Oracle-Merge用法详解

             Oracle-Merge用法详解

Oracle9i引入了MERGE命令,你能够在一个SQL语句中对一个表同时执行inserts和utes操作. MERGE命令从一个或多个数据源中选择行来updng或inserting到一个或多个表.在Oracle 10g中MERGE有如下一些改进：

1、UPDATE或INSERT子句是可选的

2、UPDATE和INSERT子句可以加WHERE子句

3、在ON条件中使用常量过滤谓词来insert所有的行到目标表中,不需要连接源表和目标表

4、UPDATE子句后面可以跟DELETE子句来去除一些不需要的行

首先创建示例表：

create table PRODUCTS
    (
    PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,
    PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),
    CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60)
    );

    insert into PRODUCTS values (1501, 'VIVITAR 35MM', 'ELECTRNCS');
    insert into PRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS IS50', 'ELECTRNCS');
    insert into PRODUCTS values (1600, 'PLAY GYM', 'TOYS');
    insert into PRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');
    insert into PRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'D');
    commit;

    create table NEWPRODUCTS
    (
    PRODUCT_ID INTEGER,
    PRODUCT_NAME VARCHAR2(60),
    CATEGORY VARCHAR2(60)
    );

    insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1502, 'OLYMPUS CAMERA', 'ELECTRNCS');
    insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1601, 'LAMAZE', 'TOYS');
    insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1666, 'HARRY POTTER', 'TOYS');
    insert into NEWPRODUCTS values (1700, 'WAIT INTERFACE', 'BOOKS');
    commit;

1、可省略的UPDATE或INSERT子句

在Oracle 9i, MERGE语句要求你必须同时指定INSERT和UPDATE子句.而在Oracle 10g, 你可以省略UPDATE或INSERT子句中的一个. 下面的例子根据表NEWPRODUCTS的PRODUCT_ID字段是否匹配来updates表PRODUCTS的信息:

SQL> MERGE INTO products p
    2 USING newproducts np
    3 ON (p.product_id = np.product_id)
    4 WHEN MATCHED THEN
    5 UPDATE
    6 SET p.product_name = np.product_name,
    7 p.category = np.category;

    3 rows merged.

    SQL> SELECT * FROM products;

    PRODUCT_ID PRODUCT_NAME CATEGORY
    ---------- -------------------- ----------
    1501 VIVITAR 35MM ELECTRNCS
    1502 OLYMPUS CAMERA ELECTRNCS
    1600 PLAY GYM TOYS
    1601 LAMAZE TOYS
    1666 HARRY POTTER TOYS
    SQL>
    SQL> ROLLBACK;
    Rollback complete.
    SQL>

在上面例子中, MERGE语句影响到是产品id为1502, 1601和1666的行. 它们的产品名字和种 类被更新为表newproducts中的值. 下面例子省略UPDATE子句, 把表NEWPRODUCTS中新的PRODUCT_ID插入到表PRODUCTS中, 对于在两个表中能够匹配上PRODUCT_ID的数据不作任何处理. 从这个例子你能看到PRODUCT_ID=1700的行被插入到表PRODUCTS中.

SQL> MERGE INTO products p
    2 USING newproducts np
    3 ON (p.product_id = np.product_id)
    4 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    5 INSERT
    6 VALUES (np.product_id, np.product_name,
    7 np.category);

    1 row merged.

    SQL> SELECT * FROM products;

    PRODUCT_ID PRODUCT_NAME CATEGORY
    ---------- -------------------- ----------
    1501 VIVITAR 35MM ELECTRNCS
    1502 OLYMPUS IS50 ELECTRNCS
    1600 PLAY GYM TOYS
    1601 LAMAZE TOYS
    1666 HARRY POTTER DVD
    1700 WAIT INTERFACE BOOKS

2、带条件的Utes和Inserts子句

你能够添加WHERE子句到UPDATE或INSERT子句中去, 来跳过update或insert操作对某些行的处理. 下面例子根据表NEWPRODUCTS来更新表PRODUCTS数据, 但必须字段CATEGORY也得同时匹配上:

SQL> MERGE INTO products p
    2 USING newproducts np
    3 ON (p.product_id = np.product_id)
    4 WHEN MATCHED THEN
    5 UPDATE
    6 SET p.product_name = np.product_name
    7 WHERE p.category = np.category;

    2 rows merged.

    SQL> SELECT * FROM products;

    PRODUCT_ID PRODUCT_NAME CATEGORY
    ---------- -------------------- ----------
    1501 VIVITAR 35MM ELECTRNCS
    1502 OLYMPUS CAMERA ELECTRNCS
    1600 PLAY GYM TOYS
    1601 LAMAZE TOYS
    1666 HARRY POTTER D
    SQL>
    SQL> rollback;

在这个例子中, 产品ID为1502,1601和1666匹配ON条件但是1666的category不匹配. 因此MERGE命令只更新两行数据. 下面例子展示了在Updates和Inserts子句都使用WHERE子句:

SQL> MERGE INTO products p
    2 USING newproducts np
    3 ON (p.product_id = np.product_id)
    4 WHEN MATCHED THEN
    5 UPDATE
    6 SET p.product_name = np.product_name,
    7 p.category = np.category
    8 WHERE p.category = 'DVD'
    9 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    10 INSERT
    11 VALUES (np.product_id, np.product_name, np.category)
    12 WHERE np.category != 'BOOKS'
    SQL> /

    1 row merged.

    SQL> SELECT * FROM products;

    PRODUCT_ID PRODUCT_NAME CATEGORY
    ---------- -------------------- ----------
    1501 VIVITAR 35MM ELECTRNCS
    1502 OLYMPUS IS50 ELECTRNCS
    1600 PLAY GYM TOYS
    1601 LAMAZE TOYS
    1666 HARRY POTTER TOYS

    SQL>

注意由于有WHERE子句INSERT没有插入所有不匹配ON条件的行到表PRODUCTS.

3、无条件的Inserts

你能够不用连接源表和目标表就把源表的数据插入到目标表中. 这对于你想插入所有行到目标表时是非常有用的. Oracle 10g现在支持在ON条件中使用常量过滤谓词. 举个常量过滤谓词例子ON (1=0). 下面例子从源表插入行到表PRODUCTS, 不检查这些行是否在表PRODUCTS中存在:

SQL> MERGE INTO products p
    2 USING newproducts np
    3 ON (1=0)
    4 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    5 INSERT
    6 VALUES (np.product_id, np.product_name, np.category)
    7 WHERE np.category = 'BOOKS'
    SQL> /

    1 row merged.

    SQL> SELECT * FROM products;

    PRODUCT_ID PRODUCT_NAME CATEGORY
    ---------- -------------------- ----------
    1501 VIVITAR 35MM ELECTRNCS
    1502 OLYMPUS IS50 ELECTRNCS
    1600 PLAY GYM TOYS
    1601 LAMAZE TOYS
    1666 HARRY POTTER DVD
    1700 WAIT INTERFACE BOOKS
    6 rows selected.
    SQL>

4、新增加的DELETE子句

Oracle 10g中的MERGE提供了在执行数据操作时清除行的选项. 你能够在WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE子句中包含DELETE子句. DELETE子句必须有一个WHERE条件来删除匹配某些条件的行.匹配DELETE WHERE条件但不匹配ON条件的行不会被从表中删除.

下面例子验证DELETE子句. 我们从表NEWPRODUCTS中合并行到表PRODUCTS中, 但删除category为ELECTRNCS的行.

SQL> MERGE INTO products p
    2 USING newproducts np
    3 ON (p.product_id = np.product_id)
    4 WHEN MATCHED THEN
    5 UPDATE
    6 SET p.product_name = np.product_name,
    7 p.category = np.category
    8 DELETE WHERE (p.category = 'ELECTRNCS')
    9 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    10 INSERT
    11 VALUES (np.product_id, np.product_name, np.category)
    SQL> /

    4 rows merged.

    SQL> SELECT * FROM products;

    PRODUCT_ID PRODUCT_NAME CATEGORY
    ---------- -------------------- ----------
    1501 VIVITAR 35MM ELECTRNCS
    1600 PLAY GYM TOYS
    1601 LAMAZE TOYS
    1666 HARRY POTTER TOYS
    1700 WAIT INTERFACE BOOKS
    SQL>

产品ID为1502的行从表PRODUCTS中被删除, 因为它同时匹配ON条件和DELETE WHERE条件. 产品ID为1501的行匹配DELETE WHERE条件但不匹配ON条件, 所以它没有被删除. 产品ID为1700 的行不匹配ON条件, 所以被插入表PRODUCTS. 产品ID为1601和1666的行匹配ON条件但不匹配DELETE WHERE条件, 所以被更新为表NEWPRODUCTS中的值.