分类： LINUX
2015-11-06 15:25:31
This article covers basic Linux firewall management, with specific reference to the information needed for the certification exam. Extra information is required for the certification exam, which will be supplied by another article.
Remember, the exams are hands-on, so it doesn't matter which method you use to achieve the result, so long as the end product is correct.
Most installations will include the firewall functionality. If you need to manually install it, the following commands will install the IP4 and IP6 firewall functionality. In this article we will only consider the IP4 settings.
# yum install iptables # yum install iptables-ipv6
Make sure the service is started and will auto-start on reboot.
# service iptables start # chkconfig --level 345 iptables onYou can check the current status of the service using the following command.
# service iptables status Table: filter Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination 1 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 2 ACCEPT icmp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 3 ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 4 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21 5 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22 6 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80 7 ACCEPT tcp -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state NEW tcp dpt:443 8 REJECT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination 1 REJECT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 reject-with icmp-host-prohibited Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) num target prot opt source destination
To disable the firewall, run the following commands.
# service iptables stop # chkconfig iptables off
The GUI screen to control the firewall is available from the menu (System > Administration > Firewall) or can be started from the command line using the system-config-firewall command. If it is not already present, it can be installed using the following command.
# yum install system-config-firewall
Once started, the toolbar provides buttons to allow the firewall to be enabled/disabled. You can also configure basic trusted services, such as SSH, FTP and HTTP, by putting a tick in the appropriate checkbox and clicking the "Apply" button on the toolbar.
The "Other Ports" section allows you to open ports that are not covered in the "Trusted Services" section.
The TUI utility is similar to the GUI utility shown above, but it feels incredibly clumsy in comparison. If it is not already present, it can be installed using the following command.
# yum install system-config-firewall-tui
Running the system-config-firewall-tui command from the command line produces the top-level screen, allowing you to enable/disable the firewall. Use the space bar to toggle the setting, the tab key to navigate between buttons and the return key to click them.
To alter the Trusted Services, tab to the "Customize" button and press the return key. Amend the list using the arrow and space keys.
You can close out of the customization section at any point. The other sections of the GUI tool are available by clicking the "Forward" button on each successive screen.
In addition to the GUI and TUI interfaces, the firewall rules can be amended directly using the iptables command. There are vast number of parameters, so I will just focus on the elements necessary for the RHCSA exam.
The firewall consists of chains of rules that determine what action should be taken for packets processed by the system. By default, there are three chains defined:
Each chain can contain multiple explicit rules that are checked in order. If a rule matches, the associated action (ACCEPT and DROP being the most common) is taken. If no specific rule is found, the default policy is used to determine the action to take.
Since the default policy is a catch-all, one of two basic methods can be chosen for each chain.
The safest option is to set the default policy to DROP for the INPUT and FORWARD chains, so it is perhaps a little surprising that the GUI and TUI tools set the default policies to ACCEPT, then use an explicit REJECT as the last rule in these chains.
# iptables -L -v --line-numbers Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1 11 812 ACCEPT all -- any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 2 0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- any any anywhere anywhere 3 0 0 ACCEPT all -- lo any anywhere anywhere 4 1 100 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere state NEW tcp dpt:ssh 5 0 0 REJECT all -- any any anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-host-prohibited Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes) num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1 0 0 REJECT all -- any any anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-host-prohibited Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 6 packets, 744 bytes) num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination #
This works fine, but if you accidentally get rid of the last rule in the chain you are in trouble. For this reason, for the remainder of this section I will assume that the default policy for INPUT and FORWARD isDROP. For the OUTPUT chain I will assume any packets originating from the system are safe, so I will ACCEPT any outgoing packets.
The default policy for a chain is set using the "-P" flag. In the following example, assuming no specific rules were present, all communication to and from the server would be prevented.
# iptables -P INPUT DROP # iptables -P FORWARD DROP # iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
Warning: If you are administering the firewall via SSH, having a default INPUT policy of DROP will cut your session off if you get rid of the explicit rules that accept SSH access. As a result, it makes sense to start any administration by setting the default policies to ACCEPT and only switch them back to DROP once the chains have been built to your satisfaction. The following example temporarily sets the default policies to ACCEPT.
# iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT # iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT # iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
The next thing we want to do if flush any existing rules, leaving just the default policies. This is done using the "-F" flag.
# iptables -F
Now we need to define specific rules for the type of access we want the server to have. Focusing on the INPUT chain, we can grant access to packets in a number of ways.
# Accept packets from specific interfaces. iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -j ACCEPT # Accept packets from specific hosts. iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.122.1 -j ACCEPT # Accept packets from a specific subnet. iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.122.0/24 -j ACCEPT iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.122.0/255.255.255.0 -j ACCEPT # Accept packets from specific host, checking the MAC address. iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.122.1 -m mac --mac-source 52:54:00:91:6A:B3 -j ACCEPT # Accept packets from a specific port. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Accept packets from connections in a specific state. iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Combinations of all of the above. iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -s 192.168.122.0/24 --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
Once the explicit rules are defined, we need to set the real default policies.
# iptables -P INPUT DROP # iptables -P FORWARD DROP # iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
Rule and policy definitions take effect immediately.To make sure they persists beyond reboot the current configuration must be saved to the "/etc/sysconfig/iptables" file using the following command.
# service iptables save
If you are using Fedora, you may need to use the following command instead.
# iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables
As you can imagine, even in a simple configuration this process can get a bit long-winded, so it makes sense to combine all the elements of the firewall definition into a single file so it can be amended and run repeatedly. Create a file called "/root/firewall.sh" with the following contents. Think of this as your starting point for each server.
#!/bin/bash # Set the default policies to allow everything while we set up new rules. # Prevents cutting yourself off when running from remote SSH. iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT iptables -P FORWARD ACCEPT iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT # Flush any existing rules, leaving just the defaults iptables -F # Open port 21 for incoming FTP requests. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT # Open port 22 for incoming SSH connections. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # Limit to eth0 from a specific IP subnet if required. #iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -s 192.168.122.0/24 --dport 22 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT # Open port 80 for incoming HTTP requests. iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT # Open port 443 for incoming HTTPS requests. (uncomment if required) #iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT # *** Put any additions to the INPUT chain here. # # *** End of additions to INPUT chain. # Accept any localhost (loopback) calls. iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT # Allow any existing connection to remain. iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT # Reset the default policies to stop all incoming and forward requests. iptables -P INPUT DROP iptables -P FORWARD DROP # Accept any outbound requests from this server. iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT # Save the settings. service iptables save # Use the following command in Fedora #iptables-save > /etc/sysconfig/iptables # Display the settings. iptables -L -v --line-numbers
Make the file executable.
# chmod u+x /root/firewall.sh
Run the file to set the required firewall rules.
# /root/firewall.sh iptables: Saving firewall rules to /etc/sysconfig/iptables:[ OK ] Chain INPUT (policy DROP 4457 packets, 522K bytes) num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 1 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ftp 2 1394 116K ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:ssh 3 0 0 ACCEPT tcp -- any any anywhere anywhere tcp dpt:http 4 8 400 ACCEPT all -- lo any anywhere anywhere 5 96358 138M ACCEPT all -- any any anywhere anywhere state RELATED,ESTABLISHED Chain FORWARD (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes) num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 50890 packets, 2890K bytes) num pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination #
The iptables command also allows you to insert (-I), delete (-D) and replace (-R) rules, but if you work using a file as described above, you never need to use these variations.
If you are using the server as an Oracle database server, you will probably want to make sure the SSH and Oracle listener ports are accessible. You could lock these down to specific source IP addresses, but for a quick setup, you could just do the following, where "1521" is the port used for the listener.
# service iptables start # chkconfig iptables on # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT # iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 1521 -j ACCEPT # service iptables save # service iptables status
