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2007-08-09 14:27:33

软件测试

来源:

 

主要内容:

本质

术语

分类

调试

IEEE标准

 

定义:

         Glen Myers       Testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors

         Paul Jorgensen

         Testing is obviously concerned with errors, faults, failures and incidents. A test is the act of exercising software with test cases with an objective of

         Finding failure

         Demonstrate correct execution

 

测试的生命周期:

      

 

术语:

         Error

        Represents mistakes made by people

         Fault

        Is result of error. May be categorized as

         Fault of Commission – we enter something into representation that is incorrect

         Fault of Omission – Designer can make error of omission, the resulting fault is that something is missing that should have been present in the representation

         Failure

        Occurs when fault executes.

         Incident

        Behavior of fault. An incident is the symptom(s) associated with a failure that alerts user to the occurrence of a failure

         Test case

        Associated with program behavior. It carries set of input and list of expected output

         Verification

        Process of determining whether output of one phase of development conforms to its previous phase.

         Validation

        Process of determining whether a fully developed system conforms to its SRS document

Verification versus Validation

 

         Verification is concerned with phase containment of errors

         Validation is concerned about the final product to be error free

 

 

测试分类:

         There are two levels of classification

        One distinguishes at granularity level

         Unit level

         System level

         Integration level

        Other classification (mostly for unit level) is based on methodologies

         Black box (Functional) Testing

         White box (Structural) Testing

         2, 5

        Specified behavior that are not tested

         1, 4

        Specified behavior that are tested

         3, 7

        Test cases corresponding to unspecified behavior

 

         2, 6

        Programmed behavior that are not tested

         1, 3

        Programmed behavior that are tested

         4, 7

        Test cases corresponding to un-programmed behaviors

         

         there are no test cases, the testing is incomplete

         If there are test cases that correspond to unspecified behaviors

        Either such test cases are unwarranted

        Specification is deficient (also implies that testers should participate in specification and design reviews)

测试方法:

         Functional (Black box) inspects specified behavior

         Structural (White box) inspects programmed behavior

 

         Few set of guidelines available

         A logical approach could be

        Prepare functional test cases as part of specification. However they could be used only after unit and/or system is available.

        Preparation of Structural test cases could be part of implementation/code phase.

        Unit, Integration and System testing are performed in order.

单元测试的本质:

         Applicable to modular design

        Unit testing inspects individual modules

         Locate error in smaller region

        In an integrated system, it may not be easier to determine which module has caused fault

        Reduces debugging efforts

测试用例

         Test case is a triplet [I, S, O] where

        I is input data

        S is state of system at which data will be input

        O is the expected output

         Test suite is set of all test cases

         Test cases are not randomly selected. Instead even they need to be designed.

测试用例需要设计

         Almost every non-trivial system has an extremely large input data domain thereby making exhaustive testing impractical

         If randomly selected then test case may loose significance since it may expose an already detected error by some other test case

         Number of test cases do not determine the effectiveness

         Each test case should detect different errors

 

黑盒测试

         Equivalence class partitioning   等价类划分

         Boundary value analysis          边界值分析

         Comparison testing                 比较测试

         Orthogonal array testing          矩阵测试(正交阵列?)

         Decision Table based testing    基于决策表测试

        Cause Effect Graph

         等价类划分和边界值分析经常有共同的地方,测试时选值要选边界值

 

 

因果图:

           Testing would be a lot easier:

        if we could automatically generate test cases from requirements.

         Work done at IBM:

        Can requirements specifications be systematically used to design functional test cases?

         Examine the requirements:

        restate them as logical relation between inputs and outputs.

        The result is a Boolean graph representing  the relationships

         called a cause-effect graph.

         Convert the graph to a decision table:

        each column of the decision table corresponds to a test case for functional testing.

创建步骤:

         Study the functional requirements.

         Mark and number all causes and effects.

         Numbered causes and effects:

        become nodes of the graph.

         Draw causes on the  LHS

         Draw effects on the RHS

         Draw logical relationship between causes and effects

        as edges in the graph.

         Extra nodes can be added

        to simplify the graph

         Refer “On the Experience of Using Cause-Effect Graphs for Software Specification and Test Generation” by Amit Paradkar. ACM Publications

白盒测试

           Statement coverage

         Branch coverage

         Path coverage

         Condition coverage

         Mutation testing

         Data flow-based testing

 


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chinaunix网友2008-05-12 11:05:56

有没有其他关于测试的资料呀?我想要学习测试 ,如果有测试方面的资料,能给我发一份吗? 先说声谢谢! 我的邮箱是:yanjianhua1106@163.com