网站服务器
主要任务:
根据开发设计需求架设大型的网站服务器
主要软件:
apache+jboss+oracle
简称:LAJO
apache+php+mysql
简称:LAMP
proftpd+mysql
简称:LPM
ssh+expect
iptables
bind
mail
具体要求:
海量用户访问
海量用户存储
(国内外互通)
南北互通.
需求分析:
1.保证高要求高质量高性能,需要选择系*nix操作平台(这里选择as4.3);
2.保证高访问量高数据处理,需要选数商业数据库(这里选择oracle9.2.0.4);
3.解决南北互通(包括国内外互通),需要架设基于bind-view功能的智能DNS服务器.
4.使用流行的B/S,C/S程序架构,需要选择了JBOSS服务器.
5.更好地处理静态页面效果,需要选择了Apache服务器.
6.根据程序注册用户与上传要求,需要架设ftp服务器.
7.时时自动化系统监控,需要架设LAPM服务器.(这里使用软件cacti).
8.公司与客户交流,需要架设邮件服务器.(这里使用postfix+extmail).
9.自动化文件数据处理与安全设置,需expect+ssh+iptables结合shell脚本.
10.海量,需要集群负载均衡与配备存储设备.
具体流程:
1.硬件采购.
这里略.
2.操作系统安装
安装redhat as 4.3
系统空间划分(略)
安装开发环境,DNS,LAMP环境所需软件包.
并确认以下包已安装:
compat-db
compat-gcc
compat-gcc-32
compat-oracle-rhel4
compat-libcwait
compat-libgcc
compat-libstdc++-296
compat-libstdc++-33
gcc
gcc-c++
gnome-libs
gnome-libs-devel
libaio-devel
libaio
make
openmotif21
xorg-x11-deprecated-libs-devel
xorg-x11-deprecated-libs
sysstat disk4
openmotif21 disk3
libaio disk3
libaio-devel disk3
freetype-devel disk3
fontconfig-devel disk3
xorg-x11-devel- disk3
xorg-x11-deprecated-libs-devel- disk3
glib-devel disk4
ORBit-devel disk4
gtk+-devel disk4
alsa-lib-devel disk3
audiofile-devel disk3
esound-devel- disk3
libjpeg-devel- disk3
libtiff-devel- disk3
libungif-devel- disk3
imlib-devel disk4
gnome-libs-devel disk4
expect disk4
注意:我遇到的一个问题：全新的dell服务器1.5T,raid5,重没有安装过任何系统，硬盘也没有分区，直接用as4.3安装盘安装提示：内存错误，蓝屏，而安装失败。用了好几种linux系统盘（包括windows安装盘）都如此，（手里没有硬盘格式分区工具，没有测试是否可以硬盘分区。）官方发行版说不支持超过2G内存，于是安装系统时先卸下2G内存，待安装完毕在请求支持超过2G内存的内核安装后就可以支持4G内存了，倘如日后全新安装系统不使用hugemem而使用默认的smp内核也能识别4G内存，更不会出现蓝屏问题。关于之中奥妙，还没有仔细研究过。。。。
#rpm –ivh kernel-elhugemem….rpm
修改启动文件grub.conf确保新安装的内核为优先启动.
#cat /etc/grub.conf
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,1)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda8
# initrd /initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,1)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS (2.6.9-22.ELhugemem)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-22.ELhugemem ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-22.ELhugemem.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS (2.6.9-22.ELsmp)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-22.ELsmp ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-22.ELsmp.img
title Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS-up (2.6.9-22.EL)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.9-22.EL ro root=LABEL=/ rhgb quiet
initrd /initrd-2.6.9-22.EL.img
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
如果hiddenmenu
下面的内容顺序不对,请修改default=x(x对应ELhugemem项)
重启并加载另外2G内存.
这样让系统支持4G内存的正常运行.
2)系统安装完毕请 作连接: #ln –s /tmp /temp
3.配置DNS
由于要南北互通,开源得只有使用view的ACL访问控制列表文件来实现多线路的自动导向.
(当然也有其他的商业解决办法,比如智能路由与交换机的设置来实现,我们这里使用开源的而且容易实现与调整的解决软件bind)
关于view的ACL获得办法有很多途径,这里不一一商讨.
具体架设参考如下
默认安装的bind为9系列的,已经支持view,配置分为三步骤分别如下所示.
(1)修改named.conf
(2)创建与配置hosts
(3)域名解析
#vi /etc/named.conf
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
//
// named.conf for Red Hat caching-nameserver
//
options {
directory "/var/named";
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt";
/*
* If there is a firewall between you and nameservers you want
* to talk to, you might need to uncomment the query-source
* directive below. Previous versions of BIND always asked
* questions using port 53, but BIND 8.1 uses an unprivileged
* port by default.
*/
// query-source address * port 53;
};
//
// a caching only nameserver config
//
controls {
inet 127.0.0.1 allow { localhost; } keys { rndckey; };
};
include "/etc/rndc.key";
//modify by mingfu 060404
acl "CNC" {
58.16.0.0/16;
58.17.0.0/17;
58.17.128.0/17;
58.18.0.0/16;
58.19.0.0/16;
58.20.0.0/16;
58.21.0.0/16;
58.22.0.0/15;
58.240.0.0/15;
58.242.0.0/15;
58.244.0.0/15;
58.246.0.0/15;
58.248.0.0/13;
60.0.0.0/13;
60.8.0.0/15;
60.10.0.0/16;
60.11.0.0/16;
60.12.0.0/16;
60.13.0.0/18;
60.13.128.0/17;
60.14.0.0/15;
60.16.0.0/13;
60.24.0.0/14;
60.30.0.0/16;
60.31.0.0/16;
60.208.0.0/13;
60.216.0.0/15;
60.218.0.0/15;
60.220.0.0/14;
61.48.0.0/13;
61.133.0.0/17;
61.134.96.0/19;
61.134.128.0/17;
61.135.0.0/16;
61.137.128.0/17;
61.138.0.0/17;
61.138.128.0/18;
61.139.128.0/18;
61.148.0.0/15;
61.156.0.0/16;
61.159.0.0/18;
61.161.0.0/18;
61.161.128.0/17;
61.162.0.0/16;
61.163.0.0/16;
61.167.0.0/16;
61.168.0.0/16;
61.176.0.0/16;
61.179.0.0/16;
61.181.0.0/16;
61.182.0.0/16;
61.189.0.0/17;
125.32.0.0/16;
125.40.0.0/13;
202.96.0.0/18;
202.96.64.0/21;
202.96.72.0/21;
202.97.128.0/18;
202.97.224.0/21;
202.97.240.0/20;
202.98.0.0/21;
202.98.8.0/21;
202.99.64.0/19;
202.99.96.0/21;
202.99.128.0/19;
202.99.160.0/21;
202.99.168.0/21;
202.99.176.0/20;
202.99.208.0/20;
202.99.224.0/21;
202.99.232.0/21;
202.99.240.0/20;
202.102.128.0/21;
202.102.224.0/21;
202.102.232.0/21;
202.106.0.0/16;
202.107.0.0/17;
202.108.0.0/16;
202.110.0.0/17;
202.111.128.0/18;
203.93.8.0/24;
203.93.192.0/18;
210.13.128.0/17;
210.14.160.0/19;
210.14.192.0/19;
210.15.32.0/19;
210.15.96.0/19;
210.15.128.0/18;
210.21.0.0/16;
210.52.128.0/17;
210.53.0.0/17;
210.53.128.0/17;
210.74.96.0/19;
210.74.128.0/19;
210.82.0.0/15;
218.8.0.0/14;
218.12.0.0/16;
218.21.128.0/17;
218.24.0.0/14;
218.56.0.0/14;
218.60.0.0/15;
218.67.128.0/17;
218.68.0.0/15;
218.104.0.0/14;
219.154.0.0/15;
219.156.0.0/15;
219.158.0.0/17;
219.158.128.0/17;
219.159.0.0/18;
220.252.0.0/16;
221.0.0.0/15;
221.2.0.0/16;
221.3.0.0/17;
221.3.128.0/17;
221.4.0.0/16;
221.5.0.0/17;
221.5.128.0/17;
221.6.0.0/16;
221.7.0.0/19;
221.7.32.0/19;
221.7.64.0/19;
221.7.96.0/19;
221.8.0.0/15;
221.10.0.0/16;
221.11.0.0/17;
221.11.128.0/18;
221.11.192.0/19;
221.12.0.0/17;
221.12.128.0/18;
221.13.0.0/18;
221.13.64.0/19;
221.13.96.0/19;
221.13.128.0/17;
221.14.0.0/15;
221.192.0.0/15;
221.194.0.0/16;
221.195.0.0/16;
221.196.0.0/15;
221.198.0.0/16;
221.199.0.0/19;
221.199.32.0/20;
221.199.128.0/18;
221.199.192.0/20;
221.200.0.0/14;
221.204.0.0/15;
221.206.0.0/16;
221.207.0.0/18;
221.207.64.0/18;
221.207.128.0/17;
221.208.0.0/14;
221.212.0.0/16;
221.213.0.0/16;
221.216.0.0/13;
222.128.0.0/14;
222.132.0.0/14;
222.136.0.0/13;
222.160.0.0/15;
222.162.0.0/16;
222.163.0.0/19;
222.163.32.0/19;
222.163.64.0/18;
222.163.128.0/17;
};
view "view_cnc" {
match-clients { CNC; };
zone "." {
type hint;
file "named.ca";
};
zone "0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
type master;
file "localhost.rev";
};
include "master/cnc.def";
};
view "view_any" {
match-clients { any; };
zone "." {
type hint;
file "named.ca";
};
zone "0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
type master;
file "localhost.rev";
};
include "master/telecom.def";
};
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
#mkdir /var/named/master
#mkdir /var/named/master/cnc
#mkdir /var/named/master/telecom
#touch /var/named/master/cnc.def
#touch /var/named/master/telecom.def
说明:关于如何进行域名解析配置:
@Zone区文件配置:
Master/Cnc.def 网通
Master/Telecom.def 电信
*.def文件里面为解析域名的zone配置区设置部分.
@Hosts 区文件配置
Master/Cnc 网通
Master/Telecom 电信
下面以解析为例
#vi /var/named/master/cnc.def
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
zone "xxxx.com" {
type master;
file "master/cnc/xxxx.com";
};
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
#vi /var/named/master/telecom.def
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
zone "xxxx.com" {
type master;
file "master/telecom/xxxx.com";
};
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
#vi /var/named/master/cnc/xxxx.com
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
$TTL 3600
$ORIGIN xxxx.com.
@ IN SOA ns.xxxx.com. root.ns.xxxx.com.(
2005121013 ;Serial
3600 ; Refresh ( seconds )
900 ; Retry ( seconds )
68400 ; Expire ( seconds )
15 );Minimum TTL for Zone ( seconds )
;
@ IN NS ns.xxxx.com.
@ IN MX xxxx.com.
;;ip for cnc
@ IN A x.x.x.x(网通IP)
www IN A x.x.x.x(网通IP)
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
#vi /var/named/master/telecom/xxxx.com
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
$TTL 3600
$ORIGIN xxxx.com.
@ IN SOA ns.xxxx.com. root.ns.xxxx.com.(
2005121013 ;Serial
3600 ; Refresh ( seconds )
900 ; Retry ( seconds )
68400 ; Expire ( seconds )
15 );Minimum TTL for Zone ( seconds )
;
@ IN NS ns.xxxx.com.
@ IN MX xxxx.com.
;;ip for telecom
@ IN A x.x.x.x(电信IP)
www IN A x.x.x.x(电信IP)
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
客服端测试:
nslookup --type=a xxxx.com x.x.x.x(网通任意一个DNS服务器IP)
nslookup --type=a xxxx.com x.x.x.x(电信任意一个DNS服务器IP)
看到的为配置文件中对应ip则解析配置正常.
注意:
上面的xxxxx.com需要修改DNS解析服务器为
ns.xxxxx.com
对应IP为:网通IP.
备注:
1).在这里做了网通与非网通的访问控制,用于实现南北互通,如要国内外互通,需要在列出一个相应的访问控制列表ACL就可以实现了.
2).关于使用tar包编译安装请参看:
4.配置LAJO
软件:
Apache2.0.58
JBOSS.4.0.3SP1
Oracle9.2.0.4
Mod-jk1.12
配置:
1)apache+mod-jk
#tar zxvf httpd-2.0.58.tar.gz
#cd httpd-2.0.58
#./configure --enable-MODULE=shared --enable-so --with-mpm=worker
#make&&make install
#tar zxvf jakarta-tomcat-connectors-1.2.14.1-src.tar.gz
#cd /home/software/jakarta-tomcat-connectors-1.2.14.1-src/jk/native
# ./configure --with-apxs=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs
#make
# cp ./apache-2.0/mod_jk.so /usr/local/apache2/modules
httpd.conf的修改
该文件的路径位于$APACHE-HOME/conf
上述编译过程中我们选用的worker模式，因此我们将修改worker模块的配置
StartServers 4 #最初建立进程的数量
ServerLimit 24 #进程建立的最大数量，硬限制
ThreadLimit 128 #每一进程能创建线程的最大数量，硬限制，该参数建议#和ThreadsPerChild一致，如果ThreadLimit > ThreadsPerChild的话，会造成不##必要的内存消耗。
MaxClients 3072 #同时可以得到处理的客户端的最大数量
MinSpareThreads 100 #所有进程中空闲线程的总数最小数值
MaxSpareThreads 200 #所有进程中空闲线程的总数最大数值
ThreadsPerChild 128 #每个子进程可以建立的固定数量的线程
MaxRequestsPerChild 0 #用于控制服务器建立和结束进程的频率,为0表示没有#限制，但在solaris OS下该值可能会出错，可以设置为1000或2000。根据系统#的并发负载吧。
同时修改与新增httpd.conf如下内容：
Include conf/mod_jk2.conf
User xxxx
Group 5dxc
DocumentRoot "/site"
NameVirtualHost IP:80
ServerAdmin
DocumentRoot /site
ServerName IP
ErrorLog logs/ip-error_log
CustomLog logs/ip-access_log common
ServerAdmin
DocumentRoot /var/www/html
ServerName admin.xxxx.com
ErrorLog logs/ip-error_log
CustomLog logs/ip-access_log common
#vi $APACHE-HOME/conf/mod_jk2.conf
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
LoadModule jk_module modules/mod_jk.so
JkWorkersFile conf/workers2.properties
JkLogFile logs/mod_jk.log
# Set the jk log level [debug/error/info]
JkLogLevel info
# Select the log format
JkLogStampFormat "[%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y] "
# JkOptions indicate to send SSL KEY SIZE,
JkOptions +ForwardKeySize +ForwardURICompat -ForwardDirectories
# JkRequestLogFormat set the request format
JkRequestLogFormat "%w %V %T"
JkMount /* loadbalancer
#apache will serve the static picture.
#以下命令意味着所有的图片与htm,css,js页面将由APACHE解析其它交由jboss处理
JkUnMount /*.jpg loadbalancer
JkUnMount /*.gif loadbalancer
JkUnMount /*.swf loadbalancer
JkUnMount /*.bmp loadbalancer
JkUnMount /*.png loadbalancer
JkUnMount /*.js loadbalancer
JkUnMount /*.css loadbalancer
JkUnMount /*.htm loadbalancer
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
#vi $APACHE-HOME/conf/ uriworkermap.properties
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
/jmx-console=loadbalancer
/jmx-console/*=loadbalancer
/web-console=loadbalancer
/web-console/*=loadbalancer
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
#vi $APACHE-HOME/conf/uriworkermap.properties
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
worker.list=loadbalancer,status
worker.node1.port=8009
worker.node1.host=192.168.0.192(请填写服务器的IP)
worker.node1.type=ajp13
worder.node1.lbfactor=1
worker.node1.cachesize=10
worker.node2.port=8009
worker.node1.host=localhost
worker.node1.type=ajp13
worder.node1.lbfactor=1
worker.node1.cachesize=10
worker.loadbalancer.type=lb
worker.loadbalancer.balance_workers=node1,node2
worker.loadbalancer.sticky_session=1
worker.status.type=status
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
注意:如果需要负载:修改
worker.node2.port=8009
worker.node1.host=localhost
worker.node1.type=ajp13
worder.node1.lbfactor=1
worker.node1.cachesize=10
为:
worker.node2.port=8009
worker.node2.host=IP(进行负载的IP地址)
worker.node2.type=ajp13
worder.node2.lbfactor=1
worker.node2.cachesize=10
备注:如果要进行更多的负载….
修改:
worker.noden.port=8009
worker.noden.host=IP(进行负载的IP地址)
worker.noden.type=ajp13
worder.noden.lbfactor=1
worker.noden.cachesize=10
worker.loadbalancer.balance_workers=node1,node2,noden
2)jboss
jboss安装.
Jboss4.0.3sp1 解压到/site/jboss目录下….
…./ deploy/jbossweb-tomcat55.sar/server.xml中，找8080,修改为8088
Jdk环境变量设定:
Jdk安装:
#chmod 755 jdk-1_5_0_06-linux-i586.bin
#./jdk-1_5_0_06-linux-i586.bin
Java参数设置:
#ln –s /usr/local/jdk1.5.0_06 /usr/local/jdk
如果你下载的是rpm包请如下操作
#./jdk-1_5_0_06-linux-i586.rpm.bin
#rpm jdk-1_5_0_06-linux-i586.rpm
# ln –s /usr/ jdk1.5.0_06 /usr/local/jdk
#vi /etc/profile.d/java.sh
////////////////////////文件内容///////////////////
JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$CATALINA_HOME/bin
export JAVA_HOME PATH
////////////////////////文件内容///////////////////
3) apache+jboos服务启动问题
apache+jboss整合配置已完毕.下面是启动这些服务了.
..用户与权限分配
groupadd –g 5500 xxxx
adduser -u 5500 -s /bin/false -d /bin/null -c "proftpd user" -g xxxx xxxx
修改/etc/passwd文件中的xxxx用户中的”/bin/false”为”/bin/bash”,以便于以后jboss使用.当然你也可以这样做:
adduser -u 5500 -s /bin/bash -d /bin/null -c "proftpd user" -g xxxx xxxx
chown xxxx /site/* –R
chgrp xxxx /site/* -R
chmod 755 /site/* -R
..服务启动
添加如下内容到/etc/rc.local
/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start
/etc/init.d/jboss start
#vi /etc/init.d/jboss
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
#/etc/init.d/jboss
/etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
JBOSS_HOME=/site/jboss
export JBOSS_HOME
JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export JAVA_HOME
PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin
export PATH
CLASSPATH=.:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
export CLASSPATH
prog="jboss"
start()
{
#Input the jbos Service log into jboss.log
echo "Jboss4.0.3SP1 Service Starting........" >>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
echo "-----------------------------------------------" >>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
date "+%Y-%m-%d %A %T :Jboss Service start" >>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
echo "-----------------------------------------------" >>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
su - xxxx -c $JBOSS_HOME/bin/run.sh & >>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
touch /var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
}
#Function stop,Stop the Jboss Service auto
#when the Linux Halt
stop()
{
#Input the jboss Service log into jboss.log
echo "jboss Service Stopping........" >>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
echo "-----------------------------------------------" >>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
date "+%Y-%m-%d %A %T :jboss Service Stop">>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
echo "-----------------------------------------------" >>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
su - xxxx -c “$JBOSS_HOME/bin/shutdown.sh –S”>>/var/log/xxxx/jboss.log
}
case $1 in
start)
start
;;
stop)
stop
;;
restart|reload)
stop
start
;;
status)
status $prog
;;
*)
echo "Please Input start|stop|restart|reload|status"
return 1
esac
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
注意:
请赋予jboos的执行权限:chmod 755 /etc/init.d/jboss
请注意xxxx用户是没有设置密码的,确保使用xxxx用户是无法登录的,只有root可以切换到该用户环境中去的:#su – xxxx…..
4)oracle安装与启动
创建相关安装目录和环境变量
1，创建user/group；
#groupadd dba
#groupadd oinstall
#useradd oracle -g oinstall -G dba
#passwd oracle
2，建立oracle安装文件夹；
# mkdir -p /opt/ora9/product/9.2.0.4
# mkdir /var/opt/oracle
# chmod oracle.dba /var/opt/oracle
# chown -R oracle.dba /opt/ora9
3，配置环境变量；
以root用户登录，设置root用户的环境打开.bash_profile文件，将如下内容加入：
export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/ora9
export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/ora9/product/9.2.0.4
export PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/Apache/Apache/bin
export ORACLE_OWNER=oracle
export ORACLE_SID=oradb //此处为你的sid
使用Oracle用户登陆:
#su – oracle
$vi .bash_profile
以下是配置文件的内容
# .bash_profile
# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
# User specific environment and startup programs
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/ora9
export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/ora9/product/9.2.0.4
export PATH=$PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/Apache/Apache/bin
export ORACLE_OWNER=oracle
export ORACLE_SID=oradb
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm
export LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.4.19
export THREADS_FLAG=native
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:$ORACLE_HOME/lib
export NLS_LANG=”American_america.utf8”
export ORA_NLS33=$ORACLE_HOME/ocommon/nls/admin/data
export PATH
unset USERNAME
4，设置系统参数；
#su – root切换到root用户
a) 修改#vi /etc/sysctl.conf, 以下是配置文件的内容:
# Kernel sysctl configuration file for Red Hat Linux
#
# For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled. See sysctl(8) and
# sysctl.conf(5) for more details.
# Controls IP packet forwarding
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
# Controls source route verification
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 0
# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.shmmax = 536870912
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max = 65536
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
修改后运行
#sysctl –p
命令使得内核改变立即生效；
注：
一般情况下可以设置最大共享内存为物理内存的一半，如果物理内存是 2G，则可以设置最大共享内存为 1073741824，如上；如物理内存是 1G，则可以设置最大共享内存为 512 * 1024 * 1024 = 536870912；以此类推。
建议永久地增加 shmmax 设置。
sem 4个参数依次为SEMMSL(每个用户拥有信号量最大数)；SEMMNS(系统信号量最大数)；SEMOPM(每次semopm系统调用操作数)；SEMMNI(系统辛苦量集数最大数).Shmmax 最大共享内存，官方文档建议是内存的1/2,Shmmni 最小共享内存 4096KB.Shmall 所有内存大小 。
b) 设置oracle对文件的要求：
编辑文件：#vi /etc/security/limits.conf 加入以下语句：
oracle soft nofile 65536
oracle hard nofile 65536
oracle soft nproc 16384
oracle hard nproc 16384
也可以写成:
* soft nofile 65536
* hard nofile 65536
* soft nproc 16384
* hard nproc 16384
c) gcc降级
#mv /usr/bin/gcc /usr/bin/gcc34
#ln –s /usr/bin/gcc32 /usr/bin/gcc
#mv /usr/bin/g++ /usr/bin/g++34
#ln –s /usr/bin/g++32 /usr/bin/g++
5，安装oracle补丁
# cd /opt
#ls compat*.rpm
compat-libcwait-2.0-2.i386.rpm compat-oracle-rhel4-1.0-5.i386.rpm
# rpm -Uvh compat*.rpm
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:compat-libcwait-2.0-2.i386.rpm ##################################### [ 50%]
2:compat-oracle-rhel4-1.0-5.i386.rpm#################################### [100%]
开始安装Oracle9i
1,解压下载的安装文件:
#zcat ship_9204_linux_disk1.cpio.gz | cpio –idmv&&zcat ship_9204_linux_disk2.cpio.gz | cpio –idmv&& zcat ship_9204_linux_disk3.cpio.gz | cpio –idmv
解包和解压过程中，自动创建了3个包含安装文件的目录：
Disk1
Disk2
Disk3
.以oracle用户登录系统，进行Oracle的安装(注意请不要在root登录中切换到oracle,是以oracle登录到系统(图形界面))：
$ cd Disk1
$ ./runInstaller过一会儿就会出现Oracle的安装界面
- Welcome Screen: Click Next
- Inventory Location: Click Next
- Unix Group Name: Use "oinstall" and click Next
When asked to run /tmp/orainstRoot.sh, run it before you click Continue
- At the end of the installation, exit runInstaller.
2.一步一个脚印安装下去就行了！
3,安装完后打补丁：
切换到oracle：#su – oracle 首先安装 opatch.
$cd /opt
$unzip p2617419_210_GENERIC.zip
Archive: p2617419_210_GENERIC.zip
creating: OPatch/
creating: OPatch/docs/
inflating: Opatch/docs/FAQ
......
inflating: README.txt
$export PATH=$PATH:/opt/OPatch:/sbin
(修改PATH时要要包括解压缩出来的Opatch 和 sbin目录)
$unzip p3238244_9204_LINUX.zip
$export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/ora9
$export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/ora9/product/9.2.0.4
$ cd 3238244
$opatch apply
出现success的提示就全部安装成功.
补丁打完后，还要relinked一个.mk文件
$cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/lib
$make -f ins_oemagent.mk install
之后就可以启动Agent服务了.
4, 最后执行 $dbca 建oracle数据库
注意:在SID处指定为oradb (与 ORACLE_SID=oradb)中的值一致.
点击OK，然后退出即可,正常登陆并启动数据库的操作。
$ lsnrctl start
$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Production on Sat Mar 12 22:58:53 2005
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
SQL>connect / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> shutdown immediate 关闭数据库
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL>startup; 启动数据库
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
5, oracle服务启动
以root身份进入，编写以下脚本：
vi /etc/init.d/oracle
////////////内容//////////////////
#!/bin/bash
#start and stop the oracle instance
# chkconfig –level 5 --add ora9i
#chkconfig: 345 91 19
# description: starts the oracle listener and instance
export ORACLE_HOME="/opt/ora9/product/9.2.0.4"
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$ORACLE_HOME/Apache/Apache/bin:$PATH
export ORACLE_OWNER="oracle"
export ORACLE_SID=oradb
if [ ! -f $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart -o ! -d $ORACLE_HOME ]
then
echo "oracle startup:cannot start"
exit 1
fi
case "$1" in
start)
#startup the listener and instance
echo -n "oracle startup: "
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl start"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart
touch /var/lock/subsys/oracle
echo "finished"
;;
stop)
# stop listener, apache and database
echo -n "oracle shutdown:"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c "$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl stop"
su - $ORACLE_OWNER -c $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbshut
rm -f /var/lock/subsys/oracle
echo "finished"
;;
reload|restart)
$0 stop
$0 start
;;
*)
echo "Usage: ora9i [start|stop|reload|restart]"
exit 1
esac
exit 0
////////////内容//////////////////
给予执行权限，以root身份运行/etc/rc.d/init.d/oracle start |stop 来管理oracle的启动和停止了。如果要将这个脚本加入到系统中使其可开机运行(不过官方是不建议开机自动运行的,我本人也不建议这样做,你确实需要可以这么做)，那么要运行以下命令：chkconfig --level 35 --add oracle
或者以root用户执行如下命令:
#chmod a+x /etc/rc.d/init.d /oracle
#cd /etc/rc.d/rc5.d
#ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/oracle S99ora9i
#cd /etc/rc.d/rc0.d
#ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/oracle K99ora9i
也可如下自启动oracle9i!
在/etc/rc.d/rc.local中加入如下：
su - oracle -c "/opt/ora9/oracle/product/9.2.0.4/bin/lsnrctl start"
su - oracle -c "/opt/ora9/oracle/product/9.2.0.4/bin/dbstart start"
注意:如果启动不理想,请编写shell scripts:
方法:以我个人习惯为例;;;;;;;;;;
#mkdir /usr/local/syscmf
#vi /usr/local/syscmf/oracle.sh
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
#!/bin/sh
#modify by mingfu 060404
#oracle run scripts
#run user for oracle
lsnrctl start
expect /usr/local/syscmf/oracle.exp
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
#vi /usr/local/syscmf/oracle.exp
////////////////////////文件内容开始///////////////////
#!/usr/local/bin/expect
#modify by mingfu 060404
#oracle run scripts
set timeout 120
spawn sqlplus \/nolog
expect "SQL\>"
send "conn \/ as sysdba\r"
expect "SQL\>"
send "startup\r"
expect "SQL\>"
send "exit\r"
exit
////////////////////////文件内容结束///////////////////
#chown oracle /usr/local/syscmf/*
#chgrp oracle /usr/local/syscmf./*
#chmod 755 /usr/local/syscmf/*
在/etc/rc.local中新增如下内容:
su – oracle /usr/local/syscmf/oracle.sh
删除原来的:
su - oracle -c "/opt/ora9/oracle/product/9.2.0.4/bin/lsnrctl start"
su - oracle -c "/opt/ora9/oracle/product/9.2.0.4/bin/dbstart start"
6, 关于数据库删除重新安装的问题:
把ORACLE安装目录删除及/etc/ora*.*删除就行了
#rm –f /etc/ora*.*
7，关于在LINUX中运行管理软件$oemapp
#su – oracle
$oemapp console
8, 中文显示不正常解决办法
Oracle目前缺省安装的字符集是WE8MSWIN1252，不是中文字符集，并且不能通过直接运行 alter database character set ZHS16GBK ; 来修改，因为ZHS16GBK不是缺省字符集的超集。过去流传很广的直接修改sys用户下的PROPS$表的方法,也会给字符集的变更留下很多潜在的问题.
linux下进行如下的操作来修改字符集：
sqlplus /nolog
sql>conn / as sysdba
sql>shutdown immediate
sql>startup mount
sql>alter system enable restricted session ;
sql>alter system set JOB_QUEUE_PROCESSES=0;
sql>alter system set AQ_TM_PROCESSES=0;
sql>alter database open ;
sql>alter database character set internal_use ZHS16GBK ;
sql>shutdown immediate
sql>startup
这样字符集的修改就完成了（如果你在安装时选择了中文字符集，这里就不用修改了）
LAJO服务环境配置完毕.
5.配置LAMP
系统自带安装http+php+mysql软件包,进行配置如下:
Apache配置
修改/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf内容如下:
Listen 82
ServerName 127.0.0.1:82
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"
注意:系统已经有两个httpd服务进程.
用户分别是:xxxx apache
请确保
/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start
/etc/init.d/httpd start
此两个服务自启动.
Mysql设置
Mysql>create ftpdb;
Mysql>grant all privileges on ftpdb.* to ftpuser@localhost identified by “xxxx”;
Mysql>grant all privileges on *.* to root@’%’ identified by “xxxx”;
Mysql>flush privileges;
Mysql>exit
请确保
/etc/init.d/mysqld start
此服务自启动.
LAMP服务环境配置完毕.
7.配置FTP
配合工程实施与建立ftp帐号相关联,方便维护与管理,我这里选择了Proftpd与数据库结合的方式来实现的.
创建Ftpdb结构:
Mysql>use ftpdb;
Mysql> CREATE TABLE `ftpgroup` (
`groupname` varchar(16) NOT NULL default '',
`gid` smallint(6) NOT NULL default '5500',
`members` varchar(16) NOT NULL default '',
KEY `groupname` (`groupname`)
) ;
Mysql> CREATE TABLE `ftpquotalimits` (
`name` varchar(30) default NULL,
`quota_type` enum('user','group','class','all') NOT NULL default 'user',
`per_session` enum('false','true') NOT NULL default 'false',
`limit_type` enum('soft','hard') NOT NULL default 'soft',
`bytes_in_avail` float NOT NULL default '0',
`bytes_out_avail` float NOT NULL default '0',
`bytes_xfer_avail` float NOT NULL default '0',
`files_in_avail` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
`files_out_avail` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
`files_xfer_avail` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0'
) ;
Mysql> CREATE TABLE `ftpquotatallies` (
`name` varchar(30) NOT NULL default '',
`quota_type` enum('user','group','class','all') NOT NULL default 'user',
`bytes_in_used` float NOT NULL default '0',
`bytes_out_used` float NOT NULL default '0',
`bytes_xfer_used` float NOT NULL default '0',
`files_in_used` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
`files_out_used` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0',
`files_xfer_used` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL default '0'
) ;
Mysql> CREATE TABLE `ftpuser` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL auto_increment,
`userid` varchar(32) NOT NULL default '',
`passwd` varchar(32) NOT NULL default '',
`uid` smallint(6) NOT NULL default '5500',
`gid` smallint(6) NOT NULL default '5500',
`homedir` varchar(255) NOT NULL default '',
`shell` varchar(16) NOT NULL default '/sbin/nologin',
`count` int(11) NOT NULL default '0',
`accessed` datetime NOT NULL default '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
`modified` datetime NOT NULL default '0000-00-00 00:00:00',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ;
Mysql> INSERT INTO `ftpgroup` (`groupname`, `gid`, `members`) VALUES("5dxc", "5500", "xxxx");
Mysql>INSERT INTO `ftpquotalimits` (`name`, `quota_type`, `per_session`, `limit_type`, `bytes_in_avail`, `bytes_out_avail`, `bytes_xfer_avail`, `files_in_avail`, `files_out_avail`, `files_xfer_avail`) VALUES("test", "user", "false", "soft", "1.024e+06", "0", "0", "0", "0", "0");
Mysql> INSERT INTO `ftpquotatallies` (`name`, `quota_type`, `bytes_in_used`, `bytes_out_used`, `bytes_xfer_used`, `files_in_used`, `files_out_used`, `files_xfer_used`) VALUES("test", "user", "809781", "0", "809781", "0", "0", "0");
Mysql> INSERT INTO `ftpuser` (`id`, `userid`, `passwd`, `uid`, `gid`, `homedir`, `shell`, `count`, `accessed`, `modified`) VALUES("1", "test", "test", "5500", "5500", "/site", "/sbin/nologin", "0", "0000-00-00 00:00:00", "0000-00-00 00:00:00");
配置proftp:
#tar xzvf proftpd-1.3.0rc5.tar.gz
#cd proftpd-1.3.0rc5
#./configure --prefix=/usr/local/proftpd --with-modules=mod_sql:mod_sql_mysql:mod_quotatab:mod_quotatab_sql:mod_ratio --with-includes=/usr/include/mysql --with-libraries=/usr/lib/mysql
#make&&make install
#mv /etc/local/proftpd/etc/proftpd.conf /etc/local/proftpd/etc/proftpd.confbak
#vi /etc/local/proftpd/etc/proftpd.conf
////////////////////////文件内容///////////////////
# This is a basic ProFTPD configuration file (rename it to
# 'proftpd.conf' for actual use. It establishes a single server
# and a single anonymous login. It assumes that you have a user/group
# "nobody" and "ftp" for normal operation and anon.
#ServerName "ProFTPD Default Installation"
ServerName "Mingfu's ftp"
ServerType standalone
DefaultServer on
# Port 21 is the standard FTP port.
Port 21
# Umask 022 is a good standard umask to prevent new dirs and files
# from being group and world writable.
Umask 022
# To prevent DoS attacks, set the maximum number of child processes
# to 30. If you need to allow more than 30 concurrent connections
# at once, simply increase this value. Note that this ONLY works
# in standalone mode, in inetd mode you should use an inetd server
# that allows you to limit maximum number of processes per service
# (such as xinetd).
MaxInstances 100
MaxLoginAttempts 3
# Set the user and group under which the server will run.
User nobody
Group nobody
# To cause every FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home
# directory, uncomment this line.
#DefaultRoot ~
DefaultRoot ~
#put the proftpd log files in /var/log/ftp.syslog
#SystemLog /var/log/ftp.syslog
SystemLog /var/log/xxxx/ftp.syslog
#TransferLog log files
TransferLog /var/log/xxxx/ftp.transferlog
MaxHostsPerUser 1 "Sorry, you may not connect more than one time 1."
MaxClientsPerUser 13 "Only one such user at a time 2."
MaxClientsPerHost 20 "Sorry, you may not connect more than one time 3."
#setup the Restart
AllowRetrieveRestart on
RootLogin off
RequireValidShell off
TimeoutStalled 600
MaxClients 2000
AllowForeignAddress on
AllowStoreRestart on
ServerIdent off
DefaultRoot ~ xxxx
#Slow logins
UseReverseDNS off
IdentLookups off
#IdentLookups and tcpwrappers ***
# Normally, we want files to be overwriteable.
AllowOverwrite on
TimeoutIdle 600
SQLAuthTypes Backend Plaintext
SQLAuthenticate users* groups*
# databasename@host database_user user_password
#SQLConnectInfo ftpdb@localhost proftpd password
SQLConnectInfo ftpdb@localhost ftpuser xxxx
SQLUserInfo ftpuser userid passwd uid gid homedir shell
SQLGroupInfo ftpgroup groupname gid members
SQLHomedirOnDemand on
# Update count every time user logs in
SQLLog PASS updatecount
SQLNamedQuery updatecount UPDATE "count=count+1,accessed=now() WHERE userid='%u'" ftpuser
# Update modified everytime user uploads or deletes a file
SQLLog STOR,DELE modified
SQLNamedQuery modified UPDATE "modified=now() WHERE userid='%u'" ftpuser
QuotaEngine on
QuotaDirectoryTally on
QuotaDisplayUnits kb
QuotaShowQuotas on
QuotaLog "/var/log/quota"
SQLNamedQuery get-quota-limit SELECT "name, quota_type, per_session, limit_type, bytes_in_avail, bytes_out_avail, bytes_xfer_avail, files_in_avail, files_out_avail, files_xfer_avail FROM ftpquotalimits WHERE name = '%{0}'AND quota_type = '%{1}'"
SQLNamedQuery get-quota-tally SELECT "name, quota_type, bytes_in_used, bytes_out_used, bytes_xfer_used, files_in_used, files_out_used, files_xfer_used FROM ftpquotatallies WHERE name = '%{0}' AND quota_type = '%{1}'"
SQLNamedQuery update-quota-tally UPDATE "bytes_in_used = bytes_in_used + %{0}, bytes_out_used = bytes_out_used+ %{1}, bytes_xfer_used = bytes_xfer_used + %{2}, files_in_used = files_in_used + %{3}, files_out_used = files_out_used + %{4}, files_xfer_used = files_xfer_used + %{5} WHERE name = '%{6}' AND quota_type = '%{7}'" ftpquotatallies
SQLNamedQuery insert-quota-tally INSERT "%{0}, %{1}, %{2}, %{3}, %{4}, %{5}, %{6}, %{7}" ftpquotatallies
QuotaLimitTable sql:/get-quota-limit
QuotaTallyTable sql:/get-quota-tally/update-quota-tally/insert-quota-tally
////////////////////////文件内容///////////////////
在/etc/rc.local文件中新增
/usr/local/proftpd/sbin/proftpd &
LPM配置完毕.
注意:以后添加ftp帐号只需操作ftpuser表添加相应字段.用户磁盘限额操作ftpquotalimits表添加相应字段.
Mysql管理win工具推荐:mysql-front
其中远程连接帐号:
User:root
Host:IP
Pswd:xxxx
(与grant all privileges on *.* to root@’%’ identified by “xxxx”;
中设置的密码一致) .
架设也可参考如下连接:
8.配置MAIL
配合jboss工程程序实施与建立MAIL帐号相关联,方便维护与管理,我这里选择了邮件服务器与数据库结合的方式来实现的.
具体架设参考邮件发送程序,然后来配置邮件服务器,邮件系统的用户帐号不准创建真实的系统帐号,所有的帐号均建在mysql数据库中.
具体架设过程略。
架设可参考如下连接:
9.安全策略
下面是一个简易有效的防火墙设置,只要没有固定IP来入侵,服务器均可正常访问.
因此服务器上线后需要提取服务器通信状态信息.这里服务器已进配置好LAMP环境,因此系统监控请安装CACTI(软件来监控.
关于它的安装方法比较简单,这里不一一说明了.
还要时时将#netstat –na|grep SYN的结果中连续15个相同的伪连接给DJOP出系统通信间道.
当有这样的入侵连接时….
#iptables –A …………..djop(注意请不要将这个写入到iptables文件中)
下面是iptables文件的所有内容:
#cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables
////////////////////文件内容////////////////////
# Firewall configuration written by system-config-securitylevel
# Manual customization of this file is not recommended.
*filter
:INPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0]
:OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
:RH-Firewall-1-INPUT - [0:0]
-A INPUT -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT
-A FORWARD -j RH-Firewall-1-INPUT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 50 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p 51 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp --dport 5353 -d 224.0.0.251 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -m udp --dport 631 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p udp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 --dport 177 -j ACCEPT
#modify by mingfu 060404
#Please do not modify the content below
#ACK FIN SYN
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -j DROP
#port scan
# NMAP FIN/URG/PSH
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL FIN,URG,PSH -j DROP
# Xmas Tree
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL ALL -j DROP
# Another Xmas Tree
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL SYN,RST,ACK,FIN,URG -j DROP
# Null Scan(possibly)
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --tcp-flags ALL NONE -j DROP
# SYN/RST
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN,RST -j DROP
# SYN/FIN -- Scan(possibly)
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,FIN SYN,FIN -j DROP
#!--syn
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp ! --syn -m state --state NEW -j DROP
#Dos
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -m limit --limit 10/second --limit-burst 300 -j ACCEPT
#sync flood
-N synfoold
-A synfoold -p tcp --syn -m limit --limit 1/s -j RETURN
-A synfoold -p tcp -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -j synfoold
-N ping
-A ping -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -m limit --limit 1/second -j RETURN
-A ping -p icmp -j REJECT
-I RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -m state --state NEW -j ping
#-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -s 0/0 -j DROP
#-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 0 -s 0/0 -j ACCEPT
#-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 0 -s localip -j DROP
#-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -s localip -j DROP
#all ports
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
#FTP
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 20 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 32800:34000 -j ACCEPT
#MAIL
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 25 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 113 -j ACCEPT
#SSH
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 922 -j ACCEPT
#WEB
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 82 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8088 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8080 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 4443 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 7777 -j ACCEPT
#DNS
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
#DATABASE
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 1521 -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 8009 -j ACCEPT
#VNC
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 5801: -j ACCEPT
#ICMP
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -i eth0 -m state --state NEW,INVALID -j DROP
COMMIT
////////////////////文件内容////////////////////
在/etc/rc.local中新增如下内容:
////////////////////文件内容////////////////////
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all
echo 1 >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syn_retries
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_synack_retries
echo 8192 >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog
////////////////////文件内容////////////////////
其中8192=1024*4*2.更多详情请查阅/proc相关文献介绍
关于获取netstat –na|grep SYN_RECV 与TIME_WAIT的脚本：这里我无法写下来。只是原理和主要的代码告诉大家：
使用 netstat 来统计重复的连线 IP，将这些来自同一 IP 的连线统计一下，
如果超过一个设定值(您自己选择的！)，那麽该 IP 就会被iptables 机制挡掉了！
利用shell script 结合iptables来完成（其中用到的linux命令主要有：netstat awk cut sort）。。。
shell脚本中部分主要代码:
///////////////////////////////////////
basedir="/usr/local/syscmf"
#=== Part A, about the TIME WAIT signle ===#
netstat -an|grep 80|grep TIME| awk '{print $5}'| cut -d':' -f1| sort |uniq -c| \
awk '{if ($1 >= 12) print $2}' > $basedir/netstata
sleep 14s
netstat -an|grep 80|grep TIME| awk '{print $5}'| cut -d':' -f1| sort |uniq -c| \
awk '{if ($1 >= 12) print $2}' > $basedir/netstatb
sleep 14s
netstat -an|grep 80|grep TIME| awk '{print $5}'| cut -d':' -f1| sort |uniq -c| \
awk '{if ($1 >= 12) print $2}' > $basedir/netstatc
cat $basedir/netstat1 $basedir/netstat2 $basedir/netstat3 | sort | uniq -c | \
awk '{ if ( $1 == 3 ) print $2 }' > $basedir/netstat-wait.now
denyip_netstat=`cat $basedir/netstat-wait.now`
#=== Part B, about the SYN RECV signle ===#
netstat -an|grep 80|grep SYN| awk '{print $5}'| cut -d':' -f1| sort |uniq -c| \
awk '{if ($1 >= 12) print $2}' > $basedir/netstat1
sleep 12s
netstat -an|grep 80|grep SYN| awk '{print $5}'| cut -d':' -f1| sort |uniq -c| \
awk '{if ($1 >= 12) print $2}' > $basedir/netstat2
sleep 12s
netstat -an|grep 80|grep SYN| awk '{print $5}'| cut -d':' -f1| sort |uniq -c| \
awk '{if ($1 >= 12) print $2}' > $basedir/netstat3
cat $basedir/netstat1 $basedir/netstat2 $basedir/netstat3 | sort | uniq -c | \
awk '{ if ( $1 == 3 ) print $2 }' > $basedir/netstat-syn.now
denyip_netstat=`cat $basedir/netstat-syn.now`
///////////////////////////////////////
关于防止别人来猜测ssh用户登录的密码,修改默认的ssh端口22为922(与防火墙中规则指定的922相一致.) 修改方法如下:
#vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
修改:
#Port 22
为:
Port 922
注意:修改后的ssh连接方法:ssh user@ip –p 922
如果你不想指定-p参数,请修改
/etc/ssh/ssh_config的
#Port 22
为:
Port 922
建议将提供服务的服务器中的ssh服务端与客服端的ssh通信端口都修改……
10.测试上线
所有的配置完毕,重启服务器.测试好准备上线.
注意:以下服务不能重复多次启动,必须服务在停止的情况下才能启动,否则会出现启动错误.
#su - oracle usr/local/syscmf/oracle.sh
#/etc/rc.d/init.d/jboss start
关于这两个服务的启动用户与权限:
1.Oracle:
用户:oracle(可以进行系统登录)
切忌有关oracle的操作请在oracle用户环境中进行操作.你实在要在root用户中操作,请不要忘了#su – oracle –c “lsncrctl start”……..
a.Oracle服务停止:
$sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn / as sysdba
SQL>shutdown immediate
SQL> exit
$lsnrctl stop
b.Oracle服务启动:
$lsnrctl start
$sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn / as sysdba
SQL> startup
c.Oracle服务强制启动:
在oracle服务已进启动的情况下也可启动oracle服务.
$sqlplus /nolog
SQL>conn / as sysdba
SQL> startup force
如果你要利用我写的expect自动输入脚本来启动,你需要修改,在里面加入条件判断结构.
2.Jboss:
用户:xxxx (不可以进行系统登录)
切忌有关jboss的操作请在jboss用户环境中进行操作.你实在要在root用户中操作,请不要忘了
#su – xxxx /site/jboss/bin/run.sh
或者
#/etc/init.d/jboss start
a.xxxx用户环境下:
无法登录如何使用呢?
远程文本界面启动法:
以root登录系统:切换root可以登录到xxxx用户环境来进入xxxx.
#su – xxxx
Jboos 启动
$/site/jboss/bin/run.sh
Jboss停止
$/site/jboss/bin/shutdown.sh –S
远程图形界面法:
关于开启远程图形界面登录的问题:
只允许oracle用户可以远程图形界面登录,为了便于操作oracle.
下面是开启改功能的过程:
#su – oracle
$vncserver
Password:********
Password:********
$exit
$ps –ef|grep vnc
将看到的vnc进程kill -9.
$vi .vnc/xstartup
修改:
twm &
为
gnome-session &
$vncserver
注意:只允许开启一个vnc服务进程…..对应的端口为5801
在已进有vncserver启动的情况下不要在次启动vncserver服务.否则它将在增加一个vnc服务进程…….
输入密码即可远程图形登录系统了.
由于是oracle登录到系统的….要启动jboss.需要如下操作:
$su –
Password:********
#su – xxxx
Jboos 启动
$/site/jboss/bin/run.sh
Jboss停止
$/site/jboss/bin/shutdown.sh –S
b.root用户环境下:
Jboos 启动
#su – xxxx /site/jboss/bin/run.sh
或者
#service jboss start
或者
#/etc/init.d/jboss start
Jboss停止
#su – xxxx /site/jboss/bin/shutdown.sh –S
或者
#service jboss stop
或者
#/etc/init.d/jboss stop
关于(系统,软件)日志分析,根据自己的使用习惯搭建…..
关于系统用户创建问题,由于系统里面创建的xxxx用户指定了-u=5500.所以在以后创建的系统帐户id=550X, 这样会存在安全隐患,所以在创建用户时请指定id=50x(x=5开始.):例如创建user:
#groupadd –g 505 user
#adduser –u 505 –g user user
注意所有的系统帐号id请不要超过5500.
