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2010-10-09 10:47:00
Returns true if...
file exists
file exists
This is identical in effect to -e. It has been "deprecated," and its use is discouraged.
file is a regular file (not a directory or device file)
file is not zero size
file is a directory
file is a block device
file is a character device
device0="/dev/sda2" # / (root directory) if [ -b "$device0" ] then echo "$device0 is a block device." fi # /dev/sda2 is a block device. device1="/dev/ttyS1" # PCMCIA modem card. if [ -c "$device1" ] then echo "$device1 is a character device." fi # /dev/ttyS1 is a character device. |
file is a
file is a
file is a symbolic link
file is a socket
file () is associated with a terminal device
This test option whether the stdin [ -t 0 ] or stdout [ -t 1 ] in a given script is a terminal.
file has read permission (for the user running the test)
file has write permission (for the user running the test)
file has execute permission (for the user running the test)
set-group-id (sgid) flag set on file or directory
If a directory has the sgid flag set, then a file created within that directory belongs to the group that owns the directory, not necessarily to the group of the user who created the file. This may be useful for a directory shared by a workgroup.
set-user-id (suid) flag set on file
A binary owned by root with set-user-id flag set runs with root privileges, even when an ordinary user invokes it. This is useful for executables (such as pppd and cdrecord) that need to access system hardware. Lacking the suid flag, these binaries could not be invoked by a non-root user.
-rwsr-xr-t 1 root 178236 Oct 2 2000 /usr/sbin/pppd |
A file with the suid flag set shows an s in its permissions.
sticky bit set
Commonly known as the sticky bit, the save-text-mode flag is a special type of file permission. If a file has this flag set, that file will be kept in cache memory, for quicker access. If set on a directory, it restricts write permission. Setting the sticky bit adds a t to the permissions on the file or directory listing.
drwxrwxrwt 7 root 1024 May 19 21:26 tmp/ |
If a user does not own a directory that has the sticky bit set, but has write permission in that directory, she can only delete those files that she owns in it. This keeps users from inadvertently overwriting or deleting each other's files in a publicly accessible directory, such as /tmp. (The ownerof the directory or root can, of course, delete or rename files there.)
you are owner of file
group-id of file same as yours
file modified since it was last read
file f1 is newer than f2
file f1 is older than f2
files f1 and f2 are hard links to the same file
"not" -- reverses the sense of the tests above (returns true if condition absent).
A binary comparison operator compares two variables or quantities. Note that integer and string comparison use a different set of operators.
integer comparison
is equal to
if [ "$a" -eq "$b" ]
is not equal to
if [ "$a" -ne "$b" ]
is greater than
if [ "$a" -gt "$b" ]
is greater than or equal to
if [ "$a" -ge "$b" ]
is less than
if [ "$a" -lt "$b" ]
is less than or equal to
if [ "$a" -le "$b" ]
is less than (within )
(("$a" < "$b"))
is less than or equal to (within double parentheses)
(("$a" <= "$b"))
is greater than (within double parentheses)
(("$a" > "$b"))
is greater than or equal to (within double parentheses)
(("$a" >= "$b"))
string comparison
is equal to
if [ "$a" = "$b" ]
is equal to
if [ "$a" == "$b" ]
This is a synonym for =.
The == comparison operator behaves differently within a test than within single brackets.
|
is not equal to
if [ "$a" != "$b" ]
This operator uses pattern matching within a construct.
is less than, in ASCII alphabetical order
if [[ "$a" < "$b" ]]
if [ "$a" \< "$b" ]
Note that the "<" needs to be within a [ ] construct.
is greater than, in ASCII alphabetical order
if [[ "$a" > "$b" ]]
if [ "$a" \> "$b" ]
Note that the ">" needs to be escaped within a [ ] construct.
See for an application of this comparison operator.
string is null, that is, has zero length
String='' # Zero-length ("null") string variable. if [ -z "$String" ] then echo "\$String is null." else echo "\$String is NOT null." fi # $String is null. |
string is not null.
The -n test requires that the string be quoted within the test brackets. Using an unquoted string with ! -z, or even just the unquoted string alone within test brackets (see ) normally works, however, this is an unsafe practice. Always quote a tested string. |