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分类: LINUX

2008-04-11 17:18:30

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: wait4 ()系统调用
在父进程中,用wait4()可以获得子进程的退出状态,并且防止在父进程退出前,子进程退出造成僵死状态。这是我们这节分析的最后一个小节了。
关于wait4()在用户空间的调用方式可以自行参考相关资料,在这里只是讨论内核对这个系统调用的实现过程。
Wait4()的系统调用入口为sys_wait4().代码如下所示:
 
asmlinkage long sys_wait4(pid_t pid, int __user *stat_addr,
                int options, struct rusage __user *ru)
{
     long ret;
     //options的标志为须为WNOHANG…__WALL的组合,否则会出错
     //相关标志的作用在do_wait()中再进行分析
     if (options & ~(WNOHANG|WUNTRACED|WCONTINUED|
              __WNOTHREAD|__WCLONE|__WALL))
         return -EINVAL;
     ret = do_wait(pid, options | WEXITED, NULL, stat_addr, ru);
 
     /* avoid REGPARM breakage on x86: */
     prevent_tail_call(ret);
     return ret;
}
do_wait()是其中的核心处理函数。代码如下:
static long do_wait(pid_t pid, int options, struct siginfo __user *infop,
             int __user *stat_addr, struct rusage __user *ru)
{
     //初始化一个等待队列
     DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current);
     struct task_struct *tsk;
     int flag, retval;
     int allowed, denied;
     //将当前进程加入等待队列,子进程退出给父进程发送信号会wake up些等待队列
     add_wait_queue(¤t->signal->wait_chldexit,&wait);
repeat:
     flag = 0;
     allowed = denied = 0;
     //设置进程状态为TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE.下次调度必须要等到子进程唤醒才可以了
     current->state = TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE;
     read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
     tsk = current;
     do {
         struct task_struct *p;
         struct list_head *_p;
         int ret;
 
         //遍历进程下的子进程
         list_for_each(_p,&tsk->children) {
              p = list_entry(_p, struct task_struct, sibling);
 
              //判断是否是我们要wait 的子进程
              ret = eligible_child(pid, options, p);
              if (!ret)
                   continue;
 
              if (unlikely(ret < 0)) {
                   denied = ret;
                   continue;
              }
              allowed = 1;
 
              switch (p->state) {
              //子进程为TASK_TRACED.即处于跟踪状态。则取子进程的相关信息
              case TASK_TRACED:
                   flag = 1;
                   //判断是否是被父进程跟踪的子进程
                   //如果是则返回1..不是返回0
                   if (!my_ptrace_child(p))
                       continue;
                   /*FALLTHROUGH*/
              case TASK_STOPPED:
                   flag = 1;
                   //WUNTRACED:子进程是停止的,也马上返回
                   //没有定义WUNTRACED 参数.继续遍历子进程
 
                   /*从此看出.生父进程是不会处理STOP状态的子进程的.只有
                       发起跟踪的进程才会
                     */
                    
                   if (!(options & WUNTRACED) &&
                       !my_ptrace_child(p))
                       continue;
 
                   //WNOWAIT:不会将zombie子进程的退出状态撤销
                   //下次调用wait系列函数的时候还可以继续获得这个退出状态
                   retval = wait_task_stopped(p, ret == 2,
                                    (options & WNOWAIT),
                                    infop,
                                    stat_addr, ru);
                   if (retval == -EAGAIN)
                       goto repeat;
                   if (retval != 0) /* He released the lock.  */
                       goto end;
                   break;
              default:
              // case EXIT_DEAD:
                   //不需要处理DEAD状态
                   if (p->exit_state == EXIT_DEAD)
                       continue;
              // case EXIT_ZOMBIE:
                   //子进程为僵尸状态
                   if (p->exit_state == EXIT_ZOMBIE) {
                       if (ret == 2)
                            goto check_continued;
                       if (!likely(options & WEXITED))
                            continue;
                       retval = wait_task_zombie(
                            p, (options & WNOWAIT),
                            infop, stat_addr, ru);
                       /* He released the lock.  */
                       if (retval != 0)
                            goto end;
                       break;
                   }
check_continued:
                   /*
                    * It's running now, so it might later
                    * exit, stop, or stop and then continue.
                    */
                   flag = 1;
              //WCONTINUED:报告任何继续运行的指定进程号的子进程的状态
                   if (!unlikely(options & WCONTINUED))
                       continue;
              //取进程的相关状态
              retval = wait_task_continued(
                       p, (options & WNOWAIT),
                       infop, stat_addr, ru);
                   if (retval != 0) /* He released the lock.  */
                       goto end;
                   break;
              }
         }
 
         //遍历被跟踪出去的子进程
 
         //从这里可以看出.如果一个子进程被跟踪出去了.那么子进程的退出
         //操作并不是由生父进程进行了
         if (!flag) {
              list_for_each(_p, &tsk->ptrace_children) {
                   p = list_entry(_p, struct task_struct,
                            ptrace_list);
                   if (!eligible_child(pid, options, p))
                       continue;
                   flag = 1;
                   break;
              }
         }
         if (options & __WNOTHREAD)
              break;
         //也有可能是进程中的线程在wait其fork出来的子进程
         tsk = next_thread(tsk);
         BUG_ON(tsk->signal != current->signal);
     } while (tsk != current);
 
     //
 
     read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
     if (flag) {
         retval = 0;
         //如果定义了WHNOHANG:马上退出
         if (options & WNOHANG)
              goto end;
         retval = -ERESTARTSYS;
         if (signal_pending(current))
              goto end;
         schedule();
         goto repeat;
     }
     retval = -ECHILD;
     if (unlikely(denied) && !allowed)
         retval = denied;
end:
     //将进程设为运行状态,从等待队列中移除
     current->state = TASK_RUNNING;
     remove_wait_queue(¤t->signal->wait_chldexit,&wait);
     if (infop) {
         if (retval > 0)
         retval = 0;
         else {
              /*
               * For a WNOHANG return, clear out all the fields
               * we would set so the user can easily tell the
               * difference.
               */
              if (!retval)
                   retval = put_user(0, &infop->si_signo);
              if (!retval)
                   retval = put_user(0, &infop->si_errno);
              if (!retval)
                   retval = put_user(0, &infop->si_code);
              if (!retval)
                   retval = put_user(0, &infop->si_pid);
              if (!retval)
                   retval = put_user(0, &infop->si_uid);
              if (!retval)
                   retval = put_user(0, &infop->si_status);
         }
     }
     return retval;
}
这代段码还是比较简单。先遍历进程的子进程,再遍历被跟踪出去的进程,再遍历线程中的线程。我们分析一下里面用到的几个重要的子函数。
eligible_child()用来判断子进程是否是我们想要wait的子进程.代码如下:
static int eligible_child(pid_t pid, int options, struct task_struct *p)
{
     int err;
 
     //根据PID判断是不是我们要wait的子进程
     //pid >0:等待的子程程的进程号等于pid
     //pid = 0:等待进程组号等于当前进程组号的所有子进程
     //pid < -1 :等待任何进程组号等于pid绝对值的子进程
     //pid == -1 :等待任何子进程
     if (pid > 0) {
         if (p->pid != pid)
              return 0;
     } else if (!pid) {
         if (process_group(p) != process_group(current))
              return 0;
     } else if (pid != -1) {
         if (process_group(p) != -pid)
              return 0;
     }
     //如果子进程exit_signal ==-1且没有被跟踪.那不会对子进程进行回收
     if (p->exit_signal == -1 && !p->ptrace)
         return 0;
     if (((p->exit_signal != SIGCHLD) ^ ((options & __WCLONE) != 0))
         && !(options & __WALL))
         return 0;
     /*
      * Do not consider thread group leaders that are
      * in a non-empty thread group:
      */
      //如果子进程是进程组leader,且进程组不为空
     if (delay_group_leader(p))
         return 2;
 
     err = security_task_wait(p);
     if (err)
         return err;
 
     return 1;
}
对TASK_TRACED和TASK_STOPPED状态的子进程操作是在wait_task_stopped()中完成的。它的代码如下:
static int wait_task_stopped(struct task_struct *p, int delayed_group_leader,
                   int noreap, struct siginfo __user *infop,
                   int __user *stat_addr, struct rusage __user *ru)
{
     int retval, exit_code;
 
     //进程退出状态码为零.没有相关退出信息
     if (!p->exit_code)
         return 0;
     //
     if (delayed_group_leader && !(p->ptrace & PT_PTRACED) &&
         p->signal && p->signal->group_stop_count > 0)
    
         return 0;
 
     //正在取task里面的信息,为了防止意外释放,先增加它的引用计数
     get_task_struct(p);
     read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
 
 
     //如果WNOWAIT 被定义
     if (unlikely(noreap)) {
         pid_t pid = p->pid;
         uid_t uid = p->uid;
         int why = (p->ptrace & PT_PTRACED) ? CLD_TRAPPED : CLD_STOPPED;
 
         exit_code = p->exit_code;
 
         //退出状态码为零,但是过程已经处于退出状态中(僵尸或者是死进程)
         if (unlikely(!exit_code) || unlikely(p->exit_state))
              goto bail_ref;
 
         //把子进程的各项信息保存起来
         //返回值是退出子进程的PID
         return wait_noreap_copyout(p, pid, uid,
                          why, exit_code,
                          infop, ru);
     }
 
 
     write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
     //如果子进程没有退出.只要取子进程的退出信息,再清除子进程的退出信息
     //即可
     exit_code = xchg(&p->exit_code, 0);
     if (unlikely(p->exit_state)) {
         p->exit_code = exit_code;
         exit_code = 0;
     }
     if (unlikely(exit_code == 0)) {
          write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
bail_ref:
         put_task_struct(p);
         return -EAGAIN;
     }
 
     //将子进程加到父进程子链表的末尾
     remove_parent(p);
     add_parent(p);
 
     write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
 
 
     //收集相关的信息
     retval = ru ? getrusage(p, RUSAGE_BOTH, ru) : 0;
     if (!retval && stat_addr)
         retval = put_user((exit_code << 8) | 0x7f, stat_addr);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(SIGCHLD, &infop->si_signo);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(0, &infop->si_errno);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user((short)((p->ptrace & PT_PTRACED)
                         ? CLD_TRAPPED : CLD_STOPPED),
                     &infop->si_code);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(exit_code, &infop->si_status);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(p->pid, &infop->si_pid);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(p->uid, &infop->si_uid);
     if (!retval)
         retval = p->pid;
 
     //减少task的引用计数
     put_task_struct(p);
 
     BUG_ON(!retval);
     return retval;
}
对僵尸进程的操作是由wait_task_zombie()完成的。代如如下:
static int wait_task_zombie(struct task_struct *p, int noreap,
                  struct siginfo __user *infop,
                  int __user *stat_addr, struct rusage __user *ru)
{
     unsigned long state;
     int retval;
     int status;
 
     //WNOWAIT被设置.不需要释放子进程的资源,只要取相关信息即可
     if (unlikely(noreap)) {
         pid_t pid = p->pid;
         uid_t uid = p->uid;
         int exit_code = p->exit_code;
         int why, status;
 
         //子进程不为EXIT_ZOMBIE .异常退出
         if (unlikely(p->exit_state != EXIT_ZOMBIE))
              return 0;
         //没有退出信号具没有被跟踪.退出
         if (unlikely(p->exit_signal == -1 && p->ptrace == 0))
              return 0;
         //增加引用计数
         get_task_struct(p);
         read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
         if ((exit_code & 0x7f) == 0) {
              why = CLD_EXITED;
              status = exit_code >> 8;
         } else {
              why = (exit_code & 0x80) ? CLD_DUMPED : CLD_KILLED;
              status = exit_code & 0x7f;
         }
         //取相关信息
         return wait_noreap_copyout(p, pid, uid, why,
                          status, infop, ru);
     }
 
     /*
      * Try to move the task's state to DEAD
      * only one thread is allowed to do this:
      */
      //将子进程状态设为EXIT_DEAD状态
     state = xchg(&p->exit_state, EXIT_DEAD);
     //如果子进程不为EXIT_ZOMBIE状态,异常退出
     if (state != EXIT_ZOMBIE) {
         BUG_ON(state != EXIT_DEAD);
         return 0;
     }
     //没有退出信号,且没有被跟踪
     if (unlikely(p->exit_signal == -1 && p->ptrace == 0)) {
          return 0;
     }
    
     //子进程的real_parent等于当前父进程.说明子进程并没有被跟踪出去
     if (likely(p->real_parent == p->parent) && likely(p->signal)) {
         struct signal_struct *psig;
         struct signal_struct *sig;
 
         //更新父进程的一些统计信息
         spin_lock_irq(&p->parent->sighand->siglock);
         psig = p->parent->signal;
         sig = p->signal;
         psig->cutime =
              cputime_add(psig->cutime,
              cputime_add(p->utime,
              cputime_add(sig->utime,
                       sig->cutime)));
         psig->cstime =
              cputime_add(psig->cstime,
              cputime_add(p->stime,
              cputime_add(sig->stime,
                       sig->cstime)));
         psig->cmin_flt +=
              p->min_flt + sig->min_flt + sig->cmin_flt;
         psig->cmaj_flt +=
              p->maj_flt + sig->maj_flt + sig->cmaj_flt;
         psig->cnvcsw +=
              p->nvcsw + sig->nvcsw + sig->cnvcsw;
         psig->cnivcsw +=
              p->nivcsw + sig->nivcsw + sig->cnivcsw;
         psig->cinblock +=
              task_io_get_inblock(p) +
              sig->inblock + sig->cinblock;
         psig->coublock +=
              task_io_get_oublock(p) +
              sig->oublock + sig->coublock;
         spin_unlock_irq(&p->parent->sighand->siglock);
     }
 
     /*
      * Now we are sure this task is interesting, and no other
      * thread can reap it because we set its state to EXIT_DEAD.
      */
 
     //取得相关的退出信息
     read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
 
     retval = ru ? getrusage(p, RUSAGE_BOTH, ru) : 0;
     status = (p->signal->flags & SIGNAL_GROUP_EXIT)
         ? p->signal->group_exit_code : p->exit_code;
     if (!retval && stat_addr)
         retval = put_user(status, stat_addr);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(SIGCHLD, &infop->si_signo);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(0, &infop->si_errno);
     if (!retval && infop) {
         int why;
 
         if ((status & 0x7f) == 0) {
              why = CLD_EXITED;
              status >>= 8;
         } else {
              why = (status & 0x80) ? CLD_DUMPED : CLD_KILLED;
              status &= 0x7f;
         }
         retval = put_user((short)why, &infop->si_code);
         if (!retval)
              retval = put_user(status, &infop->si_status);
     }
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(p->pid, &infop->si_pid);
     if (!retval && infop)
         retval = put_user(p->uid, &infop->si_uid);
     if (retval) {
         // TODO: is this safe?
         p->exit_state = EXIT_ZOMBIE;
         return retval;
     }
     retval = p->pid;
 
     //当前进程不是生父进程.则说明进程是被跟踪出去了
 
     // TODO:子进程exit退出的时候,只会向其当前父进程发送信号的哦^_^
     if (p->real_parent != p->parent) {
          write_lock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
         /* Double-check with lock held.  */
         if (p->real_parent != p->parent) {
              //将进程从跟踪链表中脱落,并设置父进程为生父进程
              __ptrace_unlink(p);
              // TODO: is this safe?
              //重新设置为EXIT_ZOMBI状态
              p->exit_state = EXIT_ZOMBIE;
              /*
               * If this is not a detached task, notify the parent.
               * If it's still not detached after that, don't release
               * it now.
               */
 
              //如果允许发送信息,则给生父进程发送相关信号
              if (p->exit_signal != -1) {
                   do_notify_parent(p, p->exit_signal);
                   if (p->exit_signal != -1)
                       p = NULL;
              }
         }
         write_unlock_irq(&tasklist_lock);
     }
 
     //释放子进程的剩余资源
     if (p != NULL)
         release_task(p);
     BUG_ON(!retval);
     return retval;
}
至此,我们看到了继子进程退出之后的完整处理。在此,值得注意的是。子进程在退出的时候会给父进程发送相应的信号(例如SIG_CHILD),默认的信号处理函数也会进行相应的处理。
七:等待队列的操作
在这里,我们第一次接触到了等待队列,我们就以上面的代码做为例子来分析一下。
1:申请一个等待队列:
DECLARE_WAITQUEUE():
//name:等待队列的名字。Tsk:所要操作的task
#define DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(name, tsk)                    \
     wait_queue_t name = __WAITQUEUE_INITIALIZER(name, tsk)
 
#define __WAITQUEUE_INITIALIZER(name, tsk) {                 \
     .private = tsk,                           \
     .func         = default_wake_function,             \
     .task_list    = { NULL, NULL } }
default_wake_function()为默认的唤醒处理函数。
 
2:添加等待队列。
 在上面的代码中,有:
add_wait_queue(¤t->signal->wait_chldexit,&wait);
它的意思是将wait添加至¤t->signal->wait_chldexit中。代码如下:
void fastcall add_wait_queue(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait)
{
     unsigned long flags;
 
     wait->flags &= ~WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
     //为了防止竞争。加锁
     spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
     //添加至队列
     __add_wait_queue(q, wait);
     //解锁
     spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
}
3:唤醒操作:
在do_notify_parent()中有这样的代码片段:
……
__wake_up_parent(tsk, tsk->parent);
……
__wake_up_parent()的代码如下:
static inline void __wake_up_parent(struct task_struct *p,
                       struct task_struct *parent)
{
     wake_up_interruptible_sync(&parent->signal->wait_chldexit);
}
parent->signal->wait_chldexit这个队列很熟吧?我们在父进程中添加的等待队列就是添加在这里哦。^_^
唤醒队列的操作是由wake_up_interruptible_sync()完成的,代码如下:
wake_up_interruptible_sync() à __wake_up_sync()à__wake_up_common():
static void __wake_up_common(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode,
                   int nr_exclusive, int sync, void *key)
{
     struct list_head *tmp, *next;
 
     list_for_each_safe(tmp, next, &q->task_list) {
         wait_queue_t *curr = list_entry(tmp, wait_queue_t, task_list);
         unsigned flags = curr->flags;
 
         if (curr->func(curr, mode, sync, key) &&
                   (flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) && !--nr_exclusive)
              break;
     }
}
上述操作会遍历整个等待队列,然后运行对应的函数。我们在前面申请等待队列的时候,默认的函数为:default_wake_function()。它会将操作的task放入运行队列,并将状态设为RUNING这个函数等之后我们分析进程切换与调度的时候再来分析。
八:小结
通过分析进程的创建,执行与消息等过程,可以对子程管理子系统有一个大概的了解。该子系统与其它子系统关系十分密切。对进程资源的管理和释放是理解这个子系统的难点。在下一个小节点,我们接着分析进程的切换与调度。
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