简介本文旨在为了解Linux各种时间类型与时间函数提供技术文档。1、Linux下常用时间类型Linux下常用时间类型有四种:time_t、struct tm、struct timeval、struct timespec1.1 time_t时间类型time_t类型在time.h中定义:
- #ifndef __TIME_T
- #define __TIME_T
- typedef long time_t;
- #endif
#ifndef __TIME_T
#define __TIME_T
typedef long time_t;
#endif
可见,time_t实际是一个长整型。其值表示为从UTC(coordinated universal time)时间1970年1月1日00时00分00秒(也称为Linux系统的Epoch时间)到当前时刻的秒数。由于time_t类型长度的限制,它所表示的时间不能晚于2038年1月19日03时14分07秒(UTC)。为了能够表示更久远的时间,可用64位或更长的整形数来保存日历时间,这里不作详述。
使用time()函数获取当前时间的time_t值,使用ctime()函数将time_t转为当地时间字符串。备注:UTC时间有时也称为GMT时间,其实UTC和GMT两者几乎是同一概念。它们都是指格林尼治标准时间,只不过UTC的称呼更为正式一点。两者区别在于前者是天文上的概念,而后者是基于一个原子钟。1.2 struct tm时间类型tm结构在time.h中定义:
- #ifndef _TM_DEFINED
- struct tm{
- int tm_sec;
- int tm_min;
- int tm_hour;
- int tm_mday;
- int tm_mon;
- int tm_year;
- int tm_wday;
- int tm_yday;
- int tm_isdst;
- };
- #define _TM_DEFINED
- #endif
#ifndef _TM_DEFINED
struct tm{
int tm_sec; /*秒 - 取值区间为[0, 59]*/
int tm_min; /*分 - 取值区间为[0, 59]*/
int tm_hour; /*时 - 取值区间为[0, 23]*/
int tm_mday; /*日 - 取值区间为[1, 31]*/
int tm_mon; /*月份 - 取值区间为[0, 11]*/
int tm_year; /*年份 - 其值为1900年至今年数*/
int tm_wday; /*星期 - 取值区间[0, 6],0代表星期天,1代表星期1,以此类推*/
int tm_yday; /*从每年的1月1日开始的天数-取值区间为[0, 365],0代表1月1日*/
int tm_isdst; /*夏令时标识符,使用夏令时,tm_isdst为正,不使用夏令时,tm_isdst为0,不了解情况时,tm_isdst为负*/
};
#define _TM_DEFINED
#endif
ANSI C标准称使用tm结构的这种时间表示为分解时间(broken-down time)。
使用gmtime( )和localtime( )可将time_t时间类型转换为tm结构体;使用mktime( )将tm结构体转换为time_t时间类型;使用asctime( )将struct tm转换为字符串形式。 1.3 struct timeval时间类型timeval结构体在time.h中定义:
- Struct tmieval{
- time_t tv_sec;
- suseconds_t tv_usec;
- };
Struct tmieval{
time_t tv_sec; /*秒s*/
suseconds_t tv_usec; /*微秒us*/
};
设置时间函数settimeofday( )与获取时间函数gettimeofday( )均使用该事件类型作为传参。
1.4 struct timespec时间类型timespec结构体在time.h定义:
- struct timespec{
- time_t tv_sec;
- long tv_nsec;
- };
struct timespec{
time_t tv_sec; /*秒s*/
long tv_nsec; /*纳秒ns*/
};
2、Linux下常用时间函数Linux下常用时间函数有:time( )、ctime( )、gmtime( )、localtime( )、mktime( )、asctime( )、difftime( )、gettimeofday( )、settimeofday( )2.1 time( )函数头文件:#include 函数定义:time_t time(time_t *timer)功能描述:该函数返回从1970年1月1日00时00分00秒至今所经过的秒数。如果time_t *timer非空指针,函数也会将返回值存到timer指针指向的内存。返回值:成功则返回秒数,失败则返回((time_t)-1)值,错误原因存于errno中。例:
- time_t seconds;
- seconds = time((time_t *)NULL);
time_t seconds;
seconds = time((time_t *)NULL);
2.2 ctime( )函数头文件:#include 函数定义:char *ctime(const time_t *timep);功能描述:ctime( )将参数timep指向的time_t时间信息转换成实际所使用的时间日期表示方法,并以字符串形式返回。字符串格式为:"Wed Jun 20 21:00:00 2012\n"。例:
- time_t timep;
- tmep = time(NULL);
- printf("%s\n", ctime(&timep));
time_t timep;
tmep = time(NULL);
printf("%s\n", ctime(&timep));
2.3 gmtime( )函数头文件:#include 函数定义:struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *timep)功能描述:gmtime( )将参数timep指向的time_t时间信息转换成以tm结构体表示的GMT时间信息,并以struct tm*指针返回。GMT:GMT是中央时区,在东8区,相差8个小时,所以北京时间=GMT时间+8小时。例:
- int main(void)
- {
- char *wday[] = {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
- time_t timep;
- struct tm *p_tm;
- timep = time(NULL);
- p_tm = gmtime(&timep);
- printf("%d-%d-%d ", (p_tm->tm_year+1900), (p_tm->mon+1), p_tm->tm_mday);
- printf("%s %d:%d:%d\n", wday[p_tm->tm_wday], p_tm->tm_hour, p_tm->tm_min, p_tm->tm_sec);
- }
int main(void)
{
char *wday[] = {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
time_t timep;
struct tm *p_tm;
timep = time(NULL);
p_tm = gmtime(&timep); /*获取GMT时间*/
printf("%d-%d-%d ", (p_tm->tm_year+1900), (p_tm->mon+1), p_tm->tm_mday);
printf("%s %d:%d:%d\n", wday[p_tm->tm_wday], p_tm->tm_hour, p_tm->tm_min, p_tm->tm_sec);
}
2.4 localtime( )函数头文件:#include 函数定义:struct tm *localtime(const time_t *timep);功能描述:localtime( )将参数timep指向的time_t时间信息转换成以tm结构体表示的本地时区时间(如北京时间= GMT+小时)。例:
- int main(void)
- {
- char *wday[] = {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
- time_t timep;
- struct tm *p_tm;
- timep = time(NULL);
- p_tm = localtime(&timep);
- printf("%d-%d-%d ", (p_tm->tm_year+1900), (p_tm->mon+1), p_tm->tm_mday);
- printf("%s %d:%d:%d\n", wday[p_tm->tm_wday], p_tm->tm_hour, p_tm->tm_min, p_tm->tm_sec);
- return 0;
- }
int main(void)
{
char *wday[] = {"Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"};
time_t timep;
struct tm *p_tm;
timep = time(NULL);
p_tm = localtime(&timep); /*获取本地时区时间*/
printf("%d-%d-%d ", (p_tm->tm_year+1900), (p_tm->mon+1), p_tm->tm_mday);
printf("%s %d:%d:%d\n", wday[p_tm->tm_wday], p_tm->tm_hour, p_tm->tm_min, p_tm->tm_sec);
return 0;
}
2.5 mktime( )函数头文件:#include 函数定义:time_t mktime(struct tm *p_tm);功能描述:mktime( )将参数p_tm指向的tm结构体数据转换成从1970年1月1日00时00分00秒至今的GMT时间经过的秒数。例:
- int main(void)
- {
- time_t timep:
- struct tm *p_tm;
- timep = time(NULL);
- pintf("time( ):%d\n", timep);
- p_tm = local(&timep);
- timep = mktime(p_tm);
- printf("time( )->localtime( )->mktime( ):%d\n", timep);
- return 0;
- }
int main(void)
{
time_t timep:
struct tm *p_tm;
timep = time(NULL);
pintf("time( ):%d\n", timep);
p_tm = local(&timep);
timep = mktime(p_tm);
printf("time( )->localtime( )->mktime( ):%d\n", timep);
return 0;
}
2.6 asctime( )函数头文件:#include 函数定义:char *asctime(const struct tm *p_tm);功能描述:asctime( )将参数p_tm指向的tm结构体数据转换成实际使用的时间日期表示方法,并以字符串形式返回(与ctime函数相同)。字符串格式为:"Wed Jun 20 21:00:00 2012\n"。例:
- int main(void)
- {
- time_t timep;
- timep = time(NULL);
- printf("%s\n", asctime(gmtime(&timep)));
- return 0;
- }
int main(void)
{
time_t timep;
timep = time(NULL);
printf("%s\n", asctime(gmtime(&timep)));
return 0;
}
2.7 difftime( )函数头文件:#include 函数定义:double difftime(time_t timep1, time_t timep2);功能描述:difftime( )比较参数timep1和timep2时间是否相同,并返回之间相差秒数。例:
- int main(void)
- {
- time_t timep1, timep2;
- timep1 = time(NULL);
- sleep(2);
- timep2 = time(NULL);
- printf("the difference is %f seconds\n", difftime(timep1, timep2));
- return 0;
- }
int main(void)
{
time_t timep1, timep2;
timep1 = time(NULL);
sleep(2);
timep2 = time(NULL);
printf("the difference is %f seconds\n", difftime(timep1, timep2));
return 0;
}
2.8 gettimeofday( )函数头文件:#include #include 函数定义:int gettimeofday(struct timeval *tv, struct timezone *tz);功能描述:gettimeofday( )把目前的时间信息存入tv指向的结构体,当地时区信息则放到tz指向的结构体。struct timezone原型:
- struct timezone{
- int tz_minuteswest;
- int tz_dsttime;
- };
struct timezone{
int tz_minuteswest; /*miniutes west of Greenwich*/
int tz_dsttime; /*type of DST correction*/
};例:
- struct timeval tv;
- struct timeval tz;
- gettimeofday(&tv, &tz);
struct timeval tv;
struct timeval tz;
gettimeofday(&tv, &tz);
附:使用time函数族获取时间并输出指定格式字符串例子(strftime( )函数):
- int main(void)
- {
- char strtime[20] = {0};
- time_t timep;
- struct tm *p_tm;
- timep = time(NULL);
- p_tm = localtime(&timep);
- strftime(strtime, sizeof(strtime), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", p_tm);
- return 0;
- }
int main(void)
{
char strtime[20] = {0};
time_t timep;
struct tm *p_tm;
timep = time(NULL);
p_tm = localtime(&timep);
strftime(strtime, sizeof(strtime), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", p_tm);
return 0;
}
2.9 settimeofday( )函数头文件:#include #include 函数定义:int settimeofday(const struct timeval *tv, const struct timezone *gz);功能描述:settimeofday( )把当前时间设成由tv指向的结构体数据。当前地区信息则设成tz指向的结构体数据。例:
- int main(void)
- {
- char t_string[] = "2012-04-28 22:30:00";
- struct tm time_tm;
- struct timeval time_tv;
- time_t timep;
- int ret = 0;
-
- sscanf(t_string, "%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d", &time_tm.tm_year, &time_tm.tm_mon, &time_tm.tm_mday, &time_tm.tm_hour, &time_tm.tm_min, &time_tm.tm_sec);
- time_tm.tm_year -= 1900;
- time_tm.tm_mon -= 1;
- time_tm.tm_wday = 0;
- time_tm.tm_yday = 0;
- time_tm.tm_isdst = 0;
-
- timep = mktime(&time_tm);
- time_tv.tv_sec = timep;
- time_tv.tv_usec = 0;
-
- ret = settimeofday(&time_tv, NULL);
- if(ret != 0)
- {
- fprintf(stderr, "settimeofday failed\n");
- return -1;
- }
- return 0;
- }
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