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2008-08-10 22:03:39
3、谓语的“被动语态”(此概念属于传统语法中的“动词的语态”)
1)、概念
动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。
当表达“被….”时，句子的谓语要变脸，这种情况下的变脸叫“被动语态”其变脸的方法是：
被动助动词 + v-ed
2)、动词语态的具体用法
(1)、若宾补是不带to 的to v短语在变为被动语态时，该to v短语前要加"to"。此类动词为感官、使役动词。如feel,hear,help,listen to,look at,make,observe,see,notice,watch等。
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
→I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
→He was seen to play football on the playground.
(2)、将来、能愿助动词+ be +v-ed，构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.
(3)、let 的用法
①、当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的to v短语。
They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
②、若let后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
→I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.
(4)、短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown.
My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.
Such a thing has never been heard of before..
必背：表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组
believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等
It is said that…(据说)
It is reported that…(据报道)
It is believed that…(大家相信)
It is hoped that…(大家希望)
It is well known that…(众所周知)
It is thought that…(大家认为)
It is suggested that…(据建议)
It is taken granted that…(被视为当然)
It has been decided that…(大家决定)
It must be remember that…(务必记住的是)
It is said that she will leave for
(5)、不用被动语态的情况
①、不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态：
appear,die,disappear,end(vi.结束),fail,happen,last,lie,remain,sit,spread(散布,传播),
stand,break out,come true,fall asleep,keep silence,lose heart,take place等
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较：rise,fall,happen是不及物动词；raise,seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
②、不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit,have,hold,marry,own,wish,cost,notice,watch agree with,arrive at/in,shake hands
with,succeed in,suffer from,happen to,take part in(参与), walk into, belong to等
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
③、系动词无被动语态：
appear,be,become,fall,feel,get,grow,keep,look,remain,seem,smell,sound,stay,taste, turn等。
It sounds good.
④、带同源宾语的及物动词(die,death,dream,live,life等)，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
⑤、当宾语是to v短语时，很少用于被动语态。
(对) She likes to swim.
(错) To swim is liked by her.
(6)、主动形式表示被动意义
①、wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell,drive等。
The book sells well.这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily.这刀子很好用。
②、blame,let,remain,keep,rent(出租),build等。
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
③、特殊结构：
make sb. heard/understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)；
have sth. done (要某人做某事)。
(7)、被动形式表示主动意义
be determined,be pleased,be graduated(from),be prepared(for),be occupied(in),get
married,be finished等。
He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
He married a rich girl.
He got married to a rich girl.
4、谓语的“进行语态”
1)、概念
当表达“正在、一直在….”时，句子的谓语要变脸，这种情况下的变脸叫“进行语态”其变脸的方法是：正在助动词 + v-ing
2)、现在进行语态的基本用法：
(1)、表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
(2)、习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)
She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.
(3)、表示渐变的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.
(4)、与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
(5)、进行语态，有时可根据情况翻译成“从来都是，从来总是”，比如：
He is always helping others.
He is always telling the truth.
3)、不用进行语态的动词
(1)、事实状态的动词，如have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist, include,contain,matter,
weigh,measure,continue等。
I have two brothers.
This house belongs to my sister.
(2)、心理状态的动词，如know,realize,think,see,believe,suppose, imagine,agree, need,
recognize,remember,want, forget,prefer,mean,understand,love,hate等。
I need your help.
He loves her very much.
(3)、瞬间动词，如accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.等。
I accept your advice.
(4)、系动词，如seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn等。
You seem a little tired.
4)、过去进行语态
(1)、概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
(2)、过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。
(3)、常用的时间状语
this morning,the whole morning,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when, while等。
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left the station.
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
5)、将来进行语态
(1)、概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行进行语态不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
(2)、常用的时间状语
this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening,soon,
tomorrow,等。
By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
