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The Hurd is the GNU project's replacement for the Unix kernel.
Hurd是在GNU计划中Unix内核的替代品。
The Hurd is firstly a collection of protocols formalizing how different components may interact. The protocols are designed to reduce the mutual trust requirements of the actors thereby permitting a more extensible system. These include interface definitions to manipulate files and directories and to resolve path names. This allows any process to implement a file system. The only requirement is that it have access to its backing store and that the principal that started it own the file system node to which it connects.
首先，Hurd是将可能有相互操作的不同组件形式化的协议集合。这些协议是用来减少互信需求以致形成一个更加具有可扩张性的系统。这些包括对于操作文件和路径的界面定义和解决路径的名称。这点允许任何的过程实施到一个文件系统中。唯一的需要是它访问辅助储存器和在它链接处启动它自己的文件系统节点。
The Hurd is also a set of servers that implement these protocols. They include file systems, network protocols and authentication. The servers run on top of the Mach microkernel and use Mach's IPC mechanism to transfer information.
Hurd也是一系列实施这些协议的服务。这些协议包含文件系统，网络协议和鉴定。这些服务运行在Mach微内核的顶部并且利用Mach的进程间通信机制来传输信息。
The Hurd supplies the last major software component needed for a complete GNU operating system as originally conceived by Richard M. Stallman (RMS) in 1983. The GNU vision directly drove the creation and has guided the evolution of the Free Software Foundation, the organization that is the home of the GNU project.
Hurd支持完整的GNU操作系统的最后一个重要的软件，这个最初构想是Richard M. Stallman于1983年提出。GNU的远见卓识直接推动了它的诞生并引导了自由软件基金会的发展——GNU计划的家。
The Hurd development effort is a somewhat separate project from the Debian GNU/Hurd port.
Hurd发展的成就是一个出自DebianGNU/Hurd站点的单独的项目
IPC：interprocess communication
进程间通信： 在计算机运行过程中大量支持应用程序间数据共享和交换的机制，这些机制行使的活动称为进程间通信
Mach microkernel：Mach is an operating system kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University to support operating system research, primarily distributed and parallel computation. It is one of the earliest examples of a microkernel. Its derivatives are the basis of the modern operating system kernels in Mac OS X and GNU Hurd.
马赫微内核：马赫微内核是一个在卡耐基梅隆大学开发的操作系统内核，它的目的是支持操作系统的研究，主要是针对分布式计算。它是最早的微内核实例之一，它的派生品是现代操作系统内核的基础，例如在Mac OS X和GNU Hurd系统中。
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