like suggested in [].





: %20Output%20Conversions.

4645 /* Expand a call to printf or printf_unlocked with argument list ARGLIST.
4646    Return 0 if a normal call should be emitted rather than transforming
4647    the function inline.  If convenient, the result should be placed in
4648    TARGET with mode MODE.  UNLOCKED indicates this is a printf_unlocked 
4649    call.  */
4650 static rtx
4651 expand_builtin_printf (tree arglist, rtx target, enum machine_mode mode,
4652 		       bool unlocked)
4653 {
4654   tree fn_putchar = unlocked
4655 		    ? implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_PUTCHAR_UNLOCKED]
4656 		    : implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_PUTCHAR];
4657   tree fn_puts = unlocked ? implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_PUTS_UNLOCKED]
4658 			  : implicit_built_in_decls[BUILT_IN_PUTS];
4659   const char *fmt_str;
4660   tree fn, fmt, arg;
4661 
4662   /* If the return value is used, don't do the transformation.  */
4663   if (target != const0_rtx)
4664     return 0;
4665 
4666   /* Verify the required arguments in the original call.  */
4667   if (! arglist)
4668     return 0;
4669   fmt = TREE_VALUE (arglist);
4670   if (TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (fmt)) != POINTER_TYPE)
4671     return 0;
4672   arglist = TREE_CHAIN (arglist);
4673 
4674   /* Check whether the format is a literal string constant.  */
4675   fmt_str = c_getstr (fmt);
4676   if (fmt_str == NULL)
4677     return 0;
4678 
4679   /* If the format specifier was "%s\n", call __builtin_puts(arg).  */
4680   if (strcmp (fmt_str, "%s\n") == 0)
4681     {
4682       if (! arglist
4683           || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_VALUE (arglist))) != POINTER_TYPE
4684 	  || TREE_CHAIN (arglist))
4685 	return 0;
4686       fn = fn_puts;
4687     }
4688   /* If the format specifier was "%c", call __builtin_putchar(arg).  */
4689   else if (strcmp (fmt_str, "%c") == 0)
4690     {
4691       if (! arglist
4692 	  || TREE_CODE (TREE_TYPE (TREE_VALUE (arglist))) != INTEGER_TYPE
4693 	  || TREE_CHAIN (arglist))
4694 	return 0;
4695       fn = fn_putchar;
4696     }
4697   else
4698     {
4699       /* We can't handle anything else with % args or %% ... yet.  */
4700       if (strchr (fmt_str, '%'))
4701         return 0;
4702 
4703       if (arglist)
4704 	return 0;
4705 
4706       /* If the format specifier was "", printf does nothing.  */
4707       if (fmt_str[0] == '\0')
4708 	return const0_rtx;
4709       /* If the format specifier has length of 1, call putchar.  */
4710       if (fmt_str[1] == '\0')
4711 	{
4712 	  /* Given printf("c"), (where c is any one character,)
4713 	     convert "c"[0] to an int and pass that to the replacement
4714 	     function.  */
4715 	  arg = build_int_2 (fmt_str[0], 0);
4716 	  arglist = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, arg);
4717 	  fn = fn_putchar;
4718 	}
4719       else
4720 	{
4721 	  /* If the format specifier was "string\n", call puts("string").  */
4722 	  size_t len = strlen (fmt_str);
4723 	  if (fmt_str[len - 1] == '\n')
4724 	    {
4725 	      /* Create a NUL-terminated string that's one char shorter
4726 		 than the original, stripping off the trailing '\n'.  */
4727 	      char *newstr = (char *) alloca (len);
4728 	      memcpy (newstr, fmt_str, len - 1);
4729 	      newstr[len - 1] = 0;
4730 
4731 	      arg = build_string_literal (len, newstr);
4732 	      arglist = build_tree_list (NULL_TREE, arg);
4733 	      fn = fn_puts;
4734 	    }
4735 	  else
4736 	    /* We'd like to arrange to call fputs(string,stdout) here,
4737 	       but we need stdout and don't have a way to get it yet.  */
4738 	    return 0;
4739 	}
4740     }
4741 
4742   if (!fn)
4743     return 0;
4744   return expand_expr (build_function_call_expr (fn, arglist),
4745 		      target, mode, EXPAND_NORMAL);
4746 }

Footnotes

: nm - list symbols from object files
: On AMD Athlon(TM) XP 1800+ system

Peter Seiderer 2005-11-30

阅读(1881) | 评论(0) | 转发(0) |

上一篇：ELF 格式分析

下一篇：【转载】使用TELNET手工操作 SMTP/POP 收发邮件

给主人留下些什么吧！~~

感谢所有关心和支持过ChinaUnix的朋友们

16024965号-6