update @20170424
on Linux we can use below command:
awk 'BEGIN{RS=ORS="\n\n";FS=OFS="\n"}/V403PAA/' PA4.jil
=============================================================
自从第一次接触grep以来,先后经历过下面这些不同的用法
cat file|grep text
cat file|grep -i text
cat file|grep -v text
cat file|grep '^db2'
等等,直到现在又学了个新的用法
db2 list db directory|grep -p TESTDB
这个 -p 的选项太爽了,大大提高效率啊,由此可见还有很多其他的命令,其他的 skill 等等,可能一直没注意过它们,可能都是在用一种笨笨的方法
看来,如果哪里自己遇到问题,觉得这个问题应该有更简单的方法实现,那么这个问题就肯定有更简单的方法,唯一需要做的就是 search 到这种方法!!
快速检查db2的 db2diag.log 日志,这个也很酷!
cat db2diag.log|grep -e "SQL....N"
另,转一篇 grep 与正则表达式的用法:
首先要记住的是: 正则表达式与通配符不一样,它们表示的含义并不相同!
正则表达式只是一种表示法,只要工具支持这种表示法, 那么该工具就可以处理正则表达式的字符串。vim、grep、awk 、sed
都支持正则表达式,也正是因为由于它们支持正则,才显得它们强大;在以前上班的公司里,由于公司是基于web的服务型网站(nginx),对正则的需求比
较大,所以也花了点时间研究正则,特与大家分享下:
1基础正则表达式
grep 工具,以前介绍过。
grep -[acinv] '搜索内容串' filename
-a 以文本文件方式搜索
-c 计算找到的符合行的次数
-i 忽略大小写
-n 顺便输出行号
-v 反向选择,即找 没有搜索字符串的行
其中搜索串可以是正则表达式!
1
搜索有the的行,并输出行号
$grep -n 'the' regular_express.txt
搜 索没有the的行,并输出行号
$grep -nv 'the' regular_express.txt
2 利 用[]搜索集合字符
[] 表示其中的某一个字符 ,例如[ade] 表示a或d或e
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n 't[ae]st' regular_express.txt
8:I can't finish the test.
9:Oh! the soup taste good!
可以用^符号做[]内的前缀,表示除[]内的字符之外的字 符。
比如搜索oo前没有g的字符串所在的行. 使用 '[^g]oo' 作搜索字符串
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n '[^g]oo' regular_express.txt
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
[] 内可以用范围表示,比如[a-z] 表示小写字母,[0-9] 表示0~9的数字, [A-Z] 则是大写字母们。[a-zA-Z0-9]表示所有数字与英文字符。 当然也可以配合^来排除字符。
搜索包含数字的行
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n '[0-9]' regular_express.txt
5:However ,this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.
15:You are the best is menu you are the no.1.
行首与行尾字符 ^ $. ^ 表示行的开头,$表示行的结尾( 不是字符,是位置)那么‘^$’ 就表示空行,因为只有
行首和行尾。
这里^与[]里面使用的^意义不同。它表示^后面的串是在行的开头。
比如搜索the在开头的行
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n '^the' regular_express.txt
12:the symbol '*' is represented as star.
搜索以小写字母开头的行
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n '^[a-z]' regular_express.txt
2:apple is my favorite food.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
10:motorcycle is cheap than car.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as star.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$
搜索开头不是英文字母的行
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n '^[^a-zA-Z]' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
21:#I am VBird
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$
$表示它前面的串是在行的结尾,比如 '\.' 表示 . 在一行的结尾
搜索末尾是.的行
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n '\.$' regular_express.txt //. 是正则表达式的特殊符号,所以要用\转义
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
5:However ,this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.
6:GNU is free air not free beer.
.....
注意在MS的系统下生成的文本文件,换行会加上一个 ^M 字符。所以最后的字符会是隐藏的^M ,在处理Windows
下面的文本时要特别注意!
可以用cat dos_file | tr -d '\r' > unix_file 来删除^M符号。 ^M==\r
那么'^$' 就表示只有行首行尾的空行拉!
搜索空行
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n '^$' regular_express.txt
22:
23:
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$
搜索非空行
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -vn '^$' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
..........
任意一个字符. 与重复字符 *
在bash中*代表通配符,用来代表任意个 字符,但是在正则表达式中,他含义不同,*表示有0个或多个 某个字符。
例如 oo*, 表示第一个o一定存在,第二个o可以有一个或多个,也可以没有,因此代表至少一个o.
点. 代表一个任意字符,必须存在。 g??d 可以用 'g..d' 表示。 good ,gxxd ,gabd .....都符合。
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n 'g..d' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
9:Oh! the soup taste good!
16:The world is the same with 'glad'.
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$
搜索两个o以上的字符串
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n 'ooo*' regular_express.txt //前两个o一定存在,第三个o可没有,也可有多个。
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! the soup taste good!
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
搜索g开头和结尾,中间是至少一个o的字符串,即gog, goog....gooog...等
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n 'goo*g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
搜索g开头和结尾的字符串在的行
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n 'g.*g' regular_express.txt // .*表示 0个或多个任意字符
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
14:The gd software is a library for drafting programs.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.
限定连续重复字符的范围 { }
. * 只能限制0个或多个, 如果要确切的限制字符重复数量,就用{范围} 。范围是数字用,隔开 2,5 表示2~5个,
2表示2个,2, 表示2到更多个
注意,由于{ }在SHELL中有特殊意义,因此作为正则表达式用的时候要用\转义一下。
搜索包含两个o的字符串的行。
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n 'o\{2\}' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! the soup taste good!
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
搜索g后面跟2~5个o,后面再跟一个g的字符串的行。
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n 'go\{2,5\}g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
搜索包含g后面跟2个以上o,后面再跟g的行。。
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -n 'go\{2,\}g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
注意,相让[]中的^ - 不表现特殊意义,可以放在[]里面内容的后面。
'[^a-z\.!^ -]' 表示没有小写字母,没有. 没有!, 没有空格,没有- 的 串,注意[]里面有个小空格。
另外shell 里面的反向选择为[!range], 正则里面是 [^range]
2扩展正则表达式
扩展正则表达式是对基础正则表达式添加了几个特殊构成的。
它令某些操作更加方便。
比如我们要去除 空白行和行首为 #的行, 会这样用:
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ grep -v '^$' regular_express.txt | grep -v '^#'
"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
apple is my favorite food.
Football game is not use feet only.
this dress doesn't fit me.
............
然而使用支持扩展正则表达式的 egrep 与扩展特殊符号 | ,会方便许多。
注意grep只支持基础表达式, 而egrep 支持扩展的, 其实 egrep 是 grep -E 的别名而已。因此grep -E 支持扩展正则。
那么:
woody@xiaoc:~/tmp$ egrep -v '^$|^#' regular_express.txt
"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
apple is my favorite food.
Football game is not use feet only.
this dress doesn't fit me.
....................
这里| 表示或的关系。 即满足 ^$ 或者 ^# 的字符串。
这里列出几个扩展特殊符号:
+, 于 . * 作用类似,表示 一个或多个重复字符。
?, 于 . * 作用类似,表示0个或一个字符。
|,表示或关系,比如 'gd|good|dog' 表示有gd,good或dog的串
(),将部分内容合成一个单元组。 比如 要搜索 glad 或 good 可以这样 'g(la|oo)d'
()的好处是可以对小组使用 + ? * 等。
比如要搜索A和C开头结尾,中间有至少一个(xyz) 的串,可以这样 : 'A(xyz)+C'
Character
|
BRE / ERE
|
Meaning in a pattern
|
\
|
Both
|
Usually,
turn off the special meaning of the following character. Occasionally, enable
a special meaning for the following character, such as for \(...\) and
\{...\}.
|
.
|
Both
|
Match
any single character except NUL. Individual programs may also disallow
matching newline.
|
*
|
Both
|
Match
any number (or none) of the single character that immediately precedes it.
For EREs, the preceding character can instead be a regular expression. For
example, since . (dot) means any character, .* means "match any number
of any character." For BREs, * is not special if it's the first
character of a regular expression.
|
^
|
Both
|
Match
the following regular expression at the beginning of the line or string. BRE:
special only at the beginning of a regular expression. ERE: special
everywhere.
|
$
|
Both
|
Match
the preceding regular expression at the end of the line or string. BRE:
special only at the end of a regular expression. ERE: special everywhere.
|
[...]
|
Both
|
Termed
a bracket expression, this matches any one of the enclosed characters. A
hyphen (-) indicates a range of consecutive characters. (Caution: ranges are
locale-sensitive, and thus not portable.) A circumflex (^) as the first
character in the brackets reverses the sense: it matches any one character
not in the list. A hyphen or close bracket (]) as the first character is
treated as a member of the list. All other metacharacters are treated as members of the list (i.e., literally). Bracket expressions may
contain collating symbols, equivalence classes, and character classes
(described shortly).
|
\{n,m\}
|
BRE
|
Termed
an interval expression, this matches a range of occurrences of the single
character that immediately precedes it. \{n\} matches exactly n occurrences,
\{n,\} matches at least n occurrences, and \{n,m\} matches any number of occurrences
between n and m. n and m must be between 0 and RE_DUP_MAX (minimum value: 255), inclusive.
|
\(
\)
|
BRE
|
Save
the pattern enclosed between \( and \) in a special holding space. Up to nine subpatterns can be saved on a single pattern. The text matched by the subpatterns can be reused later in the same pattern, by the escape sequences \1 to \9.
For example, \(ab\).*\1 matches two occurrences of ab, with any number of
characters in between.
|
\n
|
BRE
|
Replay
the nth subpattern enclosed in \( and \) into the pattern at this point. n is a number from 1 to
9, with 1 starting on the left.
|
{n,m}
|
ERE
|
Just
like the BRE \{n,m\}
earlier, but without the backslashes in front of the braces.
|
+
|
ERE
|
Match
one or more instances of the preceding regular expression.
|
?
|
ERE
|
Match
zero or one instances of the preceding regular expression.
|
|
|
ERE
|
Match
the regular expression specified before or after.
|
( )
|
ERE
|
Apply
a match to the enclosed group of regular expressions.
|
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