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2008-08-10 21:28:07
4)、shall和should
(1)、shall
①、表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句。
Shall I carry it for you? 我来帮你搬它，好吗？
Shall we sing a song? 我们唱一支歌，好吗？
Shall they wait outside? 让他们在外面等吗？
Shall the waiter bring meals to your room? 要服务员把饭送到你房间去吗？
②、表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句中。
You shall do as I say.按我说的做。(命令)
You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing.
如果你一直玩，你就会在考试中落后。 (警告)
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.
什么也阻止不了我们执行这项计划。(决心)
He shall have the book when I finish reading.我看完这本书就给他看。(允诺)
(2)、should
①、表示义务，意为"应该"(某件事宜于做)，用于各种人称。
Children should obey their parents.儿童应该服从他们的父母。
One shouldn't be selfish.人千万别自私。
Customers who get bad service should complain, shouldn't they?
没有得到满意服务的顾客应该抱怨，不是吗？
②、常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪。
How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢？
Why should I fear? 我为什么会害怕？
What should she do but cry for help? 除了呼救外，她还能干什么？
I don't know why you should think I did it.我真不知道为什么你会认为是我干的这件事。
③、表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。
It should be fine tomorrow.明天可能是晴天。
He should be taking a bath now.他可能在洗澡。
It's nearly 7:00. Jack should be here at any moment.
已经快七点了，杰克随时都可能到这儿。
The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.
这部电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。
④、表示对现在或以前的动作的责怪、批评(应做的事却没做)。
The boys shouldn't be playing football. They should be at school.
这些男孩子不应该在踢足球，他们应该在上课。
You shouldn't have entered the teachers' office without permission.
没有允许你们不
5)、ought to
(1)、表示义务，意为“应该”(因责任、义务而该做)，口气比should稍重。
We ought to defend our country.我们应当保卫我们的国家。(每一个公民应尽的义务)
You ought to respect your parents.你应当尊敬你的父母。
Oughtn't we to do everything possible to stop pollution? 难道我们不应当尽可能地制止污染吗？
(2)、表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”。
Prices ought to come down soon.价格可能会很快下跌。
Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.韩梅应该知道他的电话号码。
There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.
今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。
比较：ought to与should
A、ought to和should的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”，是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。
You are her mother. You ought to look after her.
(是道义上的责任，不能和should互换。)你是她的母亲，你应当照管她。
We should encourage him, for we are his classmates.
我们应该鼓励他，我们是他的同班同学啊！
Children should be seen, not heard.对孩子要观其行，不要听其言。
B、ought to和should一样，表示对现在或以前应做的事却没做的责怪、批评。
You ought to be washing your clothes. Why are you playing Ping-Pong?
你应该在洗衣服，为什么你在打乒乓球？ (可是你没洗)
The building should/ought to have been completed by the end of the week.
这幢建筑物本周末前应该能完工。
You ought to have handed in the exercise last week.
你上周就应当交练习。(可你没交，含责备的意思。)
He ought to have asked me before he took my bike.
他在用我自行车之前应该和我讲一声。 (可他没讲)
提示：
A、表示“义务”时，我们在口语中可以用be supposed to来代替should和ought to。
I'm supposed to be there at 8:00.我应该八点到那里。
B、表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
6)、used to
used to表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况，但现在已不存在。
He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee.
他过去总是喝茶但现在他喝咖啡了。(强调现在不喝茶了)
I know where there used to be a river here.
我知道这儿以前哪里有条河。(现在没有河了)
When I was a child I didn't use to like tomatoes.我小时候不喜欢吃西红柿。
He is not what he used to be.他已不是原来的他了。
Where did you use to live before you came here? 来此之前你住在什么地方？
比较：used to do(过去常常做某事)/be/get/become used to doing(习惯做某事)/be used to do(被用来做某事)
He used to get up early. 他过去经常早起。
He must get used to getting up early. 他必须习惯于早起。
A clock is used to show what time it is. 钟是用来表示时间的。
比较：would和used to的用法。
A、used to表示过去与现在(或过去某时与后来的)情况有不同，强调“现已无此习惯了”，而would只表示过去的情况，与现在无关。
When he was young, he would smoke a lot.
他年轻时总是吸许多烟。(不含有和现在比较，现在他也许还在抽，也许不抽了。)
He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city.
他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。
B、used to可表示过去的习惯动作或状态，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
Kate used to be very thin.以前凯特非常瘦。
There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.
街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。(不用would)
C、used to可泛指过去的习惯性动作或状态，而would表示过去的习惯性动作时，往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。
【误】We would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
【正】We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields.我们过去常在田野里玩捉迷藏。
【正】Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
每当我们在乡下，我们都在田野里玩捉迷藏。
7)、had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。
(1)、had better do sth
It is pretty cold. you'd better put on my coat.
(2)、had better not do sth
She'd better not play with the dog.
(3)、had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.
8)、would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do/ would rather not do/would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。
提示：would sooner, had rather, had sooner也都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home.
= I would stay here rather than go home.
9)、will和would
(1)、will和would可用于第二人称疑问句，表示请求和建议等。would比will委婉客气。
Will you have some tea? 你喝点茶，好吗？
Will you share your happiness with us? 你可以把你的欢乐与我们共享吗？
Would you pass this book to the student in the last row?
请你把这本书传给最后一排的学生好吗？
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Will/Would you ...? 表示请求和建议的答复： | |
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肯定回答 |
否定回答 |
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Yes, please. 是的，请。 |
I'm sorry. I can't. 对不起，不行。 |
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Certainly. 当然可以。 |
No, thank you. 不，谢谢。 |
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Sure. 当然了。 |
No, I won't. 不，不行。 |
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All right. 好啊！ |
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(2)、 will和would可表示意志、愿望和决心，用于各种人称陈述句。
I will do anything for you.我愿为你做任何事。
I will never tell you the secret.我永远不会告诉你这个秘密。
None is so blind as those who won't see.不愿看的人眼睛最瞎。
They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed.
他们不让他进去因为他衣着破旧。
(3)、 will和would可表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。will表示现在的习惯动作，would表示过去的习惯动作。
He will surf the Internet every night.他每天晚上都上网。
The boy will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.
那男孩常常坐在那儿好几个钟头，看着车辆行人通过。
He would be nervous when he met strangers.遇见陌生人时他总是很紧张。
In class he would ask some silly questions, and his classmates would laugh at him.
课上，他总是问一些蠢问题，他的同学们总是嘲笑他。
(4)、 will可表示固执坚持，这时will不可使用'll的简略形式。用于非人称主语时，表示物体的固有性质和倾向。
I will take the job, and no one can stop me.我就要这个工作，没有人可阻止我。
He won't do what he's told.他就是不愿按所吩咐的去做。
The window won't open.窗子打不开。
This glass will not crack under heavy pressure.这种玻璃在重压下也不会破碎。
(5)、 will表示将来时间时，不可用于条件状语从句，但will表示意愿或决心时，可用于条件状语从句。
If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you.如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。
If you will give up smoking, your health will improve.
如果你愿意把烟戒掉的话，你的健康状况就会好转。
(6)、will和would可表示推论或猜测。
It would be about ten when he left home.他大约在十点钟离开的家。
I thought he would have told you about it.我认为他已告知你此事。
The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be asleep now.
病人一小时前吃的安眠药，现在应该睡着了。
It would be raining when she went home.她回家时可能正在下雨。
注意：
A、would like…；would like to do… (= want to v….) “想要”，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
B、Will you…?(愿意)/Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
C、否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?
