------------------------------------------ 本文系本站原创,欢迎转载! 转载请注明出处:http://ericxiao.cublog.cn/ ------------------------------------------ 一：前言
前一段时间自己实践了一下8250芯片串口驱动的编写。今天就在此基础上分析一下linux
kernel自带的串口驱动。毕竟只有对比专业的驱动代码才能更好的进步,同以往一样，基于linix
kernel2.6.25.相应驱动代码位于：linux-2.6.25/drivers/serial/8250.c。
二：8250串口驱动初始化
相应的初始化函数为serial8250_init().代码如下:
static int __init serial8250_init(void)
{
int ret, i;
if (nr_uarts > UART_NR)
nr_uarts = UART_NR;
printk(KERN_INFO "Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ "
"%d ports, IRQ sharing %sabled\n", nr_uarts,
share_irqs ? "en" : "dis");
for (i = 0; i < NR_IRQS; i++)
spin_lock_init(&irq_lists[i].lock);
ret = uart_register_driver(&serial8250_reg);
if (ret)
goto out;
serial8250_isa_devs = platform_device_alloc("serial8250",
PLAT8250_DEV_LEGACY);
if (!serial8250_isa_devs) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
goto unreg_uart_drv;
}
ret = platform_device_add(serial8250_isa_devs);
if (ret)
goto put_dev;
serial8250_register_ports(&serial8250_reg, &serial8250_isa_devs->dev);
ret = platform_driver_register(&serial8250_isa_driver);
if (ret == 0)
goto out;
platform_device_del(serial8250_isa_devs);
put_dev:
platform_device_put(serial8250_isa_devs);
unreg_uart_drv:
uart_unregister_driver(&serial8250_reg);
out:
return ret;
}
|
这段代码涉及到的知识要求，如platform ,uart等我们在之前都已经做过详细的分析。这里不再重复。在代码中UART_NR:表示串口的个数。这个参数在编译内核的时候可以自己配置，默认为32。
我们按照代码中的流程一步一步进行研究。
1：注册uart_driver.
对应uart-driver的结构为serial8250_reg.定义如下：
static struct uart_driver serial8250_reg = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.driver_name = "serial",
.dev_name = "ttyS",
.major = TTY_MAJOR,
.minor = 64,
.nr = UART_NR,
.cons = SERIAL8250_CONSOLE,
};
|
TTY_MAJOR定义如下：
#define TTY_MAJOR 4
从上面可以看出。串口对应的设备节点为/dev/ ttyS0 ~ /dev/ ttyS0(UART_NR).设备节点号为（4。64）起始的UART_NR个节点..
2:初始化并注册platform_device
相关代码如下：
serial8250_isa_devs = platform_device_alloc("serial8250", PAT8250_DEV_LEGACY);
platform_device_add(serial8250_isa_devs);
|
可以看出。serial8250_isa_devs.->name为serial8250。这个参数是在匹配platform_device和platform_driver使用的.
3:为uart-driver添加port.
相关代码如下:
serial8250_register_ports(&serial8250_reg, &serial8250_isa_devs->dev)
|
跟进这个函数看一下：
static void __init
serial8250_register_ports(struct uart_driver *drv, struct device *dev)
{
int i;
serial8250_isa_init_ports();
for (i = 0; i < nr_uarts; i++) {
struct uart_8250_port *up = &serial8250_ports[i];
up->port.dev = dev;
uart_add_one_port(drv, &up->port);
}
}
|
在这里函数里，初始化了port.然后将挂添加到uart-driver中。我们还注意到。生成的deivce节点，在sysfs中是位于platform_deivce对应目录的下面.
serial8250_isa_init_ports()代码如下所示：
static void __init serial8250_isa_init_ports(void)
{
struct uart_8250_port *up;
static int first = 1;
int i;
if (!first)
return;
first = 0;
for (i = 0; i < nr_uarts; i++) {
struct uart_8250_port *up = &serial8250_ports[i];
up->port.line = i;
spin_lock_init(&up->port.lock);
init_timer(&up->timer);
up->timer.function = serial8250_timeout;
/*
* ALPHA_KLUDGE_MCR needs to be killed.
*/
up->mcr_mask = ~ALPHA_KLUDGE_MCR;
up->mcr_force = ALPHA_KLUDGE_MCR;
up->port.ops = &serial8250_pops;
}
for (i = 0, up = serial8250_ports;
i < ARRAY_SIZE(old_serial_port) && i < nr_uarts;
i++, up++) {
up->port.iobase = old_serial_port[i].port;
up->port.irq = irq_canonicalize(old_serial_port[i].irq);
up->port.uartclk = old_serial_port[i].baud_base * 16;
up->port.flags = old_serial_port[i].flags;
up->port.hub6 = old_serial_port[i].hub6;
up->port.membase = old_serial_port[i].iomem_base;
up->port.iotype = old_serial_port[i].io_type;
up->port.regshift = old_serial_port[i].iomem_reg_shift;
if (share_irqs)
up->port.flags |= UPF_SHARE_IRQ;
}
}
|
在这里，我们关注一下注要成员的初始化。Uart_port的各项操作位于serial8250_pops中.iobase irq等成员是从old_serial_por这个结构中得来的，这个结构如下所示：
static const struct old_serial_port old_serial_port[] = {
SERIAL_PORT_DFNS /* defined in asm/serial.h */
}
#define SERIAL_PORT_DFNS
/* UART CLK PORT IRQ FLAGS */
{ 0, BASE_BAUD, 0x3F8, 4, STD_COM_FLAGS }, /* ttyS0 */
{ 0, BASE_BAUD, 0x2F8, 3, STD_COM_FLAGS }, /* ttyS1 */
{ 0, BASE_BAUD, 0x3E8, 4, STD_COM_FLAGS }, /* ttyS2 */
{ 0, BASE_BAUD, 0x2E8, 3, STD_COM4_FLAGS }, /* ttyS3 */
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从上面看到。前两项对应了com1 com2的各项参数。如寄存器首始地址，Irq号等。后面两项不太清楚。
在上面的代码中，我们看到了uart_port各项成员的初始化。在后面很多操作中需要用到这个成员。我们等分析相关部份的时候，再到这个地方来看相关成员的值。
4:注册platform_driver
相关代码如下：
platform_driver_register(&serial8250_isa_driver);
serial8250_isa_driver定义如下:
static struct platform_driver serial8250_isa_driver = {
.probe = serial8250_probe,
.remove = __devexit_p(serial8250_remove),
.suspend = serial8250_suspend,
.resume = serial8250_resume,
.driver = {
.name = "serial8250",
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
},
}
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为了以后把分析集中到具体的驱动部份.我们先把这个platform_driver引会的事件讲述完.
经过前面有关platform的分析我们知道.这个platform的name为” serial8250”.刚好跟前面注册的platform_device相匹配.会调用platform_driver-> probe.在这里,对应的接口为:
serial8250_probe().代码如下:
static int __devinit serial8250_probe(struct platform_device *dev)
{
struct plat_serial8250_port *p = dev->dev.platform_data;
struct uart_port port;
int ret, i;
memset(&port, 0, sizeof(struct uart_port));
for (i = 0; p && p->flags != 0; p++, i++) {
port.iobase = p->iobase;
port.membase = p->membase;
port.irq = p->irq;
port.uartclk = p->uartclk;
port.regshift = p->regshift;
port.iotype = p->iotype;
port.flags = p->flags;
port.mapbase = p->mapbase;
port.hub6 = p->hub6;
port.private_data = p->private_data;
port.dev = &dev->dev;
if (share_irqs)
port.flags |= UPF_SHARE_IRQ;
ret = serial8250_register_port(&port);
if (ret < 0) {
dev_err(&dev->dev, "unable to register port at index %d "
"(IO%lx MEM%llx IRQ%d): %d\n", i,
p->iobase, (unsigned long long)p->mapbase,
p->irq, ret);
}
}
return 0;
}
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从上述代码可以看出.会将dev->dev.platform_data所代表的port添加到uart_driver中.这个dev->dev.platform_data究竟代表什么.我们在看到的时候再来研究它.
现在,我们把精力集中到uart_port的操作上.
三:config_port过程
在初始化uart_port的过程中,在以下代码片段:
serial8250_isa_init_ports(void)
{
……
……
for (i = 0, up = serial8250_ports;
i < ARRAY_SIZE(old_serial_port) && i < nr_uarts;
i++, up++) {
up->port.iobase = old_serial_port[i].port;
up->port.irq = irq_canonicalize(old_serial_port[i].irq);
up->port.uartclk = old_serial_port[i].baud_base * 16;
up->port.flags = old_serial_port[i].flags;
up->port.hub6 = old_serial_port[i].hub6;
up->port.membase = old_serial_port[i].iomem_base;
up->port.iotype = old_serial_port[i].io_type;
up->port.regshift = old_serial_port[i].iomem_reg_shift;
if (share_irqs)
up->port.flags |= UPF_SHARE_IRQ;
}
}
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而old_serial_port又定义如下:
static const struct old_serial_port old_serial_port[] = {
SERIAL_PORT_DFNS /* defined in asm/serial.h */
};
#define SERIAL_PORT_DFNS
/* UART CLK PORT IRQ FLAGS */
{ 0, BASE_BAUD, 0x3F8, 4, STD_COM_FLAGS }, /* ttyS0 */
{ 0, BASE_BAUD, 0x2F8, 3, STD_COM_FLAGS }, /* ttyS1 */
{ 0, BASE_BAUD, 0x3E8, 4, STD_COM_FLAGS }, /* ttyS2 */
{ 0, BASE_BAUD, 0x2E8, 3, STD_COM4_FLAGS }, /* ttyS3 */
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由此可见.port->flags被定义成了STD_COM_FLAGS,定义如下:
#ifdef CONFIG_SERIAL_DETECT_IRQ
#define STD_COM_FLAGS (ASYNC_BOOT_AUTOCONF | ASYNC_SKIP_TEST | ASYNC_AUTO_IRQ)
#define STD_COM4_FLAGS (ASYNC_BOOT_AUTOCONF | ASYNC_AUTO_IRQ)
#else
#define STD_COM_FLAGS (ASYNC_BOOT_AUTOCONF | ASYNC_SKIP_TEST)
#define STD_COM4_FLAGS ASYNC_BOOT_AUTOCONF
#endif
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从这里看到,不管是否自己探测IRQ,都会定义ASYNC_BOOT_AUTOCONF.这样,在uart_add_one_port()的时候.就会进入到port->config_port来配置端口.在8250中,对应的接口为:
serial8250_config_port().代码如下:
static void serial8250_config_port(struct uart_port *port, int flags)
{
struct uart_8250_port *up = (struct uart_8250_port *)port;
int probeflags = PROBE_ANY;
int ret;
/*
* Find the region that we can probe for. This in turn
* tells us whether we can probe for the type of port.
*/
ret = serial8250_request_std_resource(up);
if (ret < 0)
return;
ret = serial8250_request_rsa_resource(up);
if (ret < 0)
probeflags &= ~PROBE_RSA;
if (flags & UART_CONFIG_TYPE)
autoconfig(up, probeflags);
if (up->port.type != PORT_UNKNOWN && flags & UART_CONFIG_IRQ)
autoconfig_irq(up);
if (up->port.type != PORT_RSA && probeflags & PROBE_RSA)
serial8250_release_rsa_resource(up);
if (up->port.type == PORT_UNKNOWN)
serial8250_release_std_resource(up);
}
|
serial8250_request_std_resource和serial8250_request_rsa_resource都是分配操作的端
口.回顾在前面的分析中.port的相关参数会从old_serial_port中取得.而old_serial_port中又没有定义
port->iotype和port->
regshift.也就是说对应这两项全为0.而
#define UPIO_PORT (0)
即表示是要操作I/O端口.
自己阅读这两个函数代表.会发现在serial8250_request_rsa_resource()中是会返回失败的.
另外,在uart_add_one_port()在进行端口匹配时,会先置flags为UART_CONFIG_TYPE.
这样,在本次操作中, if (flags & UART_CONFIG_TYPE)是会满足的.相应的就会进入autoconfig().
代码如下,这段代码比较长,分段分析如下:
static void autoconfig(struct uart_8250_port *up, unsigned int probeflags)
{
unsigned char status1, scratch, scratch2, scratch3;
unsigned char save_lcr, save_mcr;
unsigned long flags;
if (!up->port.iobase && !up->port.mapbase && !up->port.membase)
return;
DEBUG_AUTOCONF("ttyS%d: autoconf (0x%04x, 0x%p): ",
up->port.line, up->port.iobase, up->port.membase);
/*
* We really do need global IRQs disabled here - we're going to
* be frobbing the chips IRQ enable register to see if it exists.
*/
spin_lock_irqsave(&up->port.lock, flags);
up->capabilities = 0;
up->bugs = 0;
if (!(up->port.flags & UPF_BUGGY_UART)) {
/*
* Do a simple existence test first; if we fail this,
* there's no point trying anything else.
*
* 0x80 is used as a nonsense port to prevent against
* false positives due to ISA bus float. The
* assumption is that 0x80 is a non-existent port;
* which should be safe since include/asm/io.h also
* makes this assumption.
*
* Note: this is safe as long as MCR bit 4 is clear
* and the device is in "PC" mode.
*/
scratch = serial_inp(up, UART_IER);
serial_outp(up, UART_IER, 0);
#ifdef __i386__
outb(0xff, 0x080);
#endif
/*
* Mask out IER[7:4] bits for test as some UARTs (e.g. TL
* 16C754B) allow only to modify them if an EFR bit is set.
*/
scratch2 = serial_inp(up, UART_IER) & 0x0f;
serial_outp(up, UART_IER, 0x0F);
#ifdef __i386__
outb(0, 0x080);
#endif
scratch3 = serial_inp(up, UART_IER) & 0x0f;
serial_outp(up, UART_IER, scratch);
if (scratch2 != 0 || scratch3 != 0x0F) {
/*
* We failed; there's nothing here
*/
DEBUG_AUTOCONF("IER test failed (%02x, %02x) ",
scratch2, scratch3);
goto out;
}
}
|
在这里,先对8250是否存在做一个简单的判断.先将IER中的值取得,这样可以在测试之后恢复IER中的值.然后往IER中写放0.再将IER中的值取
出.又往IER中写入0xOF.然后再将IER中的值取出.最后将IER中的值恢复到原值.这样就可以根据写入的值和读出的值是否相等来判断该寄存器是否
存在.
save_mcr = serial_in(up, UART_MCR);
save_lcr = serial_in(up, UART_LCR);
|
在这里,先将MCR和LCR中的值取出.因为在后面的操作中会使用这两个寄存器.方便使用完了恢复
/*
* Check to see if a UART is really there. Certain broken
* internal modems based on the Rockwell chipset fail this
* test, because they apparently don't implement the loopback
* test mode. So this test is skipped on the COM 1 through
* COM 4 ports. This *should* be safe, since no board
* manufacturer would be stupid enough to design a board
* that conflicts with COM 1-4 --- we hope!
*/
if (!(up->port.flags & UPF_SKIP_TEST)) {
serial_outp(up, UART_MCR, UART_MCR_LOOP | 0x0A);
status1 = serial_inp(up, UART_MSR) & 0xF0;
serial_outp(up, UART_MCR, save_mcr);
if (status1 != 0x90) {
DEBUG_AUTOCONF("LOOP test failed (%02x) ",
status1);
goto out;
}
}
|
在这里,将MCR的自检位置位,并允许向中断控制器产生中断.而且产生RTS信号.这样MSR寄存器应该可以检测到这个信号.如果没有检测到.自测失败!MCR寄存器已经操作完了,恢复MCR寄存器的原值.
/*
* We're pretty sure there's a port here. Lets find out what
* type of port it is. The IIR top two bits allows us to find
* out if it's 8250 or 16450, 16550, 16550A or later. This
* determines what we test for next.
*
* We also initialise the EFR (if any) to zero for later. The
* EFR occupies the same register location as the FCR and IIR.
*/
serial_outp(up, UART_LCR, 0xBF);
serial_outp(up, UART_EFR, 0);
serial_outp(up, UART_LCR, 0);
serial_outp(up, UART_FCR, UART_FCR_ENABLE_FIFO);
scratch = serial_in(up, UART_IIR) >> 6;
DEBUG_AUTOCONF("iir=%d ", scratch);
switch (scratch) {
case 0:
autoconfig_8250(up);
break;
case 1:
up->port.type = PORT_UNKNOWN;
break;
case 2:
up->port.type = PORT_16550;
break;
case 3:
autoconfig_16550a(up);
break;
}
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在这里,先允许使用FIFO寄存器,然后通过IIR寄存的高二位来判断芯片的类型
#ifdef CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_RSA
/*
* Only probe for RSA ports if we got the region.
*/
if (up->port.type == PORT_16550A && probeflags & PROBE_RSA) {
int i;
for (i = 0 ; i < probe_rsa_count; ++i) {
if (probe_rsa[i] == up->port.iobase &&
__enable_rsa(up)) {
up->port.type = PORT_RSA;
break;
}
}
}
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_AU1X00
/* if access method is AU, it is a 16550 with a quirk */
if (up->port.type == PORT_16550A && up->port.iotype == UPIO_AU)
up->bugs |= UART_BUG_NOMSR;
#endif
serial_outp(up, UART_LCR, save_lcr);
if (up->capabilities != uart_config[up->port.type].flags) {
printk(KERN_WARNING
"ttyS%d: detected caps %08x should be %08x\n",
up->port.line, up->capabilities,
uart_config[up->port.type].flags);
}
up->port.fifosize = uart_config[up->port.type].fifo_size;
up->capabilities = uart_config[up->port.type].flags;
up->tx_loadsz = uart_config[up->port.type].tx_loadsz;
if (up->port.type == PORT_UNKNOWN)
goto out;
/*
* Reset the UART.
*/
#ifdef CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_RSA
if (up->port.type == PORT_RSA)
serial_outp(up, UART_RSA_FRR, 0);
#endif
serial_outp(up, UART_MCR, save_mcr);
serial8250_clear_fifos(up);
serial_in(up, UART_RX);
if (up->capabilities & UART_CAP_UUE)
serial_outp(up, UART_IER, UART_IER_UUE);
else
serial_outp(up, UART_IER, 0);
out:
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&up->port.lock, flags);
DEBUG_AUTOCONF("type=%s\n", uart_config[up->port.type].name);
}
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最后,复位串口控制器
我们假设使用的是8250串口芯片.在芯片类型判断的时候就会进入autoconfig_8250().代码如下:
static void serial8250_config_port(struct uart_port *port, int flags)
{
……
……
if (flags & UART_CONFIG_TYPE)
autoconfig(up, probeflags);
if (up->port.type != PORT_UNKNOWN && flags & UART_CONFIG_IRQ)
autoconfig_irq(up);
if (up->port.type != PORT_RSA && probeflags & PROBE_RSA)
serial8250_release_rsa_resource(up);
if (up->port.type == PORT_UNKNOWN)
serial8250_release_std_resource(up);
}
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如果定义了自己控测IRQ号(CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_DETECT_IRQ).一般情况下,编译内核的时候一般都将其赋值为
CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_DETECT_IRQ = y.此时就会进入autoconfig_irq().代码如下:
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