python学习手册15 文档

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf8 -*-
'''
python文档资源
形式                  角色
#注释                 文件中的文档
dir函数               对象中可用属性的列表
文档字符串:__doc__     附加在对象上的文件中的文档
PyDoc:help函数        对象的交互帮助
PyDoc:HTML函数        浏览器中的模块文档
标准手册               正式的语言和库的说明
网站资源               在线教程,例子等
出版的书籍               商业参考书籍
'''
import sys
import __future__
#查看sys的属性
print(dir(sys))
print('================')
#查看future的属性
print(dir(__future__))
#查看列表属性
print(dir([]))
print(dir([]) == dir(list))
#查看字符串属性
print(dir(''))
print(dir('') == dir(str))
#文档字符串:__doc__
#这类注释是写成字符串,放在模块文件,函数以及类语句的顶端python会自动封装这个字符串,使其成为__doc__属性.
"""
文档内容
"""
import t14
print(t14.__doc__)
print(sys.__doc__)
print(sys.getrefcount.__doc__)
print(int.__doc__)
print(map.__doc__)

#PyDoc:help函数
#PyDoc是python程序代码,提取文档字符串,help函数会启动pydoc产生报表
print('=============================')
help(sys.getrefcount)
help(sys)
#Pydoc:html报表
#标准手册集

/usr/bin/python2.7 /home/talen/PycharmProjects/untitled/t15.py
['__displayhook__', '__doc__', '__excepthook__', '__name__', '__package__', '__stderr__', '__stdin__', '__stdout__', '_clear_type_cache', '_current_frames', '_debugmallocstats', '_getframe', '_mercurial', 'api_version', 'argv', 'builtin_module_names', 'byteorder', 'call_tracing', 'callstats', 'copyright', 'displayhook', 'dont_write_bytecode', 'exc_clear', 'exc_info', 'exc_type', 'excepthook', 'exec_prefix', 'executable', 'exit', 'flags', 'float_info', 'float_repr_style', 'getcheckinterval', 'getdefaultencoding', 'getdlopenflags', 'getfilesystemencoding', 'getprofile', 'getrecursionlimit', 'getrefcount', 'getsizeof', 'gettrace', 'hexversion', 'long_info', 'maxint', 'maxsize', 'maxunicode', 'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache', 'platform', 'prefix', 'py3kwarning', 'pydebug', 'setcheckinterval', 'setdlopenflags', 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'subversion', 'version', 'version_info', 'warnoptions']
================
['CO_FUTURE_ABSOLUTE_IMPORT', 'CO_FUTURE_DIVISION', 'CO_FUTURE_PRINT_FUNCTION', 'CO_FUTURE_UNICODE_LITERALS', 'CO_FUTURE_WITH_STATEMENT', 'CO_GENERATOR_ALLOWED', 'CO_NESTED', '_Feature', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', 'absolute_import', 'all_feature_names', 'division', 'generators', 'nested_scopes', 'print_function', 'unicode_literals', 'with_statement']
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__delslice__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__setslice__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
True
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__getslice__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '_formatter_field_name_split', '_formatter_parser', 'capitalize', 'center', 'count', 'decode', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdigit', 'islower', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']
True
#!/usr/bin/env python

#-*- coding:utf8 -*-

from __future__ import print_function




#!/USR/BIN/ENV PYTHON
#-*- CODING:UTF8 -*-
FROM __FUTURE__ IMPORT PRINT_FUNCTION

#!/usr/bin/env python

#-*- coding:utf8 -*-

from __future__ import print_function



True
#!/usr/bin/env python

#-*- coding:utf8 -*-

1 2 3 1_2_3_a : 1
c : 3
b : 2
a => 1
c => 3
b => 2
a
c
b
['a', 'c', 'b']
[(0, 't'), (1, 'a'), (2, 'l'), (3, 'e'), (4, 'n')]
[11, 12, 13, 14]
['#!/usr/bin/env python\n', '#-*- coding:utf8 -*-\n', 'from __future__ import print_function\n', '\n']
['#!/usr/bin/env python', '#-*- coding:utf8 -*-', 'from __future__ import print_function', '']
['#!/usr/bin/env python', '#-*- coding:utf8 -*-', 'from __future__ import print_function', '']
['#!/USR/BIN/ENV PYTHON\n', '#-*- CODING:UTF8 -*-\n', 'FROM __FUTURE__ IMPORT PRINT_FUNCTION\n', '\n']
['#!/USR/BIN/ENV PYTHON', '#-*- CODING:UTF8 -*-', 'FROM __FUTURE__ IMPORT PRINT_FUNCTION', '']
[['#!/usr/bin/env', 'python'], ['#-*-', 'coding:utf8', '-*-'], ['from', '__future__', 'import', 'print_function'], []]
['#!/usr/bin/env!python\n', '#-*-!coding:utf8!-*-\n', 'from!__future__!import!print_function\n', '\n']
[(False, '#'), (False, '#'), (False, 'f'), (False, '\n')]
['#!/usr/bin/env python', '#-*- coding:utf8 -*-']
['a1', 'a2', 'a3', 'b1', 'b2', 'b3', 'c1', 'c2', 'c3']
False
False

文档内容

This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.

Dynamic objects:

argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
modules -- dictionary of loaded modules

displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
  To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
  top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.

exitfunc -- if sys.exitfunc exists, this routine is called when Python exits
  Assigning to sys.exitfunc is deprecated; use the atexit module instead.

stdin -- standard input file object; used by raw_input() and input()
stdout -- standard output file object; used by the print statement
stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
  By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
  to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.

last_type -- type of last uncaught exception
last_value -- value of last uncaught exception
last_traceback -- traceback of last uncaught exception
  These three are only available in an interactive session after a
  traceback has been printed.

exc_type -- type of exception currently being handled
exc_value -- value of exception currently being handled
exc_traceback -- traceback of exception currently being handled
  The function exc_info() should be used instead of these three,
  because it is thread-safe.

Static objects:

float_info -- a dict with information about the float inplementation.
long_info -- a struct sequence with information about the long implementation.
maxint -- the largest supported integer (the smallest is -maxint-1)
maxsize -- the largest supported length of containers.
maxunicode -- the largest supported character
builtin_module_names -- tuple of module names built into this interpreter
version -- the version of this interpreter as a string
version_info -- version information as a named tuple
hexversion -- version information encoded as a single integer
copyright -- copyright notice pertaining to this interpreter
platform -- platform identifier
executable -- absolute path of the executable binary of the Python interpreter
prefix -- prefix used to find the Python library
exec_prefix -- prefix used to find the machine-specific Python library
float_repr_style -- string indicating the style of repr() output for floats
__stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't
__stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
__stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't
__displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
__excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't

Functions:

displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in __builtin__._
excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
exc_info() -- return thread-safe information about the current exception
exc_clear() -- clear the exception state for the current thread
exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one :-)
getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
gettrace() -- get the global debug tracing function
setcheckinterval() -- control how often the interpreter checks for events
setdlopenflags() -- set the flags to be used for dlopen() calls
setprofile() -- set the global profiling function
setrecursionlimit() -- set the max recursion depth for the interpreter
settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function

getrefcount(object) -> integer

Return the reference count of object. The count returned is generally
one higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary)
reference as an argument to getrefcount().
int(x=0) -> int or long
int(x, base=10) -> int or long

Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments
are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead.

If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or
Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The
literal can be preceded by '+' or '-' and be surrounded by whitespace.
The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to
interpret the base from the string as an integer literal.
>>> int('0b100', base=0)
4
map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list

Return a list of the results of applying the function to the items of
the argument sequence(s). If more than one sequence is given, the
function is called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding
item of each sequence, substituting None for missing values when not all
sequences have the same length. If the function is None, return a list of
the items of the sequence (or a list of tuples if more than one sequence).
=============================
Help on built-in function getrefcount in module sys:

getrefcount(...)
    getrefcount(object) -> integer

    Return the reference count of object. The count returned is generally
    one higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary)
    reference as an argument to getrefcount().

Help on built-in module sys:

NAME
    sys

FILE
    (built-in)

MODULE DOCS
    http://docs.python.org/library/sys

DESCRIPTION
    This module provides access to some objects used or maintained by the
    interpreter and to functions that interact strongly with the interpreter.

    Dynamic objects:

    argv -- command line arguments; argv[0] is the script pathname if known
    path -- module search path; path[0] is the script directory, else ''
    modules -- dictionary of loaded modules

    displayhook -- called to show results in an interactive session
    excepthook -- called to handle any uncaught exception other than SystemExit
      To customize printing in an interactive session or to install a custom
      top-level exception handler, assign other functions to replace these.

    exitfunc -- if sys.exitfunc exists, this routine is called when Python exits
      Assigning to sys.exitfunc is deprecated; use the atexit module instead.

    stdin -- standard input file object; used by raw_input() and input()
    stdout -- standard output file object; used by the print statement
    stderr -- standard error object; used for error messages
      By assigning other file objects (or objects that behave like files)
      to these, it is possible to redirect all of the interpreter's I/O.

    last_type -- type of last uncaught exception
    last_value -- value of last uncaught exception
    last_traceback -- traceback of last uncaught exception
      These three are only available in an interactive session after a
      traceback has been printed.

    exc_type -- type of exception currently being handled
    exc_value -- value of exception currently being handled
    exc_traceback -- traceback of exception currently being handled
      The function exc_info() should be used instead of these three,
      because it is thread-safe.

    Static objects:

    float_info -- a dict with information about the float inplementation.
    long_info -- a struct sequence with information about the long implementation.
    maxint -- the largest supported integer (the smallest is -maxint-1)
    maxsize -- the largest supported length of containers.
    maxunicode -- the largest supported character
    builtin_module_names -- tuple of module names built into this interpreter
    version -- the version of this interpreter as a string
    version_info -- version information as a named tuple
    hexversion -- version information encoded as a single integer
    copyright -- copyright notice pertaining to this interpreter
    platform -- platform identifier
    executable -- absolute path of the executable binary of the Python interpreter
    prefix -- prefix used to find the Python library
    exec_prefix -- prefix used to find the machine-specific Python library
    float_repr_style -- string indicating the style of repr() output for floats
    __stdin__ -- the original stdin; don't
    __stdout__ -- the original stdout; don't touch!
    __stderr__ -- the original stderr; don't
    __displayhook__ -- the original displayhook; don't touch!
    __excepthook__ -- the original excepthook; don't

    Functions:

    displayhook() -- print an object to the screen, and save it in __builtin__._
    excepthook() -- print an exception and its traceback to sys.stderr
    exc_info() -- return thread-safe information about the current exception
    exc_clear() -- clear the exception state for the current thread
    exit() -- exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit
    getdlopenflags() -- returns flags to be used for dlopen() calls
    getprofile() -- get the global profiling function
    getrefcount() -- return the reference count for an object (plus one :-)
    getrecursionlimit() -- return the max recursion depth for the interpreter
    getsizeof() -- return the size of an object in bytes
    gettrace() -- get the global debug tracing function
    setcheckinterval() -- control how often the interpreter checks for events
    setdlopenflags() -- set the flags to be used for dlopen() calls
    setprofile() -- set the global profiling function
    setrecursionlimit() -- set the max recursion depth for the interpreter
    settrace() -- set the global debug tracing function

FUNCTIONS
    __displayhook__ = displayhook(...)
        displayhook(object) -> None

        Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in __builtin__._

    __excepthook__ = excepthook(...)
        excepthook(exctype, value, traceback) -> None

        Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.

    call_tracing(...)
        call_tracing(func, args) -> object

        Call func(*args), while tracing is enabled. The tracing state is
        saved, and restored afterwards. This is intended to be called from
        a debugger from a checkpoint, to recursively debug some other code.

    callstats(...)
        callstats() -> tuple of integers

        Return a tuple of function call statistics, if CALL_PROFILE was defined
        when Python was built. Otherwise, return None.

        When enabled, this function returns detailed, implementation-specific
        details about the number of function calls executed. The return value is
        a 11-tuple where the entries in the tuple are counts of:
        0. all function calls
        1. calls to PyFunction_Type objects
        2. PyFunction calls that do not create an argument tuple
        3. PyFunction calls that do not create an argument tuple
           and bypass PyEval_EvalCodeEx()
        4. PyMethod calls
        5. PyMethod calls on bound methods
        6. PyType calls
        7. PyCFunction calls
        8. generator calls
        9. All other calls
        10. Number of stack pops performed by call_function()

    displayhook(...)
        displayhook(object) -> None

        Print an object to sys.stdout and also save it in __builtin__._

    exc_clear(...)
        exc_clear() -> None

        Clear global information on the current exception. Subsequent calls to
        exc_info() will return (None,None,None) until another exception is raised
        in the current thread or the execution stack returns to a frame where
        another exception is being handled.

    exc_info(...)
        exc_info() -> (type, value, traceback)

        Return information about the most recent exception caught by an except
        clause in the current stack frame or in an older stack frame.

    excepthook(...)
        excepthook(exctype, value, traceback) -> None

        Handle an exception by displaying it with a traceback on sys.stderr.

    exit(...)
        exit([status])

        Exit the interpreter by raising SystemExit(status).
        If the status is omitted or None, it defaults to zero (i.e., success).
        If the status is an integer, it will be used as the system exit status.
        If it is another kind of object, it will be printed and the system
        exit status will be one (i.e., failure).

    getcheckinterval(...)
        getcheckinterval() -> current check interval; see setcheckinterval().

    getdefaultencoding(...)
        getdefaultencoding() -> string

        Return the current default string encoding used by the Unicode
        implementation.

    getdlopenflags(...)
        getdlopenflags() -> int

        Return the current value of the flags that are used for dlopen calls.
        The flag constants are defined in the ctypes and DLFCN modules.

    getfilesystemencoding(...)
        getfilesystemencoding() -> string

        Return the encoding used to convert Unicode filenames in
        operating system filenames.

    getprofile(...)
        getprofile()

        Return the profiling function set with sys.setprofile.
        See the profiler chapter in the library manual.

    getrecursionlimit(...)
        getrecursionlimit()

        Return the current value of the recursion limit, the maximum depth
        of the Python interpreter stack. This limit prevents infinite
        recursion from causing an overflow of the C stack and crashing Python.

    getrefcount(...)
        getrefcount(object) -> integer

        Return the reference count of object. The count returned is generally
        one higher than you might expect, because it includes the (temporary)
        reference as an argument to getrefcount().

    getsizeof(...)
        getsizeof(object, default) -> int

        Return the size of object in bytes.

    gettrace(...)
        gettrace()

        Return the global debug tracing function set with sys.settrace.
        See the debugger chapter in the library manual.

    setcheckinterval(...)
        setcheckinterval(n)

        Tell the Python interpreter to check for asynchronous events every
        n instructions. This also affects how often thread switches occur.

    setdlopenflags(...)
        setdlopenflags(n) -> None

        Set the flags used by the interpreter for dlopen calls, such as when the
        interpreter loads extension modules. Among other things, this will enable
        a lazy resolving of symbols when importing a module, if called as
        sys.setdlopenflags(0). To share symbols across extension modules, call as
        sys.setdlopenflags(ctypes.RTLD_GLOBAL). Symbolic names for the flag modules
        can be either found in the ctypes module, or in the DLFCN module. If DLFCN
        is not available, it can be generated from /usr/include/dlfcn.h using the
        h2py script.

    setprofile(...)
        setprofile(function)

        Set the profiling function. It will be called on each function call
        and return. See the profiler chapter in the library manual.

    setrecursionlimit(...)
        setrecursionlimit(n)

        Set the maximum depth of the Python interpreter stack to n. This
        limit prevents infinite recursion from causing an overflow of the C
        stack and crashing Python. The highest possible limit is platform-
        dependent.

    settrace(...)
        settrace(function)

        Set the global debug tracing function. It will be called on each
        function call. See the debugger chapter in the library manual.

DATA
    __stderr__ = <open file '', mode 'w'>
    __stdin__ = <open file '', mode 'r'>
    __stdout__ = <open file '', mode 'w'>
    api_version = 1013
    argv = ['/home/talen/PycharmProjects/untitled/t15.py']
    builtin_module_names = ('__builtin__', '__main__', '_ast', '_codecs', ...
    byteorder = 'little'
    copyright = 'Copyright (c) 2001-2015 Python Software Foundati...ematis...
    dont_write_bytecode = False
    exc_value = TypeError("' (built-in)> is a built-in module"...
    exec_prefix = '/usr'
    executable = '/usr/bin/python2.7'
    flags = sys.flags(debug=0, py3k_warning=0, division_warn...unicode=0, ...
    float_info = sys.float_info(max=1.7976931348623157e+308, max_...epsilo...
    float_repr_style = 'short'
    hexversion = 34015984
    long_info = sys.long_info(bits_per_digit=30, sizeof_digit=4)
    maxint = 9223372036854775807
    maxsize = 9223372036854775807
    maxunicode = 1114111
    meta_path = []
    modules = {'UserDict': UserDict' from '/usr/lib64/python2.7/U...
    path = ['/home/talen/PycharmProjects/untitled', '/home/talen/PycharmPr...
    path_hooks = [.zipimporter'>]
    path_importer_cache = {'/home/talen/PycharmProjects/untitled': None, '...
    platform = 'linux2'
    prefix = '/usr'
    py3kwarning = False
    pydebug = False
    stderr = <open file '', mode 'w'>
    stdin = <open file '', mode 'r'>
    stdout = <open file '', mode 'w'>
    subversion = ('CPython', '', '')
    version =