java的同步机制,大概是通过
1.synchronized;
2.Object方法中的wait,notify;
3.ThreadLocal机制
来实现的
其中synchronized有两种用法
1.对类的方法进行修饰
2.synchronized(对象)的方法进行修饰
所以我们这里有好几种场景,现在我对每个场景都举个例子说明,并且指出哪个例子是说明哪个场景的。最后说为什么需要ThreadLocal,以及ThreadLocal的用法。例子结合了从网上找的资料。
所有场景都要用到的类
package threadlocal.test;
public class Student { private int age = 0;
public int getAge() { return this.age;
}
public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } }
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一,第一个应用场景,无任何同步机制,整个程序运行时间约为5秒
package threadlocal.test;
import java.util.Random;
public class ThreadDemo1 implements Runnable { Student student = new Student();
public static void main(String[] agrs) { ThreadDemo1 td = new ThreadDemo1(); Thread t1 = new Thread(td, "a"); Thread t2 = new Thread(td, "b"); t1.start(); t2.start();
}
public void run() { accessStudent(); }
public void accessStudent() { String currentThreadName = Thread.currentThread().getName(); System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is running!"); Random random = new Random(); int age = random.nextInt(100); System.out .println("thread " + currentThreadName + " set age to:" + age);
this.student.setAge(age); System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " first read age is:" + this.student.getAge()); try { Thread.sleep(5000); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " second read age is:" + this.student.getAge());
}
}
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简述:两个线程同时开启,对同一个类实例进行操作,虽然速度很快,只占用一个线程运行时间,但是出现竞争使得整个代码变得无用。
二,第二个应用场景,synchronized修饰类方法。程序运行时间约为10秒
package threadlocal.test;
import java.util.Random;
/** * 加了个synchronized,不会出现竞争了,但是效率极低 * * @author dachuan * */ public class ThreadDemo2 implements Runnable { Student student = new Student();
public static void main(String[] agrs) { ThreadDemo2 td = new ThreadDemo2();
// ThreadDemo2 td = new ThreadDemo2();
// ThreadDemo2 td2 = new ThreadDemo2();
Thread t1 = new Thread(td, "a"); Thread t2 = new Thread(td, "b"); //之所以t1,t2两个线程会在acessStudent函数处出现同步,是因为他们都是对同一个实例的函数进行访问
//t1,t2都在对ThreadDemo2这个类的实例td的函数accessStudent进行访问,所以会出现同步。
//也就是说,如果类A内部定义了一个synchronized方法,而a是A的一个实例,如果有不同的线程都对a.syn()进行访问,就会出现同步
//synchronized关键字是锁住了类的实例,让另外的线程进不去
//在这个例子中,t1,t2两个线程,总共运行时间肯定>=10秒,因为t1,t2在accessStudent这个地方是串行的。
//如果t1,t2是为了完成某件事情在合作,那么这个同步是值得的。
//现在的前提是,t1,t2必须使用同一个类的实例,但是又做的都是独立的事情。这个时候,synchronized方法显得很低效,反而降低了运算效率
//所以ThreadLocal的出现就是为了解决这个问题的。
//ThreadLocal的应用场合:
//1.多个线程都要使用同一个类实例
//2.这多个线程拿到这个类实例后做的事情是互相独立的
//生产者和消费者模型跟ThreadLocal的应用场合有一个区别
//1.生产者和消费者两个线程其实也是在使用同一个类实例
//2.但是这两个线程拿到类实例后做的事情是互相牵制的
t1.start(); t2.start();
}
/* * (non-Javadoc) * * @see java.lang.Runnable#run() */ public void run() { accessStudent(); }
public synchronized void accessStudent() { String currentThreadName = Thread.currentThread().getName(); System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is running!"); // System.out.println("first read age is:"+this.student.getAge());
Random random = new Random(); int age = random.nextInt(100); System.out .println("thread " + currentThreadName + " set age to:" + age);
this.student.setAge(age); System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " first read age is:" + this.student.getAge()); try { Thread.sleep(5000); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " second read age is:" + this.student.getAge());
}
}
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简述:两个线程在accessStudent方法处串行操作,所以整个程序时间变长,大约10秒。消除了竞争
三,第三个应用场景,synchronized修饰类,程序运行时间大约10秒。
package threadlocal.test;
import java.util.Random;
/** * * @author dachuan * */ public class ThreadDemo3 implements Runnable { Student student = new Student();
public static void main(String[] agrs) { ThreadDemo3 td = new ThreadDemo3(); Thread t1 = new Thread(td, "a"); Thread t2 = new Thread(td, "b"); t1.start(); t2.start();
}
/* * (non-Javadoc) * * @see java.lang.Runnable#run() */ public void run() { accessStudent(); }
public void accessStudent() { String currentThreadName = Thread.currentThread().getName(); System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is running!"); // System.out.println("first read age is:"+this.student.getAge());
synchronized (this) {
Random random = new Random(); int age = random.nextInt(100); System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " set age to:" + age);
this.student.setAge(age); System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " first read age is:" + this.student.getAge()); try { Thread.sleep(5000); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " second read age is:" + this.student.getAge());
}
}
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简述:synchronized关键字都是用来锁住对象的,这个地方锁住了this,两个线程访问的都是同一个类实例,所以两个线程中的this都是指一个东西。整个程序无竞争,运行时间大约10秒
四,第四个应用场景,TheadLocal。程序无竞争,运行时间大约5秒
package threadlocal.test;
import java.util.Random;
public class ThreadLocalDemo implements Runnable { private final static ThreadLocal studentLocal = new ThreadLocal();
public static void main(String[] agrs) { ThreadLocalDemo td = new ThreadLocalDemo(); Thread t1 = new Thread(td, "a"); Thread t2 = new Thread(td, "b");
t1.start(); t2.start();
}
/* * (non-Javadoc) * * @see java.lang.Runnable#run() */ public void run() { accessStudent(); }
public void accessStudent() {
String currentThreadName = Thread.currentThread().getName(); System.out.println(currentThreadName + " is running!"); Random random = new Random(); int age = random.nextInt(100); System.out .println("thread " + currentThreadName + " set age to:" + age); Student student = getStudent(); student.setAge(age); System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " first read age is:" + student.getAge()); try { Thread.sleep(5000); } catch (InterruptedException ex) { ex.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println("thread " + currentThreadName + " second read age is:" + student.getAge());
}
protected Student getStudent() { Student student = (Student) studentLocal.get(); if (student == null) { student = new Student(); studentLocal.set(student); } return student; }
protected void setStudent(Student student) { studentLocal.set(student); } }
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简述:ThreadLocal的出现使得两个线程虽然手中握有同一个类的实例,但是做同一样事情的时候却互不干扰。这就是ThreadLocal的应用场景。
五,第五个应用场景,生产者&消费者模型和ThreadLocal模型的区别
我个人总结,ThreadLocal的应用场景为:
1.多个线程都要使用同一个类实例
2.这多个线程拿到这个类实例后做的事情是互相独立的
而生产者消费者例子跟ThreadLocal有一点区别
1.生产者和消费者两个线程其实也是在使用同一个类实例
2.但是这两个线程拿到类实例后做的事情是互相牵制的
所以看到这里,就知道ThreadLocal的应用场景是什么了。
我在阅读Hadoop源码时,看到MapOutputFile这个类中使用了ThreadLocal,所以查了些资料总结了下。
在Hadoop源码中,有一处地方对Object的wait和notify进行了很好的诠释。以后有空再记录一下。
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