舒适噪音comfort noise原理及相关的RFC文档

CN的rtp负载payload type为13.
RFC文档为：RFC 3389  

舒适噪音生成（comfort noise generator，CNG）是一个在通话过程中出现短暂静音时用来为电话通信产生背景噪声的程序。

　　舒适噪音生成是VoIP技术中静音抑制（silence suppression）或语音活动检测（VAD）的一部分。语音活动检测及舒适噪音生成是用来维持一个感受到的可接受的服务品质，同时尽可能降低传输成本和带宽使用。

　 　结合语音活动检测算法的舒适噪音生成可快速确定静音出现的时间，并在出现静音时产生人工噪音，直到语音活动重新恢复为止。产生的人工噪音可形成传输流不 间断的假象，因此电话中的背景声音会从始至终保持连续，接听者不会有电话掉线的感觉。50%左右的通话中其实是没有讲话的。语音活动检测软件可以让一个携 带语音拥塞的数据网通过因特网监测静音，通过阻止“静音封包”的传送来节省带宽。

　　舒适噪音生成运用特殊算法制造能够与真实背景 噪音相匹配的人工噪音。如果在静音期内声音传输完全中断，背景噪音的产生则有助于避免可能出现的噪音调制。需要抑制噪音调制的理由众多：一方面，噪音调制 与自然背景噪音区别明显，通话方会觉得这种声音很不舒服；另一方面，当通讯恢复时，噪音调制会减少语言清晰度。

　　据估算，运用语音活动检测及舒适噪音生成可将一组音频信道对带宽的需求降低50%。

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Network Working Group R. Zopf Request for Comments: 3389 Lucent Technologies Category: Standards Track September 2002 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) Payload for Comfort Noise (CN) Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. Abstract This document describes a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) payload format for transporting comfort noise (CN). The CN payload type is primarily for use with audio codecs that do not support comfort noise as part of the codec itself such as ITU-T Recommendations G.711, G.726, G.727, G.728, and G.722. 1. Conventions Used in This Document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [7]. 2. Introduction This document describes a RTP [1] payload format for transporting comfort noise. The payload format is based on Appendix II of ITU-T Recommendation G.711 [8] which defines a comfort noise payload format (or bit-stream) for ITU-T G.711 [2] use in packet-based multimedia communication systems. The payload format is generic and may also be used with other audio codecs without built-in Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) capability such as ITU-T Recommendations G.726 [3], G.727 [4], G.728 [5], and G.722 [6]. The payload format provides a minimum interoperability specification for communication of comfort noise parameters. The comfort noise analysis and synthesis as well as the Voice Activity Detection (VAD) and DTX algorithms are unspecified and left implementation-specific. Zopf Standards Track [Page 1]  RFC 3389 RTP Payload for Comfort Noise September 2002 However, an example solution for G.711 has been tested and is described in the Appendix [8]. It uses the VAD and DTX of G.729 Annex B [9] and a comfort noise generation algorithm (CNG) which is provided in the Appendix for information. The comfort noise payload, which is also known as a Silence Insertion Descriptor (SID) frame, consists of a single octet description of the noise level and MAY contain spectral information in subsequent octets. An earlier version of the CN payload format consisting only of the noise level byte was defined in draft revisions of the RFC 1890. The extended payload format defined in this document should be backward compatible with implementations of the earlier version assuming that only the first byte is interpreted and any additional spectral information bytes are ignored. 3. CN Payload Definition The comfort noise payload consists of a description of the noise level and spectral information in the form of reflection coefficients for an all-pole model of the noise. The inclusion of spectral information is OPTIONAL and the model order (number of coefficients) is left unspecified. The encoder may choose an appropriate model order based on such considerations as quality, complexity, expected environmental noise, and signal bandwidth. The model order is not explicitly transmitted since the number of coefficients can be derived from the length of the payload at the receiver. The decoder may reduce the model order by setting higher order reflection coefficients to zero if desired to reduce complexity or for other reasons. 3.1 Noise Level The magnitude of the noise level is packed into the least significant bits of the noise-level byte with the most significant bit unused and always set to 0 as shown below in Figure 1. The least significant bit of the noise level magnitude is packed into the least significant bit of the byte. The noise level is expressed in -dBov, with values from 0 to 127 representing 0 to -127 dBov. dBov is the level relative to the overload of the system. (Note: Representation relative to the overload point of a system is particularly useful for digital implementations, since one does not need to know the relative calibration of the analog circuitry.) For example, in the case of a u-law system, the reference would be a square wave with values +/- 8031, and this square wave represents 0dBov. This translates into 6.18dBm0. Zopf Standards Track [Page 2]  RFC 3389 RTP Payload for Comfort Noise September 2002 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |0| level | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Figure 1: Noise Level Packing 3.2 Spectral Information The spectral information is transmitted using reflection coefficients [8]. Each reflection coefficient can have values between -1 and 1 and is quantized uniformly using 8 bits. The quantized value is represented by the 8 bit index N, where N=0..,254, and index N=255 is reserved for future use. Each index N is packed into a separate byte with the MSB first. The quantized value of each reflection coefficient, k_i, can be obtained from its corresponding index using: k_i(N_i) = 258*(N_i-127) for N_i = 0...254; -1 < k_i < 1 ------------- 32768 3.3 Payload Packing The first byte of the payload MUST contain the noise level as shown in Figure 1. Quantized reflection coefficients are packed in subsequent bytes in ascending order as in Figure 2 where M is the model order. The total length of the payload is M+1 bytes. Note that a 0th order model (i.e., no spectral envelope information) reduces to transmitting only the energy level. Byte 1 2 3 ... M+1 +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ |level| N1 | N2 | ... | NM | +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Figure 2: CN Payload Packing Format 4. Usage of RTP The RTP header for the comfort noise packet SHOULD be constructed as if the comfort noise were an independent codec. Thus, the RTP timestamp designates the beginning of the comfort noise period. When this payload format is used under the RTP profile specified in RFC 1890 [10], a static payload type of 13 is assigned for RTP timestamp clock rate of 8,000 Hz; if other rates are needed, they MUST be defined through dynamic payload types. The RTP packet SHOULD NOT have the marker bit set. Zopf Standards Track [Page 3]  RFC 3389 RTP Payload for Comfort Noise September 2002 Each RTP packet containing comfort noise MUST contain exactly one CN payload per channel. This is required since the CN payload has a variable length. If multiple audio channels are used, each channel MUST use the same spectral model order 'M'. 5. Guidelines for Use An audio codec with DTX capabilities generally includes VAD, DTX, and CNG algorithms. The job of the VAD is to discriminate between active and inactive voice segments in the input signal. During inactive voice segments, the role of the CNG is to sufficiently describe the ambient noise while minimizing the transmission rate. A CN payload (or SID frame) containing a description of the noise is sent to the receiver to drive the CNG. The DTX algorithm determines when a CN payload is transmitted. During active voice segments, packets of the voice codec are transmitted and indicated in the RTP header by the static or dynamic payload type for that codec. At the beginning of an inactive voice segment (silence period), a CN packet is transmitted in the same RTP stream and indicated by the CN payload type. The CN packet update rate is left implementation specific. For example, the CN packet may be sent periodically or only when there is a significant change in the background noise characteristics. The CNG algorithm at the receiver uses the information in the CN payload to update its noise generation model and then produce an appropriate amount of comfort noise. The CN payload format provides a minimum interoperability specification for communication of comfort noise parameters. The comfort noise analysis and synthesis as well as the VAD and DTX algorithms are unspecified and left implementation-specific. However, an example solution for G.711 has been tested and is described in Appendix II of ITU-T Recommendation G.711 [8]. It uses the VAD and DTX of G.729 Annex B [9] and a comfort noise generation algorithm (CNG), which is provided in the Appendix for information. Additional guidelines for use such as the factors affecting system performance in the design of the VAD/DTX/CNG algorithms are described in the Appendix. 5.1 Usage of SDP When using the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [11] to specify RTP payload information, the use of comfort noise is indicated by the inclusion of a payload type for CN on the media description line. When using CN with the RTP/AVP profile [10] and a codec whose RTP timestamp clock rate is 8000 Hz, such as G.711 (PCMU, static payload type 0), the static payload type 13 for CN can be used: m=audio 49230 RTP/AVP 0 13 Zopf Standards Track [Page 4]  RFC 3389 RTP Payload for Comfort Noise September 2002 When using CN with a codec that has a different RTP timestamp clock rate, a dynamic payload type mapping (rtpmap attribute) is required. This example shows CN used with the G.722.1 codec (see RFC 3047 [12]): m=audio 49230 RTP/AVP 101 102 a=rtpmap:101 G7221/16000 a=fmtp:121 bitrate=24000 a=rtpmap:102 CN/16000 Omission of a payload type for CN on the media description line implies that this comfort noise payload format will not be used, but it does not imply that silence will not be suppressed. RTP allows discontinuous transmission (silence suppression) on any audio payload format. The receiver can detect silence suppression on the first packet received after the silence by observing that the RTP timestamp is not contiguous with the end of the interval covered by the previous packet even though the RTP sequence number has incremented only by one. The RTP marker bit is also normally set on such a packet. 6. IANA Considerations This section defines a new RTP payload name and associated MIME type, CN (audio/CN). The payload format specified in this document is also assigned payload type 13 in the RTP Payload Types table of the RTP Parameters registry maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). 6.1 Registration of MIME media type audio/CN MIME media type name: audio MIME subtype name: CN Required parameters: None Optional parameters: rate: specifies the RTP timestamp clock rate, which is usually (but not always) equal to the sampling rate. This parameter should have the same value as the codec used in conjunction with comfort noise. The default value is 8000. Zopf Standards Track [Page 5]  RFC 3389 RTP Payload for Comfort Noise September 2002 Encoding considerations: This type is only defined for transfer via RTP [RFC 1889]. Security considerations: see Section 7 "Security Considerations". Interoperability considerations: none Published specification: This document and Appendix II of ITU-T Recommendation G.711 Applications which use this media type: Audio and video streaming and conferencing tools. Additional information: none Person & email address to contact for further information: Robert Zopf [e-mail] Intended usage: COMMON Author/Change controller: Author: Robert Zopf Change controller: IETF AVT Working Group 7. Security Considerations RTP packets using the payload format defined in this specification are subject to the security considerations discussed in the RTP specification [1]. This implies that confidentiality of the media streams is achieved by encryption. Because the payload format is arranged end-to-end, encryption MAY be performed after encapsulation so there is no conflict between the two operations. As this format transports background noise, there are no significant security, confidentiality, or authentication concerns. 8. References [1] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R. and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", RFC 1889, January 1996. [2] ITU Recommendation G.711 (11/88) - Pulse code modulation (PCM) of voice frequencies. Zopf Standards Track [Page 6]  RFC 3389 RTP Payload for Comfort Noise September 2002 [3] ITU Recommendation G.726 (12/90) - 40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM). [4] ITU Recommendation G.727 (12/90) - 5-, 4-, 3- and 2-bits sample embedded adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM). [5] ITU Recommendation G.728 (09/92) - Coding of speech at 16 kbits/s using low-delay code excited linear prediction. [6] ITU Recommendation G.722 (11/88) - 7 kHz audio-coding within 64 kbit/s. [7] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [8] Appendix II to Recommendation G.711 (02/2000) - A comfort noise payload definition for ITU-T G.711 use in packet-based multimedia communication systems. [9] Annex B (08/97) to Recommendation G.729 - C source code and test vectors for implementation verification of the algorithm of the G.729 silence compression scheme. [10] Schulzrinne, H., "RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control", RFC 1890, January 1996. [11] Handley, M. and V. Jacobson, "SDP: Session Description Protocol", RFC 2327, April 1998. [12] Luthi, P., "RTP Payload Format for ITU-T Recommendation G.722.1", RFC 3047, January 2001. 9. Author's Address Robert Zopf Lucent Technologies INS Access VoIP Networks 2G-234A 101 Crawfords Corner Rd Holmdel, NJ 07733-3030 US Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone] EMail: [e-mail]