分类： LINUX
2008-05-02 13:44:18
Slackware启动脚本与System V启动脚本的区别何在？
作者：kkeller
翻译：windrose
Slackware版本：Slackware 7.0及以上
写于：2002-6-24
好了，说来话长。莫谓言之不预也。
Slackware 使用BSD风格的init脚本，而很多别的发行版使用System V风格的init脚本。SysV和BSD脚本都是能让人读懂的，即它们都是shell脚本，而不是已编译的程序。主要的区别在于脚本是如何设计的。
SysV脚本倾向于接受诸如start、stop、restart之类的参数，依它所启动的程序而定。所以你可以用 /etc/init.d/bind start 这样的命令来启动BIND，并用 /etc/init.d/bind stop 来停止BIND。
SysV的启动还倾向于使用符号链接来组织启动进程，例如在 /etc/rc.d/rc.4/中，可能会有指向别的目录中的真正的脚本的各种各样的符号链接。这些链接的命令会像是 S10network、S25xdm之类，其中的S表示启动(start)该项服务(如果是K，则表示kill)，而数字指定了脚本执行的顺序。
SysV风格的启动脚本的主要优点在于能够设置成自动配置许多东西。例如，若你进入runlevel 6，你可以建立一个链接叫K75bind来终止BIND，前提是链接所指向的文件已经设置好来做这件事。
SysV风格脚本的主要缺点是太过弯弯绕。假如我想增加一个服务，我要先写一个SysV风格的脚本(不是容易的事)，它至少要处理“start”(还可能有“stop”)。然后，我必须确保在每个要运行这个服务的runlevel中正确地设置好符号链接。如果恰好这个服务需要在已经连续编号的两个脚本之间运行，我就需要做一些对符号链接重新编号的工作(例如，S10xxx和S11yyy已经存在，而我想让zzzz在它们之间运行，我就需要对前两者之一重新建立符号链接来把zzzz挤进去)。
想暂时改变SysV的启动进程也是非常痛苦的事情。假如我不想在下次启动时运行xxx服务，最简单的办法是删除S10xxx这个链接，不算难吧？但如果我想在每个runlevel中都去掉它，我就需要从每个有关目录中删除S10xxx这个链接。然后，假如我改了主意，想重新运行xxx，我需要手工重新建立所有的符号链接。
这样子无疑是在已经很复杂的启动进程上叠床架屋，而Slackware是不会这么做的：它用BSD风格的启动脚本。
BSD风格的脚本是直接了当的shell脚本，它们倾向于顺序运行，而不需要start或stop之类参数。只要系统进入了它们的runlevel就会执行，就这么简单。
BSD风格的主要缺点是你需要一些其他方法来控制后台服务。例如，若我要停止BIND，我要先用命令 ps ax|grep named 找出 named的PID，然后kill这个PID(或者用这个pid的文件名)。但是我不能简单地下个命令 /etc/init.d/bind stop (除非我已经写了个这样的SysV脚本)。
BSD风格脚本的主要优点是它们非常容易阅读和编辑。例如，若我想增加一个服务zzzz，我可以在 /etc/rd.d/rc.local中增加一行 /usr/local/bin/zzzz，这样只要是执行rc.local的runlevel，zzzz就会随之运行。假如我只想在runlevel 4执行zzzz，我可以把它放在 /etc/rc.d/rc.4 (不是目录，而是一个脚本)中。如果我要改变执行顺序，我只要把zzzz放在适当的服务之间，多数编辑器都支持在文件中间插入文本(就算ed都支持)。还有，你可以用注释的方式停止一个服务，然后去掉注释让它重新运行。
因此，当多数发行版采用SysV风格时，Slackware采用了BSD风格。对于许多Slackware用户，BSD风格的易用性胜过SysV风格的强大功能。当然，你可以有自己的意见。
与普遍的观点相反，从一种风格转到另一种并不那么困难，只要把inittab和rc文件从一个系统拷贝到另一个系统即可。init程序自身没有改变，所谓“风格”多是在inittab和它所调用的脚本中设置的。
译注：现在slackware为了提高兼容性，在/etc/rc.d/提供了rc.sysvinit脚本以适应某些基于SysV启动过程的商业程序的需要。另外，在许多设置服务的脚本中，也接受start、stop、restart这一类参数，例如rc.sendmail、rc.sshd等。
What's the difference between Slackware startup scripts and System V startup scripts?
Author: kkeller
Slackware Release: Slackware 7.0 and higher
Written on: 2002-06-24
Okay, this answer is very long. Just a warning.
Slackware uses BSD-style init scripts; many other distros use System V-style init scripts. Both SysV scripts and BSD scripts are human-readable, in that they are shell scripts, not compiled programs. The main difference is in how the scripts are designed.
SysV scripts tend to take arguments like start, stop, restart, and others, depending on the program it's starting. So you could say something like /etc/ init.d/bind start to start BIND, and /etc/init.d/bind stop to stop BIND.
SysV-style init also tends to use symlinks to organize the boot process: in /etc/rc.d/rc.4/, there might be various symlinks to actual scripts in another directory. The symlinks are named like S10network, S25xdm, and so on, where the S means to start the service (K means kill it), and the numbers designate the order in which scripts should run.
The main advantage of SysV style init scripts is that they can be set up to configure a lot of stuff automagically. If, for example, you go into runlevel 6, you can have a symlink in /etc/rc.d/rc.6/ called K75bind, which will kill off BIND if the file to which its linked is set up to do that.
The main disadvantage of SysV style is that it's terribly convoluted. If I want to add a service, for example, I need to write a SysV-style script (which is certainly nontrivial) to at least handle "start" (and possibly "stop"). Then I need to make sure I've got the symlink set up correctly in each runlevel where I want it to run, and if I happen to need it to execute between two scripts that are consecutively numbered, I need to do some symlink renumbering (e.g., if S10xxx and S11yyy exist, and I want zzzz to run between, I need to resymlink one of those files to squeeze zzzz between them).
It's also a huge pain to alter the SysV boot process temporarily--if I want service xxx to not run on next boot, the easiest way is to remove the S10xxx symlink. Not too hard, but if I want to remove it from every runlevel, I need to remove the S10xxx symlink from every directory. Then if I change my mind and want xxx to run again, I need to recreate all of the appropriate symlinks by hand.
It's one extra level of complexity to the already-complicated boot process, and one which Slackware doesn't use: it uses BSD-style startup scripts instead.
BSD-style scripts are straight-ahead shell scripts that tend to run sequentially and don't take arguments like start or stop. They run when the system enters their runlevel, and that's it.
The main disadvantage of BSD-style is that you have to use some other method of controlling daemons. For example, if I want to stop BIND, I need to ps ax|grep named, find named's PID, and kill the pid. (Or I can find the pid file.) But I can't say /etc/init.d/bind stop (unless I write a SysV-style script for that).
The main advantage of BSD-style scripts is that they're terribly easy to read and edit. For example, if I add a new service zzzz, I can add the line /usr/ local/bin/zzzz to /etc/rc.d/rc.local, and zzzz will run in the runlevels where rc.local executes. If I know I want zzzz only in runlevel 4, I can put it in /etc/ rc.d/rc.4 (no longer a directory, but a shell script). If I need to change the order, I can just put the call to zzzz between the services where it should run; most editors can handle inserting text in the middle of a file (even ed!). Also, you can easily comment out a service to stop it from running, and uncomment it later.
So, while most distributions use SysV style, Slackware uses BSD-style. For many Slackware users, the ease-of-use of the BSD-style greatly outweighs the power of SysV-style. You can certainly form your own opinion. 
Contrary to popular belief, it's not that difficult to switch from one style to the other--just grab the inittab and rc files from one system and copy them to another. The init binary itself is not changed--most of the ''style'' is set in inittab and the scripts it calls.
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