利用Nginx替代apache实现高性能的Web环境

利用Nginx替代apache实现高性能的Web环境

作者:NetSeek 欢迎转载，转载请注明出处:
原文链接:

Nginx介绍:
Nginx发音为[engine x]，是由俄罗斯人Igor Sysoev建立的项目,基于BSD许可。
据说他当初是F5的成员之一，英文主页：。俄罗斯的一些大网站已经使用它超过两年多了， 一直表现不凡,相信想了解nginx的朋友都读过阿叶大哥的利用nginx实现负载均衡的文章相关链接见(六)。

测试环境:红动中国(redocn)提供运营服务器环境.

关于红动服务环境:
红动中国在早期利用apache环境，再加上一些优化的工作，一直是相对很重定，但是最近由于网站发展，访问量越来越大，在线人数一多经常出现，负载过高，性能急剧下降，经过双木站长的同意，考虑是否能利用nginx来代替apache，经过长时间的观察目前nginx工作很稳定，系统也不会再说现高负载的状况，占用内存也很低,访问速率从用户体验来看明显有提升.


关于红动中国:
红动中国（redocn)论坛经过近1年的快速发展，目前日均页面访问量超过100万，位居全球设计论坛(中文)第1位，是国内最具影响力的设计论坛之一。目前论坛拥有近20万会员，包括众多设计界领军人物在内的行业中坚力量、相关艺术院校师生以及部分设计爱好者等。

迁移目标:实现网站论坛静态化，防盗链，下载并发数和速率限制,实现原站apache所具有的所有功能,将原apache环境下的站点全部迁移到Nginx

一.PHP(Fastcgi)编译安装
[root@att php-5.2.4]# cat in.sh

CODE:

./configure \
"--prefix=/usr/local/php-fcgi" \
"--enable-fastcgi" \
"--enable-discard-path" \
"--enable-force-cgi-redirect" \
"--with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php-fcgi/etc" \
"--enable-zend-multibyte" \
"--with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql" \
"--with-libxml-dir=/usr/local/libxml2" \
"--with-gd=/usr/local/gd2" \
"--with-jpeg-dir" \
"--with-png-dir" \
"--with-bz2" \
"--with-freetype-dir" \
"--with-iconv-dir" \
"--with-zlib-dir " \
"--with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl" \
"--with-mcrypt=/usr/local/libmcrypt" \
"--enable-sysvsem" \
"--enable-inline-optimization" \
"--enable-soap" \
"--enable-gd-native-ttf" \
"--enable-ftp" \
"--enable-mbstring" \
"--enable-exif" \
"--disable-debug" \
"--disable-ipv6"


make
make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/php-fcgi/etc/php.ini

注:关于如何安装gd库，mysql的编译安装，本文将不介绍，本文重点在于介绍nginx的安装与配置，如想了解其它相关的问题可以到
LinuxPk去找相关的贴子()

二.Nginx编译安装
1.创建nginx运行用户和虚拟主机目录

CODE:

groupadd www -g 48
useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /data/www/wwwroot
chown -R www:www /data/www/wwwroot

2.安装lighttpd中附带的spawn-fcgi，用来启动php-cgi
先编译安装lighttpd产生spawn-fcgi二进制文件.

CODE:

cd /usr/local/src/lighttpd-1.4.18
cp src/spawn-fcgi /usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/

启动php-cgi进程，监听127.0.0.1的8085端口，进程数为250（如果服务器内存小于3GB，可以只开启25个进程），用户为www：
/usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 8085 -C 250 -u www -f /usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/php-cgi

3.nginx的安装与配置
安装Nginx所需的pcre库：

CODE:

tar zxvf pcre-7.2.tar.gz
cd pcre-7.2/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../


tar zxvf nginx-0.5.32.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.5.32
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/nginx/ --with-http_stub_status_module --with-

openssl=/usr/local/openssl
make && make install

此模块非核心模块，需要在编译的时候手动添加编译参数 --with-http_stub_status_module
配置nginx

三.Nginx主配置文件及PHP支持.

1.nginx.conf 主配置文件的配置
#cd /usr/local/nginx/conf/
#cp nginx.conf nginx.conf.cao
#cat /dev/null > nginx.conf
#vi nginx.conf //主配置文件

CODE:

user www www;

worker_processes 10;

#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;

pid /var/run/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;

events
{
use epoll;

#maxclient = worker_processes * worker_connections / cpu_number
worker_connections 51200;
}

http
{
include conf/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;

log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] $request '
'"$status" $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

#access_log /data/www/logs/access.log main;
#sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay off;

keepalive_timeout 60;

client_header_timeout 3m;
client_body_timeout 3m;
send_timeout 3m;
connection_pool_size 256;
client_header_buffer_size 1k;
large_client_header_buffers 4 2k;
request_pool_size 4k;
output_buffers 4 32k;
postpone_output 1460;
client_max_body_size 10m;
client_body_buffer_size 256k;
client_body_temp_path /dev/shm/client_body_temp;
proxy_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/proxy_temp;
fastcgi_temp_path /usr/local/nginx/fastcgi_temp;

#gzip
gzip on;
gzip_http_version 1.0;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_proxied any;
gzip_types text/plain text/html text/css application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss

text/javascript;
gzip_min_length 1100;
gzip_buffers 4 8k;

# The following includes are specified for virtual hosts //以下是加载虚拟主机配置.
#
include conf/vhosts/www_redocn_com.conf;
#bbs.redocn.com
include conf/vhosts/bbs_redocn_com.conf;
#blog.redocn.com
include conf/vhosts/blog_redocn_com.conf;
#down.redocn.com
include conf/vhosts/down_redocn_com.conf;
}

2.配置支持Fastcgi模式的PHP
[root@redocn conf]# cat enable_php5.conf

CODE:

fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:8085;
fastcgi_index index.php;

fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;
#new ac upload
#fastcgi_pass_request_body off;
#client_body_in_file_only clean;
#fastcgi_param REQUEST_BODY_FILE $request_body_file;
#

fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;

fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS 200;

四，多虚拟主机应用配置案例.
#mkdir /usr/local/nginx/conf/vhosts //建立虚拟主机配置存放目录.
1. //首站配置
[root@redocn vhosts]#vi www_redocn_com.conf

CODE:

server
{
listen 80;
server_name ;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data/www/wwwroot;
error_page 404
rewrite ^/bbs/(.*)
location ~ .*\.php?$
{
include conf/enable_php5.conf;
}
}

注: 关于rewite需求,红动中国希望当用户访问的时候自动转至
在原apache中利用redirect实现
Redirect /bbs

本文中在nginx下利用rewrite实现:
rewrite ^/bbs/(.*) $1;

2.bbs.redocn.com
vi bbs_redocn_com.conf

CODE:

server
{
listen 80;
server_name bbs.redocn.com yan.redocn.com majia.redocn.com wt.redocn.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data/www/wwwroot/bbs;
location / {
#bbs rewrite
if (!-e $request_filename) {
rewrite ^/archiver/((fid|tid)-[\w\-]+\.html)$ /archiver/index.php?$1 last;
rewrite ^/forum-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ /forumdisplay.php?fid=$1&page=$2 last;
rewrite ^/thread-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\.html$ /viewthread.php?tid=$1&extra=page\%3D$3&page=$2

last;
rewrite ^/space-(username|uid)-(.+)\.html$ /space.php?$1=$2 last;
rewrite ^/tag-(.+)\.html$ /tag.php?name=$1 last;
break;
}

if (-f $request_filename) {
expires max;
break;
}
#Preventing hot linking of images and other file types
valid_referers none blocked server_names *.redocn.com redocn.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
rewrite ^/ http:///images/redocn.gif;
#return 403;
}
#error
error_page 404 /index.php;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
}
location ~ .*\.php?$
{
include conf/enable_php5.conf;
}
}

注:
1.红动中国采用高性能的Discuz!论坛，原apache的rewrite规则几乎不要做什么修改即可全部移植到nginx下.
静态化配置见面上面的:#bbs rewrite部分.
2.一般论坛都希望实现防盗链功能，在apache很轻松实现？在nginx下是否容易实现呢？答案是肯定的.

CODE:

#Preventing hot linking of images and other file types
valid_referers none blocked server_names *.redocn.com redocn.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
rewrite ^/ http:///images/redocn.gif; //此处放置你想防盗链的链接.
#return 403;
}

3.blog.redocn.com
[root@redocn vhosts]#vi blog_redocn_com.conf

CODE:

server
{
listen 80;
server_name blog.redocn.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data/www/wwwroot/blog;
error_page 404
#supsite rewrite
rewrite ^([0-9]+)/spacelist(.*)$ index.php?$1/action_spacelist$2;
rewrite ^([0-9]+)/viewspace_(.+)$ index.php?$1/action_viewspace_itemid_$2;
rewrite ^([0-9]+)/viewbbs_(.+)$ index.php?$1/action_viewbbs_tid_$2;
rewrite ^([0-9]+)/(.*)$ index.php?$1/$2;
rewrite ^([0-9]+)$ index.php?$1;
rewrite ^action_(.+)$ index.php?action_$1;
rewrite ^category_(.+)$ index.php?action_category_catid_$1;
rewrite ^itemlist_(.+)$ index.php?action_itemlist_catid_$1;
rewrite ^viewnews_(.+)$ index.php?action_viewnews_itemid_$1;
rewrite ^viewthread_(.+)$ index.php?action_viewthread_tid_$1;
rewrite ^index([\.a-zA-Z0-9]*)$ index.php;
rewrite ^html/([0-9]+)/viewnews_itemid_([0-9]+)\.html$ index.php?action_viewnews_itemid_$2;


rewrite ^/([0-9]+)/spacelist(.+)$ /index.php?uid/$1/action/spacelist/type$2;
rewrite ^/([0-9]+)/viewspace(.+)$ /index.php?uid/$1/action/viewspace/itemid$2;
rewrite ^/([0-9]+)/viewbbs(.+)$ /index.php?uid/$1/action/viewbbs/tid$2;
rewrite ^/([0-9]+)/(.*)$ /index.php?uid/$1/$2;
rewrite ^/([0-9]+)$ /index.php?uid/$1;

rewrite ^/action(.+)$ /index.php?action$1;
rewrite ^/category(.+)$ /index.php?action/category/catid$1;
rewrite ^/viewnews(.+)$ /index.php?action/viewnews/itemid$1;
rewrite ^/viewthread(.+)$ /index.php?action/viewthread/tid$1;
rewrite ^/mygroup(.+)$ /index.php?action/mygroup/gid$1;

location ~ .*\.php?$
{
include conf/enable_php5.conf;
}
}

注:blog采用功能强大的Supesite作为Blog站点:
1.Blog如何在Nginx里实现静态化，具体设置见，上面的#supesite rewrite

4.down.redocn.com
[root@redocn vhosts]# vi down_redocn_com.conf

CODE:

limit_zone one $binary_remote_addr 10m;
server
{
listen 80;
server_name down.redocn.com;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data/www/wwwroot/down;
error_page 404 /index.php;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root html;
}
#Zone limit
location / {
limit_conn one 1;
limit_rate 20k;
}


# serve static files
location ~ ^/(images|javascript|js|css|flash|media|static)/ {
root /data/www/wwwroot/down;
expires 30d;
}
}

注:
由于现在的BT下载软件越来越多了，我们如何限制下载的并发数和速率呢？apache需要三方模块，nginx就不用了:)
在nginx利用两个指令即可实现:limit_zone(limit_conn) 来限制并发数,limit_rate来限制下载的速率,请看上面的配置实例.

5.启动nginx服务

CODE:

/usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 8085 -C 250 -u www -f/usr/local/php-fcgi/bin/php-cgi
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

你可以把上面两条命令制做成系统启动服务脚本，相关的脚本在网上也很多，本文就不再贴出来了:),给出一个实例链接:


五.问题及经验总结:
1.安装Discuz论坛后，无法上传大于M以上的附件？
在主配置文件里加入:client_max_body_size 10m; 详细指令说明请参见(六)提供的Wiki链接.

2.Discuz附件无法下载附件?
最近遇到一个奇怪的问题在nginx下discuz论坛无法下载附件，后来打开error_log才知道，仍后一看/usr/local分区满了,
清了一大堆无用文件后，马上就正常了.

以上是本人迁移和测试过程中遇到的两个小问题，在此附上说明，只是希望配置nginx的朋友不要犯我一样的问题.
欢迎联系NetSeek(狂热linux爱好者^_^ msn:[e-mail] QQ:67888954 Gtalk:[e-mail]).

六.相关链接:
1.Discuz!.net高性能的PHP论坛程序 http://www.discuz.net Supesite:
2.Nginx参考文档:
3.利用Nginx实现负载均衡(阿叶大哥的文章):
4.linuxPk[Linux宝库]:
5.红动中国