安裝應用軟體：The Ports collection

Ports安裝設定：

用的方式安裝基本的應用軟體。而FreeBSD原則上會到各應用軟體的總站臺下載原始程式後才編譯、安裝，如此速度上會顯得很慢。因此，我們必須設定FreeBSD只需到交大資工系(或者是臺灣地區其他的mirror站)來抓取原始程式碼即可。

cp /etc/defaults/make.conf /etc/
vi /etc/make.conf

將：

# Port master sites.
#
# If you want your port fetches to go somewhere else than the default
# (specified below) in case the distfile/patchfile was not found,
# uncomment this and change it to a location nearest you.  (Don't
# remove the "/${DIST_SUBDIR}/" part.)
#
#MASTER_SITE_BACKUP?=   \
#       ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/
#
# If you want your port fetches to check the above site first (before
# the MASTER_SITES specified in the port Makefiles), uncomment the
# line below.  You can also change the right side to point to wherever
# you want.
#
#MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE?= ${MASTER_SITE_BACKUP}
#

改為：

# Port master sites.
#
# If you want your port fetches to go somewhere else than the default
# (specified below) in case the distfile/patchfile was not found,
# uncomment this and change it to a location nearest you.  (Don't
# remove the "/${DIST_SUBDIR}/" part.)
#

MASTER_SITE_BACKUP?=    \
     ftp://ftp.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp5.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp10.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp2.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp3.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp4.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp7.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp8.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp9.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp11.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp12.tw.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/\
     ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/${DIST_SUBDIR}/

#
# If you want your port fetches to check the above site first (before
# the MASTER_SITES specified in the port Makefiles), uncomment the
# line below.  You can also change the right side to point to wherever
# you want.
#
MASTER_SITE_OVERRIDE?= ${MASTER_SITE_BACKUP}
#

上述站台的排列原則是，哪一台的網路連線與您的網路環境最佳者，排在第一個。

抓檔案時，如果第一台抓不到，會依序向第二台詢問有沒有。如果都問完了，還是沒有，就會到國外的原始站台去抓。不過，這種情形應該很少見到。

---

開始用Ports安裝應用軟體：

cd /usr/ports/net/cvsup-without-gui; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade	; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/ftp/wget		; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/security/sudo	; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/shells/bash2	; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/ftp/ncftp3	; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/mail/imap-uw	; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/mail/qpopper	; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/security/pidentd 	; make install clean
cd /usr/ports/misc/gnuls ; make install clean

其中，cvsup-without-gui 與 portupgrade 是屬於系統更新( src 及 ports-tree )的工具軟體，建議您一定要裝。

---

查看安裝之後的結果：

pkg_info
autoconf-2.13_1     Automatically configure source code on many Un*x platforms
bash-2.05           The GNU Bourne Again Shell
gettext-0.10.35     GNU gettext package
gettext-0.10.38     GNU gettext package
gmake-3.79.1        GNU version of 'make' utility
isc-dhcp3-3.0.r11   ISC Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol client and server code
libiconv-1.7_1      A character set conversion library
libtool-1.3.4_2     Generic shared library support script
m4-1.4              GNU's m4
ncftp3-3.0.3        ftp replacement with advanced user interface
pidentd-2.8.5       An RFC1413 identification server
qpopper-4.0.3_1     Berkeley POP 3 server (now maintained by Qualcomm)
wget-1.7_3          Retrieve files from the 'net via HTTP and FTP

---

大海撈針：搜尋某一ports

cd /usr/ports
make search key="popper" | more

cd /usr/ports
make search key="libiconv" | grep Path: | grep libiconv

Port:   qpopper-2.53_2
Path:   /usr/ports/mail/popper
Info:   Berkeley POP 3 server (now maintained by Qualcomm)
Maint:  [e-mail]
Index:  mail
B-deps:
R-deps:

Port:   qpopper-4.0.3_1
Path:   /usr/ports/mail/qpopper
Info:   Berkeley POP 3 server (now maintained by Qualcomm)
Maint:  [e-mail]
Index:  mail ipv6
B-deps: autoconf-2.13_1 m4-1.4
R-deps:

Port:軟體名稱，Path:路徑，Info:訊息，Maint:維護者，Index:類型。

cd /usr/ports
make search key="libiconv" | grep Path: | grep libiconv

---

ports-tree的更新

cd /usr/ports

fetch 
cvsup -g -L 2 cvsupfile-ports

我以HiNet-ADSL在FreeBSD 4.2-RELEASE上至NCTU更新ports，共花費了01:07:00。

而在苗栗縣網中，以FreeBSD 4.6-RELEASE至NCTU更新ports，只花費了00:05:00。

這個更新的內容預設值是全部的ports，所需耗費的時間相對就很長。您可以只選擇其中的一部份來更新即可，只要改cvsupfile-ports檔案最底下的那一行(ports-all)。

ports-base:	/usr/ports/...		misc files at the top of /usr/ports
ports-archivers:	/usr/ports/archivers	archiving tools
ports-audio:	/usr/ports/audio		sound support
ports-benchmarks:	/usr/ports/benchmarks	benchmarks
ports-cad:	/usr/ports/cad		CAD tools
ports-comms:	/usr/ports/comms		communication software
ports-databases:	/usr/ports/databases	databases
ports-devel:	/usr/ports/devel		development utilities
ports-editors:	/usr/ports/editors		editors
ports-emulators:	/usr/ports/emulators	emulators for other OSes
ports-games:	/usr/ports/games		games
ports-graphics:	/usr/ports/graphics	various graphics utilities
ports-japanese:	/usr/ports/japanese	Japanese software.
ports-lang:	/usr/ports/lang		programming languages
ports-mail:	/usr/ports/mail		mail software
ports-math:	/usr/ports/math		numerical computation software
ports-misc:	/usr/ports/misc		miscellaneous utilities
ports-net:	/usr/ports/net		networking software
ports-news:	/usr/ports/news		USENET news software
ports-plan9:	/usr/ports/plan9		various programs from Plan9
ports-print:	/usr/ports/print		printing software
ports-russian:	/usr/ports/russian		Russian software
ports-security:	/usr/ports/security	``security'' utilities, for better or for worse
ports-shells:	/usr/ports/shells		various UN*X shells
ports-sysutils:	/usr/ports/sysutils	system utilities
ports-www:	/usr/ports/www		software related to the world wide web
ports-x11:	/usr/ports/x11		X11 software

---

用 ports 安裝的軟體，遇有該軟體版本更新時如何處置？

請先做「ports-tree的更新」的動作，之後再分別執行下列三道指令：

portsdb -Uu

pkgdb -F

portupgrade -aWy

備註：執行 portsdb -Uu 時，會有令人覺得當機的味道。別耽心，耐心的稍等一下下就好。

---

portupgrade時，改變預設的編譯安裝選項

編輯 /usr/local/etc/pkgtools.conf

MAKE_ARGS = {
    'databases/mysql323-*' => 'WITH_CHARSET=big5',
    'databases/mysql323-*' => 'SKIP_INSTALL_DB=yes',
    'databases/phpmyadmin' => 'MYADMDIR?=www/data/phpMyAdmin',
    'www/apache13' => 'WITH_APACHE_SUEXEC=yes',
}

mysql 安裝時，預設不支援中文；而phpMyAdmin預設的安裝路徑則在www/data.default/phpMyAdmin，與apache不同，害我裝了之後找好久才找到。

這只是舉例，更詳細的安裝選項，請查看每個 PORTS 中的 Makefile 檔案。

---

版本衝突時

pkgdb -F

Duplicated origin: sysutils/portupgrade - portupgrade-20020706 portupgrade-20020805
Unregister any of them? [no] yes

Unregister portupgrade-20020706 keeping the installed files intact? [no] no

---

portupgrade 強制更新 (操作於 FreeBSD 4.6.2-RELEASE )

• 未更新 PORTS-TREE 前，portupgrade 已安裝的版本：

  pkg_info | grep portupgrade
  portupgrade-20020429 Very powerful FreeBSD ports/packages upgrading tool and mor

• 更新 PORTS-TREE 之後，PORTS 中 portupgrade 的版本：

  grep \PORTVERSION= /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade/Makefile

  PORTVERSION= 20020805

• 執行 portupgrade 後，portupgrade 自己並未更新。

• 強制以新的portupgrade取代舊的portupgrade-20020429

  portupgrade    -o    /usr/ports/sysutils/portupgrade    portupgrade-20020429

• 再檢查一遍portupgrade 安裝的版本：

  pkg_info | grep portupgrade

  portupgrade-20020805 Very powerful FreeBSD ports/packages upgrading tool and mor

---

升級 perl 之後及 openwebmail 安裝使用的相關問題

有太多的程式和 perl 相關，剛開始的時候它們「都認識」系統中預設的 perl
有天，我使用 PORTS 中的 /usr/ports/lang/perl5.8 來升級 perl
升級完，也依照指示
use.perl port

之後卻發現，新版的 perl 好像「誰都不認識」
因此，如果原本的系統跑得好好的，卻突然啥事都不對勁，大概就是和 perl 的升級有關。

其實，只要使用 portupgrade 就可解決此一問題。

portupgrade -f perl-5.8.\* -m "ENABLE_SUIDPERL=yes"

rehash

use.perl port

portupgrade \
-m "-DFORCE_PKG_REGISTER" \
-rf perl-5.8.\* \
-x perl-5.8.\* \
-l /tmp/portupgrade.log

說明：

-f "perl-5.8.*"
強迫更新，就算版本號碼相同，也會將 perl 重新編譯一次。

-m "ENABLE_SUIDPERL=yes"
在 make 時送出 ENABLE_SUIDPERL=yes 的參數，這個參數值在配合 openwebmail 使用時特別需要，否則 openwebmail 會 error
ps. 此部份的參數與值，建議寫入 pkgtools.conf 中。若是，則可省略此參數。

-r "perl-5.8.*"
把相依於 perl-5.8 的軟體一起更新
到底有多少軟體相依於 perl 呢？天知道，我一點概念也沒有，就讓 portupgrade 幫我做吧！

---

FreshPorts

每一個ports都有專人負責，其更新也是非常迅速，這兒有第一手資料。

---

網路上的相關文件：

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其他：

• make install ： 安裝所選定的 Port
• make deinstall ： 移除已安裝的 Port
• make reinstall ： 移除之後再安裝一次
• make clean ： 安裝完畢後移除 make 資料夾下的檔案
• make distclean ： 移除安裝後的原始檔案，以節省磁碟空間

• make all-depends-list
• make install
• make install clean
• make install clean distclean