A powerful diagnostic tool

STRACE

NAME

strace - trace system calls and signals

SYNOPSIS

strace [ -dffhiqrtttTvxx ] [ -acolumn ] [ -eexpr ] ... [ -ofile ] [ -ppid ] ... [ -sstrsize ] [ -uusername ] [ command [ arg ... ] ]

strace -c [ -eexpr ] ... [ -Ooverhead ] [ -Ssortby ] [ command [ arg ... ] ]

DESCRIPTION

In the simplest case strace runs the specified command until it exits. It intercepts and records the system calls which are called by a process and the signals which are received by a process. The name of each system call, its arguments and its return value are printed on standard error or to the file specified with the -o option.

最简单的例子：strace运行某个指定的command，直到它结束。strace拦截并记录进程调用的系统调用，和进程收到的信号。每个系统调用的名字、它的参数和返回值打印到标准错误输出或者-o指定的某个文件上。

strace is a useful diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool. System adminstrators, diagnosticians and trouble-shooters will find it invaluable for solving problems with programs for which the source is not readily available since they do not need to be recompiled in order to trace them. Students, hackers and the overly-curious will find that a great deal can be learned about a system and its system calls by tracing even ordinary programs. And programmers will find that since system calls and signals are events that happen at the user/kernel interface, a close examination of this boundary is very useful for bug isolation, sanity checking and attempting to capture race conditions.

strace是非常有用的诊断、教学和调试工具。在解决某些程序的问题，而不用重新编译去跟踪它时，strace有着非常重要的作用。学生、骇客会发现，通过跟踪普通的程序可以很好地理解系统以及系统调用。程序员会发现，因为系统调用和信号是发生在用户空间/内核空间接口的事件，仔细地检查这个边界对分析bug、检查健壮性和发现竞态很有用。

Each line in the trace contains the system call name, followed by its arguments in parentheses and its return value. An example from stracing the command ``cat /dev/null'' is:

跟踪的每一行包含了系统调用的名字、跟着是它的参数和返回值。一个很好的跟踪命令``cat /dev/null'' 的例子：

open("/dev/null", O_RDONLY) = 3

Errors (typically a return value of -1) have the errno symbol and error string appended.

错误（通常返回值为-1）有错误代码和错误原因。

open("/foo/bar", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

Signals are printed as a signal symbol and a signal string. An excerpt from stracing and interrupting the command ``sleep 666'' is: 

信号会打印出一个信号变量和信号字符串。

sigsuspend([] 
--- SIGINT (Interrupt) ---
+++ killed by SIGINT +++

Arguments are printed in symbolic form with a passion. This example shows the shell peforming ``>>xyzzy'' output redirection: 

open("xyzzy", O_WRONLY|O_APPEND|O_CREAT, 0666) = 3

Here the three argument form of open is decoded by breaking down the flag argument into its three bitwise-OR constituents and printing the mode value in octal by tradition. Where traditional or native usage differs from ANSI or POSIX, the latter forms are preferred. In some cases, strace output has proven to be more readable than the source. 

在这里open的第三个参数按传统的八进制编码。

Structure pointers are dereferenced and the members are displayed as appropriate. In all cases arguments are formatted in the most C-like fashion possible. For example, the essence of the command ``ls -l /dev/null'' is captured as:

结构体指针会被解引用，成员会被合适地显示。大多数情况参数以类C风格的格式显示。

lstat("/dev/null", {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0666, st_rdev=makedev(1, 3), ...}) = 0

Notice how the `struct stat' argument is dereferenced and how each member is displayed symbolically. In particular, observe how the st_mode member is carefully decoded into a bitwise-OR of symbolic and numeric values. Also notice in this example that the first argument to lstat is an input to the system call and the second argument is an output. Since output arguments are not modified if the system call fails, arguments may not always be dereferenced. For example, retrying the ``ls -l'' example with a non-existent file produces the following line: 

lstat("/foo/bar", 0xb004) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

In this case the porch light is on but nobody is home. 

Character pointers are dereferenced and printed as C strings. Non-printing characters in strings are normally represented by ordinary C escape codes. Only the first strsize (32 by default) bytes of strings are printed; longer strings have an ellipsis appended following the closing quote. Here is a line from ``ls -l'' where the getpwuid library routine is reading the password file:

read(3, "root::0:0:System Administrator:/"..., 1024) = 422

While structures are annotated using curly braces, simple pointers and arrays are printed using square brackets with commas separating elements. Here is an example from the command ``id'' on a system with supplementary group ids: 

结构体使用大括号表示，简单的指针和数组则用方括号表示其中的元素

getgroups(32, [100, 0]) = 2

On the other hand, bit-sets are also shown using square brackets but set elements are separated only by a space. Here is the shell preparing to execute an external command: 

sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, [CHLD TTOU], []) = 0

Here the second argument is a bit-set of two signals, SIGCHLD and SIGTTOU. In some cases the bit-set is so full that printing out the unset elements is more valuable. In that case, the bit-set is prefixed by a tilde like this: 

sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, ~[], NULL) = 0

Here the second argument represents the full set of all signals.  

OPTIONS

-c

Count time, calls, and errors for each system call and report a summary on program exit.

为每个系统调用计算次数、调用和错误，在程序退出时报告结果。

-d

Show some debugging output of strace itself on the standard error.

-f

Trace child processes as they are created by currently traced processes as a result of the (2) system call. The new process is attached to as soon as its pid is known (through the return value of (2) in the parent process). This means that such children may run uncontrolled for a while (especially in the case of a (2)), until the parent is scheduled again to complete its (v)(2) call. If the parent process decides to (2) for a child that is currently being traced, it is suspended until an appropriate child process either terminates or incurs a signal that would cause it to terminate (as determined from the child's current signal disposition).

跟踪子进程，当子进程被当前跟踪的进程使用fork()系统调用创建。新的进程会被附加，一旦它的pid被知道（通过父进程中fork()的返回值）。

-ff

If the -o filename option is in effect, each processes trace is written to filename.pid where pid is the numeric process id of each process.

如果-o filename 选项有效，每个进程的跟踪都被写进filename.pid，在这里pid是每个进程的进程id。

-F

Attempt to follow vforks. (On SunOS 4.x, this is accomplished with some dynamic linking trickery. On Linux, it requires some kernel functionality not yet in the standard kernel.) Otherwise, vforks will not be followed even if -f has been given.

-h

Print the help summary.

-i

Print the instruction pointer at the time of the system call.

-q

Suppress messages about attaching, detaching etc. This happens automatically when output is redirected to a file and the command is run directly instead of attaching.

-r

Print a relative timestamp upon entry to each system call. This records the time difference between the beginning of successive system calls.

-t

Prefix each line of the trace with the time of day.

在每行前加上时间。

-tt

If given twice, the time printed will include the microseconds.

打印的时间包括ms。

-ttt

If given thrice, the time printed will include the microseconds and the leading portion will be printed as the number of seconds since the epoch.

-T

Show the time spent in system calls. This records the time difference between the beginning and the end of each system call.

-v

Print unabbreviated versions of environment, stat, termios, etc. calls. These structures are very common in calls and so the default behavior displays a reasonable subset of structure members. Use this option to get all of the gory details.

-V

Print the version number of strace.

-x

Print all non-ASCII strings in hexadecimal string format.

-xx

Print all strings in hexadecimal string format.

-a column

Align return values in a specific column (default column 40).

-e expr

A qualifying expression which modifies which events to trace or how to trace them. The format of the expression is:

[qualifier=][!]value1[,value2]...

where qualifier is one of trace, abbrev, verbose, raw, signal, read, or write and value is a qualifier-dependent symbol or number. The default qualifier is trace. Using an exclamation mark negates the set of values. For example, -eopen means literally -e trace=open which in turn means trace only the open system call. By contrast, -etrace=!open means to trace every system call except open. In addition, the special values all and none have the obvious meanings.

Note that some shells use the exclamation point for history expansion even inside quoted arguments. If so, you must escape the exclamation point with a backslash.

-e trace=set

Trace only the specified set of system calls. The -c option is useful for determining which system calls might be useful to trace. For example, trace=open,close,read,write means to only trace those four system calls. Be careful when making inferences about the user/kernel boundary if only a subset of system calls are being monitored. The default is trace=all.

仅跟踪指定的系统调用集合。-c选项决定跟踪哪些系统调用会有用。

-e trace=file

Trace all system calls which take a file name as an argument. You can think of this as an abbreviation for -e trace=open,stat,chmod,unlink,... which is useful to seeing what files the process is referencing. Furthermore, using the abbreviation will ensure that you don't accidentally forget to include a call like lstat in the list. Betchya woulda forgot that one.

-e trace=process

Trace all system calls which involve process management. This is useful for watching the fork, wait, and exec steps of a process.

-e trace=network

Trace all the network related system calls.

-e trace=signal

Trace all signal related system calls.

-e trace=ipc

Trace all IPC related system calls.

-e abbrev=set

Abbreviate the output from printing each member of large structures. The default is abbrev=all. The -v option has the effect of abbrev=none.

-e verbose=set

Dereference structures for the specified set of system calls. The default is verbose=all.

-e raw=set

Print raw, undecoded arguments for the specifed set of system calls. This option has the effect of causing all arguments to be printed in hexadecimal. This is mostly useful if you don't trust the decoding or you need to know the actual numeric value of an argument.

-e signal=set

Trace only the specified subset of signals. The default is signal=all. For example, signal=!SIGIO (or signal=!io) causes SIGIO signals not to be traced.

-e read=set

Perform a full hexadecimal and ASCII dump of all the data read from file descriptors listed in the specified set. For example, to see all input activity on file descriptors 3 and 5 use -e read=3,5. Note that this is independent from the normal tracing of the (2) system call which is controlled by the option -e trace=read.

-e write=set

Perform a full hexadecimal and ASCII dump of all the data written to file descriptors listed in the specified set. For example, to see all output activity on file descriptors 3 and 5 use -e write=3,5. Note that this is independent from the normal tracing of the (2) system call which is controlled by the option -e trace=write.

-o filename

Write the trace output to the file filename rather than to stderr. Use filename.pid if -ff is used. If the argument begins with `|' or with `!' then the rest of the argument is treated as a command and all output is piped to it. This is convenient for piping the debugging output to a program without affecting the redirections of executed programs.

-O overhead

Set the overhead for tracing system calls to overhead microseconds. This is useful for overriding the default heuristic for guessing how much time is spent in mere measuring when timing system calls using the -c option. The acuracy of the heuristic can be gauged by timing a given program run without tracing (using (1)) and comparing the accumulated system call time to the total produced using -c.

-p pid

Attach to the process with the process ID pid and begin tracing. The trace may be terminated at any time by a keyboard interrupt signal (CTRL-C). strace will respond by detaching itself from the traced process(es) leaving it (them) to continue running. Multiple -p options can be used to attach to up to 32 processes in addition to command (which is optional if at least one -p option is given).

-s strsize

Specify the maximum string size to print (the default is 32). Note that filenames are not considered strings and are always printed in full.

-S sortby

Sort the output of the histogram printed by the -c option by the specified critereon. Legal values are time, calls, name, and nothing (default time).

-u username

Run command with the user ID, group ID, and supplementary groups of username. This option is only useful when running as root and enables the correct execution of setuid and/or setgid binaries. Unless this option is used setuid and setgid programs are executed without effective privileges.

SETUID INSTALLATION

If strace is installed setuid to root then the invoking user will be able to attach to and trace processes owned by any user. In addition setuid and setgid programs will be executed and traced with the correct effective privileges. Since only users trusted with full root privileges should be allowed to do these things, it only makes sense to install strace as setuid to root when the users who can execute it are restricted to those users who have this trust. For example, it makes sense to install a special version of strace with mode `rwsr-xr--', user root and group trace, where members of the trace group are trusted users. If you do use this feature, please remember to install a non-setuid version of strace for ordinary lusers to use.

SEE ALSO

(2), (4), (1), (1), (1)

NOTES

It is a pity that so much tracing clutter is produced by systems employing shared libraries.

It is instructive to think about system call inputs and outputs as data-flow across the user/kernel boundary. Because user-space and kernel-space are separate and address-protected, it is sometimes possible to make deductive inferences about process behavior using inputs and outputs as propositions.

In some cases, a system call will differ from the documented behavior or have a different name. For example, on System V-derived systems the true (2) system call does not take an argument and the stat function is called xstat and takes an extra leading argument. These discrepancies are normal but idiosyncratic characteristics of the system call interface and are accounted for by C library wrapper functions.

On some platforms a process that has a system call trace applied to it with the -p option will receive a SIGSTOP. This signal may interrupt a system call that is not restartable. This may have an unpredictable effect on the process if the process takes no action to restart the system call.

BUGS

Programs that use the setuid bit do not have effective user ID privileges while being traced.

A traced process ignores SIGSTOP except on SVR4 platforms.

A traced process which tries to block SIGTRAP will be sent a SIGSTOP in an attempt to force continuation of tracing.

A traced process runs slowly.

Traced processes which are descended from command may be left running after an interrupt signal (CTRL-C).

On Linux, exciting as it would be, tracing the init process is forbidden.

The -i option is weakly supported.