C++中的构造函数与析构函数不会在继承中被子类所继承,默认的构造函数(参数表为空)会自动调用,不管是否为显示调用,但是如果基类的构造函数带有参数时,需要进行显示调用,否则会进行报错。如:
- #include <iostream>
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using namespace std;
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class A
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{
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public:
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A(int){cout<<"constructor A(int)"<<endl;}
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};
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class B:public A
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{
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public:
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B(int i):A(i){cout<<"constructor B()"<<endl;}
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};
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int main()
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{
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B b(1);
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return 0;
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}
如果注释调显示调用构造函数A(i),则由于基类找不到合适的构造函数而进行报错。
在一般的类进行初始化时,顺序为:声明部分(调用默认空列表构造函数)-->类的构造函数
而赋值重载函数,复制构造函数也存在类似的道理,如果显示定义赋值重载函数,复制构造函数就需要进行显示调用,否则基类调用就会失败,但是如果没有定义赋值重载函数,复制构造函数,则就会默认调用基类的构造函数,这些性质在其他的重载函数中也存在。
- #include <iostream>
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using namespace std;
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class GameBoard
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{
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public:
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GameBoard(){cout<<"GameBoard()\n";}
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GameBoard(const GameBoard&){
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cout<<"GameBoard(const GameBoard&)"<<endl;
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}
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GameBoard& operator=(const GameBoard&){
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cout<<"GameBoard::operator=()"<<endl;
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return *this;
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}
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~GameBoard(){cout<<"~GameBoard()"<<endl;}
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};
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class Game
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{
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GameBoard gb;
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public:
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Game(){cout<<"Game()"<<endl;}
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Game(const Game& g):gb(g.gb){
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cout<<"Game(const Game&)"<<endl;
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}
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Game(int){cout<<"Game(int)"<<endl;}
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Game& operator=(const Game&g){
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gb = g.gb;
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cout<<"Game::operator=()"<<endl;
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return *this;
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}
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class Other{};
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//Automatic type conversion:
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operator Other()const{
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cout<<"Game::operator Other()"<<endl;
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return Other();
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}
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~Game(){cout<<"~Game()"<<endl;}
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};
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class Chess:public Game{
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GameBoard gb;
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};
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int main()
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{
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cout<<"Chess d1:"<<endl;
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Chess d1;
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cout<<"chess d2(d1)"<<endl;
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Chess d2(d1);
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cout<<" d1=d2 "<<endl;
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d1 = d2;
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cout<<"ending d1=d2"<<endl;
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}
编译上面代码,运行如下:
- Chess d1:
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GameBoard()
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Game()
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chess d2(d1)
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//基类复制 函数默认被调用,因为基类中赋值函数显示调用
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GameBoard(const GameBoard&)
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Game(const Game&)
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d1=d2
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//默认赋值函数被调用,连内部成员函数的赋值函数也会被调用!!
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GameBoard::operator=()
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GameBoard::operator=()
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Game::operator=()
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ending d1=d2
如果显示定义了复制,赋值函数的话,这些默认函数就不会被调用了,如:
- class Chess:public Game{
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GameBoard gb;
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public:
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Chess(){cout<<"chess constructor"<<endl;}
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Chess(const Chess& c1){cout<<"chess copy-constructor"<<endl;}
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Chess& operator=(const Chess&c){
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cout<<"Chess operator=()"<<endl;
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return *this;
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}
编译运行如下:
- Chess d1:
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GameBoard()
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Game()
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GameBoard()
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chess constructor
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chess d2(d1)
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GameBoard()
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Game()
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GameBoard()
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chess copy-constructor
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d1=d2
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Chess operator=()
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//默认赋值函数没有被调用
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ending d1=d2
因此在基类有默认赋值,复制函数时,在子类进行重写过程中必须进行显示调用。
另外,如果一个函数的行参为基类对象则子类对象也可以调用该函数,称之为
“upcast”,如:
- void f(Game g){
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cout<<"f(Game g)"<<endl;
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}
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f(d1);
则结果如下:
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