Oracle密码管理（Password Management使用utlpwdmg.sql）

使用脚本utlpwdmg.sql可以方便地启动数据库的密码管理。该脚本位于$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin目录下。

启动密码管理以前：

SQL> select * from v$version;
BANNER
----------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Prod
PL/SQL Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
CORE    10.2.0.1.0      Production
TNS for Linux: Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 10.2.0.1.0 - Production

SQL> select * from dba_profiles where resource_type='PASSWORD';
PROFILE                        RESOURCE_NAME                    RESOURCE LIMIT
------------------------------ -------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------
DEFAULT                        FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS            PASSWORD 10
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME               PASSWORD UNLIMITED
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME              PASSWORD UNLIMITED
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX               PASSWORD UNLIMITED
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION         PASSWORD NULL
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME               PASSWORD UNLIMITED
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME              PASSWORD UNLIMITED

启用密码管理：

SQL> @?/rdbms/admin/utlpwdmg.sql

Function created

Profile altered

启动后：

SQL> select * from dba_profiles where resource_type='PASSWORD';

PROFILE                        RESOURCE_NAME                    RESOURCE LIMIT
------------------------------ -------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------------------
DEFAULT                        FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS            PASSWORD 3
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME               PASSWORD 90
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME              PASSWORD 1800
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX               PASSWORD UNLIMITED
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION         PASSWORD VERIFY_FUNCTION
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME               PASSWORD .0006
DEFAULT                        PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME              PASSWORD 10

如果新设定的密码不符合复杂性检验规则，就会报错。例如：

SQL> alter user lh identified by lh;

alter user lh identified by lh

ORA-28003: password verification for the specified password failed
ORA-20001: Password same as or similar to user

取消密码管理：

SQL>alter profile DEFAULT limit unlimited;
如：
SQL>alter profile DEFAULT limit password_reuse_time unlimited;

停止密码检验函数：

SQL>alter profile DEFAULT limit password_verify_function null;

熟悉utlpwdmg.sql脚本有助我们更深入了解oracle密码检查机制。我们可以修改或自定义密码检验函数。

附utlpwdmg.sql脚本内容（红色自己是我修改的）：

Rem
Rem $Header: utlpwdmg.sql 31-aug-2000.11:00:47 nireland Exp $
Rem
Rem utlpwdmg.sql
Rem
Rem Copyright (c) Oracle Corporation 1996, 2000. All Rights Reserved.
Rem
Rem    NAME
Rem      utlpwdmg.sql - script for Default Password Resource Limits
Rem
Rem    DESCRIPTION
Rem      This is a script for enabling the password management features
Rem      by setting the default password resource limits.
Rem
Rem    NOTES
Rem      This file contains a function for minimum checking of password
Rem      complexity. This is more of a sample function that the customer
Rem      can use to develop the function for actual complexity checks that the
Rem      customer wants to make on the new password.
Rem
Rem    MODIFIED   (MM/DD/YY)
Rem    nireland    08/31/00 - Improve check for username=password. #1390553
Rem    nireland    06/28/00 - Fix null old password test. #1341892
Rem    asurpur     04/17/97 - Fix for bug479763
Rem    asurpur     12/12/96 - Changing the name of password_verify_function
Rem    asurpur     05/30/96 - New script for default password management
Rem    asurpur     05/30/96 - Created
Rem

-- This script sets the default password resource parameters
-- This script needs to be run to enable the password features.
-- However the default resource parameters can be changed based
-- on the need.
-- A default password complexity function is also provided.
-- This function makes the minimum complexity checks like
-- the minimum length of the password, password not same as the
-- username, etc. The user may enhance this function according to
-- the need.
-- This function must be created in SYS schema.
-- connect sys/ as sysdba before running the script

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION verify_function
(username varchar2,
password varchar2,
old_password varchar2)
RETURN boolean IS
   n boolean;
   m integer;
   differ integer;
   isdigit boolean;
   ischar boolean;
   ispunct boolean;
   digitarray varchar2(20);
   punctarray varchar2(25);
   chararray varchar2(52);

BEGIN
   digitarray:= '0123456789';
   chararray:= 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ';
   punctarray:='!"#$%&()``*+,-/:;<=>?_';

   -- Check if the password is same as the username
   IF NLS_LOWER(password) = NLS_LOWER(username) THEN
     raise_application_error(-20001, 'Password same as or similar to user');
   END IF;
    
   -- Check for the minimum length of the password
   -- wangnc modified,2008-9-25 15:11:30,change 4 to 16.
   IF length(password) < 16 THEN
      raise_application_error(-20002, 'Password length less than 16');
   END IF;

   -- Check if the password is too simple. A dictionary of words may be
   -- maintained and a check may be made so as not to allow the words
   -- that are too simple for the password.
   -- wangnc modified,2008-9-25 15:12:17,add 'dba', 'manager', 'tiger'
   IF NLS_LOWER(password) IN ('welcome', 'database', 'account', 'user', 'password', 'oracle', 'computer', 'abcd',
     'dba', 'manager', 'tiger') THEN
      raise_application_error(-20002, 'Password too simple');
   END IF;

   -- Check if the password contains at least one letter, one digit and one
   -- punctuation mark.
   -- 1. Check for the digit
   isdigit:=FALSE;
   m := length(password);
   FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
      FOR j IN 1..m LOOP
         IF substr(password,j,1) = substr(digitarray,i,1) THEN
            isdigit:=TRUE;
             GOTO findchar;
         END IF;
      END LOOP;
   END LOOP;
   IF isdigit = FALSE THEN
      raise_application_error(-20003, 'Password should contain at least one digit, one character and one punctuation');
   END IF;
   -- 2. Check for the character
   <>
   ischar:=FALSE;
   FOR i IN 1..length(chararray) LOOP
      FOR j IN 1..m LOOP
         IF substr(password,j,1) = substr(chararray,i,1) THEN
            ischar:=TRUE;
             GOTO findpunct;
         END IF;
      END LOOP;
   END LOOP;
   IF ischar = FALSE THEN
      raise_application_error(-20003, 'Password should contain at least one \
              digit, one character and one punctuation');
   END IF;
   -- 3. Check for the punctuation
   <>
   ispunct:=FALSE;
   FOR i IN 1..length(punctarray) LOOP
      FOR j IN 1..m LOOP
         IF substr(password,j,1) = substr(punctarray,i,1) THEN
            ispunct:=TRUE;
             GOTO endsearch;
         END IF;
      END LOOP;
   END LOOP;
   IF ispunct = FALSE THEN
      raise_application_error(-20003, 'Password should contain at least one \
              digit, one character and one punctuation');
   END IF;

   <>
   -- Check if the password differs from the previous password by at least
   -- 3 letters
   IF old_password IS NOT NULL THEN
     differ := length(old_password) - length(password);

     IF abs(differ) < 3 THEN
       IF length(password) < length(old_password) THEN
         m := length(password);
       ELSE
         m := length(old_password);
       END IF;

       differ := abs(differ);
       FOR i IN 1..m LOOP
         IF substr(password,i,1) != substr(old_password,i,1) THEN
           differ := differ + 1;
         END IF;
       END LOOP;

       IF differ < 3 THEN
         raise_application_error(-20004, 'Password should differ by at \
         least 3 characters');
       END IF;
     END IF;
   END IF;
   -- Everything is fine; return TRUE ;
   RETURN(TRUE);
END;
/

-- This script alters the default parameters for Password Management
-- This means that all the users on the system have Password Management
-- enabled and set to the following values unless another profile is
-- created with parameter values set to different value or UNLIMITED
-- is created and assigned to the user.

/*
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 90 --用于指定口令有效期
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 10 --用于指定口令宽限期(为了强制用户定期改变口令,以上二者必须同时设置.)
PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME 1800 --用于指定口令可重用时间.
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX UNLIMITED --用于指定在重用口令之前口令需要改变的次数.(需要主要,使用口令历史选项时,只能使用以上两种其中的一个选项.并将另一个选项设置为UNLIMITED.)
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 3 --用于指定连续登陆的最大失败次数.
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 1/1440 --用于指定帐户被锁定的天数.
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION verify_function; --如果要禁用口令校验函数,可以将PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION选项设置为NULL.
*/

ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 90
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 10
PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME 1800
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX UNLIMITED
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 3
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 1/1440
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION verify_function;

--End--

------------

What is Profile

A profile is a database object - a named set of resource limits to:

• Restrict database usage by a system user – profiles restrict users from performing operations that exceed reasonable resource utilization. Examples of resources that need to be managed:

• • Disk storage space.
  • I/O bandwidth to run queries.
  • CPU power.
  • Connect time.

• Enforce password practices – how user passwords are created, reused, and validated.

• Profiles are assigned to users as part of the CREATE USER or ALTER USER commands.

• • User accounts can have only a single profile.
  • A default profile can be created – a default already exists within Oracle named DEFAULT – it is applied to any user not assigned another profile.
  • Assigning a new profile to a user account supersedes any earlier profile.
  • Profiles cannot be assigned to roles or other profiles.

Here are some system privileges for PROFILE.

• • alter profile
  • create profile
  • drop profile

Benefits of Profile

You can enforce a limit on resource utilization using resource limit parameters Also you can maintain database secutiry by using password management feature

Resource Parameters

• SESSIONS_PER_USER

Specify the number of concurrent sessions to which you want to limit the user.

• CPU_PER_SESSION

Specify the CPU time limit for a session, expressed in hundredth of seconds.

• CPU_PER_CALL

Specify the CPU time limit for a call (a parse, execute, or fetch), expressed in hundredths of seconds.

• CONNECT_TIME

Specify the total elapsed time limit for a session, expressed in minutes.

• IDLE_TIME

Specify the permitted periods of continuous inactive time during a session, expressed in minutes. Long-running queries and other operations are not subject to this limit.

• LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION

Specify the permitted number of data blocks read in a session, including blocks read from memory and disk.

• LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL

Specify the permitted the number of data blocks read for a call to process a SQL statement (a parse, execute, or fetch).

• PRIVATE_SGA

Specify the amount of private space a session can allocate in the shared pool of the system global area (SGA), expressed in bytes.

• COMPOSITE_LIMIT

Specify the total resource cost for a session, expressed in service units. Oracle Database calculates the total service units as a weighted sum of CPU_PER_SESSION, CONNECT_TIME, LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION, and PRIVATE_SGA.

Creating Profile

Profiles only take effect when resource limits are "turned on" for the database as a whole.

• Specify the RESOURCE_LIMIT initialization parameter.

RESOURCE_LIMIT = TRUE

Let check the parameter value.

SQL> show parameter resource_limit
NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ---------
resource_limit                       boolean     FALSE

Its mean resource limit is off,we ist have to enable it.

• Use the ALTER SYSTEM statement to turn on resource limits.

SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET RESOURCE_LIMIT = TRUE;
System altered.
SQL> show parameter resource_limit
NAME                                 TYPE        VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ---------
resource_limit                       boolean     TRUE

• Resource limit specifications pertaining to passwords are always in effect.

Now I'm going to create a profile with the name my_profile.

SQL> CREATE PROFILE my_profile LIMIT
       SESSIONS_PER_USER 2
       IDLE_TIME 5
       CONNECT_TIME 10;

Profile created.

In the above example i created simple profile which will handle

SESSIONS_PER_USER  <<IDLE_TIME          <<CONNECT_TIME       <<

NOTE:

Both parameters take values in min.

Now I'm creating a test user to check the functionality of this profile.

SQL> create user Michel identified by michel
    default tablespace users
    temporary tablespace temp;
User created.

SQL> alter user Michel profile my_profile;
User altered.

With the above statement i assigned the profile my_profile to user Michel.

Let see how our profile will work.

I already opened 2 sessions with the user name Michel but when i tried for third session it thorwed this error.

sqlplus Michel
SQL*Plus: Release 11.1.0.6.0 - Production on Mon Nov 26 15:57:23 2007
Copyright (c) 1982, 2007, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Enter password:
ERROR:
ORA-02391: exceeded simultaneous SESSIONS_PER_USER limit

You noticed when i tried to open third session it gave me error.

Lets go to 2nd step IDLE_TIME.Here we go again

SQL> select * from tab;
select * from tab
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02396: exceeded maximum idle time, please connect again

Because i was idle more than 5 min so thats why Oracle server kill mine session.

We can check the resource parameter of our profile by querying DBA_PROFILES.

SQL> select * from dba_profiles
     where profile='MY_PROFILE';
PROFILE                        RESOURCE_NAME                    RESOURCE LIMIT
------------------------------ -------------------------------- -------- ------
---------------------------------
MY_PROFILE                     COMPOSITE_LIMIT                  KERNEL   DEFAUL
MY_PROFILE                     SESSIONS_PER_USER                KERNEL   2
MY_PROFILE                     IDLE_TIME                        KERNEL   5
MY_PROFILE                     CONNECT_TIME                     KERNEL   10
.
.
.

Assigning Profile

Profile can be assign in two ways either during USER creation or by using ALTER statement.

Case 1:

SQL> create user orafaq identified by pass profile my_profile;
User created.

We can check it by using this query.

SQL> select username,profile
     from dba_users
     where username='ORAFAQ';

USERNAME                       PROFILE
------------------------------ --------------
ORAFAQ                         MY_PROFILE

CASE 2:

SQL> drop user orafaq cascade;
User dropped.
SQL> create user orafaq identified by pass;
User created.
SQL> alter user orafaq profile my_profile;
User altered.

Altering Profile

Profiles can be altered with the ALTER PROFILE command. • A DBA must have the ALTER PROFILE system privilege to use this command. • When a profile limit is adjusted, the new setting overrides the previous setting for the limit, but these changes do not affect current sessions in process. See the example below

SQL> ALTER PROFILE accountant LIMIT CPU_PER_CALL default LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION 20000 SESSIONS_PER_USER 1;

Dropping Profile

Profiles no longer required can be dropped with the DROP PROFILE command. • The DEFAULT profile cannot be dropped. • The CASCADE clause revokes the profile from any user account to which it was assigned – the CASCADE clause MUST BE USED if the profile has been assigned to any user account. • When a profile is dropped, any user account with that profile is reassigned the DEFAULT profile. See examples below:

SQL> DROP PROFILE accountant;

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-02382: profile ACCOUNTANT has users assigned, cannot drop without CASCADE

SQL> DROP PROFILE accountant CASCADE;

SQL> SELECT username, profile FROM dba_users WHERE username = 'DBUSER1'; • Changes that result from dropping a profile only apply to sessions that are created after the change – current sessions are not modified.