http://blog.csdn.net/jcjc918/article/details/42129311
tinyhttpd 是一个不到 500 行的
超轻量型 Http Server,用来学习非常不错,可以帮助我们真正理解服务器程序的本质。
看完所有源码,真的感觉有很大收获,无论是 unix 的编程,还是 GET/POST 的 Web 处理流程,都清晰了不少。废话不说,开始我们的 Server 探索之旅。
(水平有限,如有错误之处,欢迎指正)
项目主页
主要函数
这是所有函数的声明:
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void accept_request(int);
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void bad_request(int);
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void cat(int, FILE *);
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void cannot_execute(int);
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void error_die(const char *);
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void execute_cgi(int, const char *, const char *, const char *);
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int get_line(int, char *, int);
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void headers(int, const char *);
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void not_found(int);
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void serve_file(int, const char *);
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int startup(u_short *);
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void unimplemented(int);
先简单地解释每个函数的作用:
accept_request: 处理从套接字上监听到的一个 HTTP 请求,在这里可以很大一部分地体现服务器处理请求流程。
bad_request: 返回给客户端这是个错误请求,HTTP 状态吗 400 BAD REQUEST.
cat: 读取服务器上某个文件写到 socket 套接字。
cannot_execute: 主要处理发生在执行 cgi 程序时出现的错误。
error_die: 把错误信息写到 perror 并退出。
execute_cgi: 运行 cgi 程序的处理,也是个主要函数。
get_line: 读取套接字的一行,把回车换行等情况都统一为换行符结束。
headers: 把 HTTP 响应的头部写到套接字。
not_found: 主要处理找不到请求的文件时的情况。
sever_file: 调用 cat 把服务器文件返回给浏览器。
startup: 初始化 httpd 服务,包括建立套接字,绑定端口,进行监听等。
unimplemented: 返回给浏览器表明收到的 HTTP 请求所用的 method 不被支持。
建议源码阅读顺序: main -> startup -> accept_request -> execute_cgi, 通晓主要工作流程后再仔细把每个函数的源码看一看。
工作流程
(1) 服务器启动,在指定端口或随机选取端口绑定 httpd 服务。
(2)收到一个 HTTP 请求时(其实就是 listen 的端口 accpet 的时候),派生一个线程运行 accept_request 函数。
(3)取出 HTTP 请求中的 method (GET 或 POST) 和 url,。对于 GET 方法,如果有携带参数,则 query_string 指针指向 url 中 ? 后面的 GET 参数。
(4) 格式化 url 到 path 数组,表示浏览器请求的服务器文件路径,在 tinyhttpd 中服务器文件是在
htdocs 文件夹下。当 url 以 / 结尾,或 url 是个目录,则默认在 path 中加上 index.html,表示访问主页。
(5)如果文件路径合法,对于无参数的 GET 请求,直接输出服务器文件到浏览器,即用 HTTP
格式写到套接字上,跳到(10)。其他情况(带参数 GET,POST 方式,url 为可执行文件),则调用 excute_cgi 函数执行 cgi
脚本。
(6)读取整个 HTTP 请求并丢弃,如果是 POST 则找出 Content-Length. 把 HTTP 200 状态码写到套接字。
(7) 建立两个管道,cgi_input 和 cgi_output, 并 fork 一个进程。
(8) 在子进程中,把 STDOUT 重定向到 cgi_outputt 的写入端,把 STDIN 重定向到 cgi_input
的读取端,关闭 cgi_input 的写入端 和 cgi_output 的读取端,设置 request_method 的环境变量,GET
的话设置 query_string 的环境变量,POST 的话设置 content_length 的环境变量,这些环境变量都是为了给 cgi
脚本调用,接着用 execl 运行 cgi 程序。
(9) 在父进程中,关闭 cgi_input 的读取端 和 cgi_output 的写入端,如果 POST 的话,把 POST
数据写入 cgi_input,已被重定向到 STDIN,读取 cgi_output 的管道输出到客户端,该管道输入是
STDOUT。接着关闭所有管道,等待子进程结束。这一部分比较乱,见下图说明:
图 1 管道初始状态
图 2 管道最终状态
(10) 关闭与浏览器的连接,完成了一次 HTTP 请求与回应,因为 HTTP 是无连接的。
注释版源码
源码已写了注释,放在 Github:
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <sys/socket.h>
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#include <sys/types.h>
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#include <netinet/in.h>
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#include <arpa/inet.h>
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#include <unistd.h>
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#include <ctype.h>
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#include <strings.h>
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#include <string.h>
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#include <sys/stat.h>
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#include <pthread.h>
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#include <sys/wait.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#define ISspace(x) isspace((int)(x))
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#define SERVER_STRING "Server: jdbhttpd/0.1.0\r\n"
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void accept_request(int);
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void bad_request(int);
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void cat(int, FILE *);
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void cannot_execute(int);
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void error_die(const char *);
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void execute_cgi(int, const char *, const char *, const char *);
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int get_line(int, char *, int);
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void headers(int, const char *);
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void not_found(int);
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void serve_file(int, const char *);
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int startup(u_short *);
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void unimplemented(int);
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void accept_request(int client)
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{
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char buf[1024];
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int numchars;
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char method[255];
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char url[255];
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char path[512];
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size_t i, j;
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struct stat st;
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int cgi = 0;
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char *query_string = NULL;
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numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
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i = 0; j = 0;
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while (!ISspace(buf[j]) && (i < sizeof(method) - 1))
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{
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method[i] = buf[j];
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i++; j++;
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}
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method[i] = '\0';
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if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") && strcasecmp(method, "POST"))
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{
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unimplemented(client);
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return;
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}
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if (strcasecmp(method, "POST") == 0)
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cgi = 1;
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i = 0;
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while (ISspace(buf[j]) && (j < sizeof(buf)))
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j++;
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while (!ISspace(buf[j]) && (i < sizeof(url) - 1) && (j < sizeof(buf)))
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{
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url[i] = buf[j];
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i++; j++;
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}
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url[i] = '\0';
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if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") == 0)
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{
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query_string = url;
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while ((*query_string != '?') && (*query_string != '\0'))
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query_string++;
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if (*query_string == '?')
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{
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cgi = 1;
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*query_string = '\0';
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query_string++;
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}
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}
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sprintf(path, "htdocs%s", url);
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if (path[strlen(path) - 1] == '/')
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strcat(path, "index.html");
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if (stat(path, &st) == -1) {
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while ((numchars > 0) && strcmp("\n", buf))
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numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
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not_found(client);
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}
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else
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{
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if ((st.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
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strcat(path, "/index.html");
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if ((st.st_mode & S_IXUSR) || (st.st_mode & S_IXGRP) || (st.st_mode & S_IXOTH) )
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cgi = 1;
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if (!cgi)
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serve_file(client, path);
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else
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execute_cgi(client, path, method, query_string);
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}
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close(client);
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}
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void bad_request(int client)
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{
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char buf[1024];
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sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 400 BAD REQUEST\r\n");
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send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "Content-type: text/html\r\n");
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send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "\r\n");
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send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "<P>Your browser sent a bad request, ");
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send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "such as a POST without a Content-Length.\r\n");
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send(client, buf, sizeof(buf), 0);
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}
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void cat(int client, FILE *resource)
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{
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char buf[1024];
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fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), resource);
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while (!feof(resource))
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{
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), resource);
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}
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}
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void cannot_execute(int client)
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{
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char buf[1024];
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sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 500 Internal Server Error\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "Content-type: text/html\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "<P>Error prohibited CGI execution.\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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}
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void error_die(const char *sc)
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{
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perror(sc);
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exit(1);
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}
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void execute_cgi(int client, const char *path, const char *method, const char *query_string)
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{
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char buf[1024];
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int cgi_output[2];
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int cgi_input[2];
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pid_t pid;
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int status;
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int i;
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char c;
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int numchars = 1;
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int content_length = -1;
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buf[0] = 'A'; buf[1] = '\0';
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if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") == 0)
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while ((numchars > 0) && strcmp("\n", buf))
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numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
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else
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{
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numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
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while ((numchars > 0) && strcmp("\n", buf))
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{
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buf[15] = '\0';
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if (strcasecmp(buf, "Content-Length:") == 0)
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content_length = atoi(&(buf[16]));
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numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
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}
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if (content_length == -1) {
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bad_request(client);
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return;
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}
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}
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sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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if (pipe(cgi_output) < 0) {
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cannot_execute(client);
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return;
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}
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if (pipe(cgi_input) < 0) {
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cannot_execute(client);
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return;
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}
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if ((pid = fork()) < 0 ) {
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cannot_execute(client);
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return;
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}
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if (pid == 0)
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{
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char meth_env[255];
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char query_env[255];
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char length_env[255];
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dup2(cgi_output[1], 1);
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dup2(cgi_input[0], 0);
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close(cgi_output[0]);
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close(cgi_input[1]);
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sprintf(meth_env, "REQUEST_METHOD=%s", method);
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putenv(meth_env);
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if (strcasecmp(method, "GET") == 0) {
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sprintf(query_env, "QUERY_STRING=%s", query_string);
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putenv(query_env);
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}
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else {
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sprintf(length_env, "CONTENT_LENGTH=%d", content_length);
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putenv(length_env);
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}
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execl(path, path, NULL);
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exit(0);
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} else {
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close(cgi_output[1]);
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close(cgi_input[0]);
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if (strcasecmp(method, "POST") == 0)
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for (i = 0; i < content_length; i++) {
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recv(client, &c, 1, 0);
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write(cgi_input[1], &c, 1);
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}
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while (read(cgi_output[0], &c, 1) > 0)
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send(client, &c, 1, 0);
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close(cgi_output[0]);
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close(cgi_input[1]);
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waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
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}
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}
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int get_line(int sock, char *buf, int size)
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{
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int i = 0;
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char c = '\0';
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int n;
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while ((i < size - 1) && (c != '\n'))
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{
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n = recv(sock, &c, 1, 0);
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if (n > 0)
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{
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if (c == '\r')
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{
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n = recv(sock, &c, 1, MSG_PEEK);
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if ((n > 0) && (c == '\n'))
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recv(sock, &c, 1, 0);
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else
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c = '\n';
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}
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buf[i] = c;
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i++;
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}
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else
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c = '\n';
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}
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buf[i] = '\0';
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return(i);
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}
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void headers(int client, const char *filename)
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{
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char buf[1024];
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(void)filename;
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strcpy(buf, "HTTP/1.0 200 OK\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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strcpy(buf, SERVER_STRING);
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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strcpy(buf, "\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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}
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void not_found(int client)
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{
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char buf[1024];
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sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 404 NOT FOUND\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, SERVER_STRING);
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "<HTML><TITLE>Not Found</TITLE>\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "<BODY><P>The server could not fulfill\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "your request because the resource specified\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "is unavailable or nonexistent.\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "</BODY></HTML>\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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}
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void serve_file(int client, const char *filename)
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{
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FILE *resource = NULL;
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int numchars = 1;
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char buf[1024];
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buf[0] = 'A'; buf[1] = '\0';
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while ((numchars > 0) && strcmp("\n", buf))
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numchars = get_line(client, buf, sizeof(buf));
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resource = fopen(filename, "r");
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if (resource == NULL)
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not_found(client);
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else
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{
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headers(client, filename);
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cat(client, resource);
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}
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fclose(resource);
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}
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int startup(u_short *port)
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{
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int httpd = 0;
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struct sockaddr_in name;
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httpd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
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if (httpd == -1)
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error_die("socket");
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memset(&name, 0, sizeof(name));
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name.sin_family = AF_INET;
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name.sin_port = htons(*port);
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name.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
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if (bind(httpd, (struct sockaddr *)&name, sizeof(name)) < 0)
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error_die("bind");
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if (*port == 0)
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{
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int namelen = sizeof(name);
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if (getsockname(httpd, (struct sockaddr *)&name, &namelen) == -1)
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error_die("getsockname");
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*port = ntohs(name.sin_port);
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}
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if (listen(httpd, 5) < 0)
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error_die("listen");
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return(httpd);
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}
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void unimplemented(int client)
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{
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char buf[1024];
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sprintf(buf, "HTTP/1.0 501 Method Not Implemented\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, SERVER_STRING);
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "Content-Type: text/html\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Method Not Implemented\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "</TITLE></HEAD>\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "<BODY><P>HTTP request method not supported.\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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sprintf(buf, "</BODY></HTML>\r\n");
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send(client, buf, strlen(buf), 0);
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}
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int main(void)
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{
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int server_sock = -1;
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u_short port = 0;
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int client_sock = -1;
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struct sockaddr_in client_name;
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int client_name_len = sizeof(client_name);
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pthread_t newthread;
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server_sock = startup(&port);
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printf("httpd running on port %d\n", port);
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while (1)
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{
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client_sock = accept(server_sock,(struct sockaddr *)&client_name,&client_name_len);
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if (client_sock == -1)
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error_die("accept");
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if (pthread_create(&newthread , NULL, accept_request, client_sock) != 0)
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perror("pthread_create");
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}
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close(server_sock);
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return(0);
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}