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2008-08-08 15:16:38

第三节  数词

一、数词的概念

表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词。相当于形名词的用法,句中可作主宾表定状同。

二、数词的分类

数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

1、基数词

1-12onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve

13-19thirteenfourteenfifteensixteenseventeeneighteennineteen

20-90twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninety

注意:

填写支票时常用英语词表达镑或元,用阿拉伯数字表示便士或分:

£22.45  twenty-two pounds (and) 45 pence

$79.30  seventy-nine dollars and 30/100

100以上:

100  one (a) hundred

101  one (a) hundred and one

1000以上的数字

1100  one thousand one hundred/informal:eleven hundred.

2500  two thousand five hundred/informal:twenty-five hundred.

上述非正式从1100-1900之间的整百数字最常见。

1,354    one (a) thousand three hundred and fifty-four

10,000   ten thousand

100,000  one (a) hundred thousand

 

注意:

1)13-19都以后缀-teen结尾。

2)20-90等十位数的整数都以后缀-ty结尾。

3)、基数词21-99是由合起来构成,中间加连字号“-”

如:twenty-onethirty-twofifty-fivesixty-seven

4)、用a还是用one?

130 a/one hundred and thirty1,000,000 one (a) million

(1)one更正式,而且更准确,可表示强调。

The total cost was one hundred and sixty-three pounds exactly(准确地P586).

It cost about a hundred and fifty-quid.

(2)a只能用在数字的开头。

1,000 a thousand2100 two hundred one hundred(two hundred a hundred)

5)、汉语中有百、千、万、亿等数字,而英语中有hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百万)等,但没有表示万和亿的专门单词,要用十进位的主法推算出来。

如:thousand()ten thousand()hundred thousand(十万)million(百万)ten million

(千万)hundred million亿(万万)billion(十亿)

 

基数词的写法和读法:

十位数和百位数之间一般加and,百位数和千位数之间则不加and。如:

    545five hundred and forty-five

    4,596four thousand five hundred and ninety-six

    766,136seven hundred and sixty-six thousand one hundred and thirty-six

 

2、序数词

1)、英语里在基本数词后加“-th”来表示

2)、序数词的缩写形式是由阿拉伯数字加上序数词的最后两个字母构成的。

first--1stsecond--2ndthirty-first--31stfifteenth--15th

3)、基数词几十几变成序数词时,表示的十位数数词不变,只把表示的基数词变成序数词。如:twenty-one--twenty-firstforty-five--forty-fifthninety-nine--ninety-ninth

注意:

(1)fifth(第五),eighth(第八),ninth(第九)和twelfth(第十二)在拼法上有变化。

    (2)、以辅音字母+y”结尾的基本数词改“y““i“后加“-eth“,即二十、三十等十位整数基数词变为序数词,要把“y“变为“i“再加“-eth“。如:

twenty-twentiethforty-fortieth

 

三、数词的使用规则

1、基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数。

1)、与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用。

scores of people (指许多人)thousands of people(成千上万的人)

2)、在一些表示"一排""一组"的词组里。

   They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。

3)、表示整十的基数词用复数形式可以表示人的大约岁数或年代。

in his fourties他四十多岁              in the 1978s70年代

He is in his early twenties. 他才二十出头

This took place in the 1930s. 这事发生在20世纪30年代。

4)、在乘法运算的一种表示法里。

3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.

 

2、小数是用数字来表示的,小数点读做point,小数点后面的数字要一个一个地读出。

3.4  three point four

   0.8  (zero) point eight BrE:naught point eight

   30.34  thirty point three four

Birth rate was up 2.5 times in those years.那些年出生率上升了2.5 .(2.5在句中做修饰语)
   Our grain output will be 3.7 times that of 1960.我们的粮食产量将是1960年的3.7.

 

3、分数表示法。

构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:

  1/2 a/one half1/3 a/one third1/4 a/one quarter(AmE:a/one fourth)

2/3 two thirds3/4 three quarters(three fourths)9/10 nine tenths

较复杂的分数,用over.          

19/56 nineteen over fifty-six31/144 thirty-one over one four four

   整数和分数,用and连接。

 11/2kilos one and a half kilos= a kilo and a half一公斤半;1/2kg=half a kg半公斤;

52/3 five and two thirds(即:五又三分之二)

 

4、百分数用percentper cent表示,即"%"

The price has been reduced by 20 percent(20%) since May.
   自五月以来价格降低了百分之二十。

   The number of visiting patients is 30%(30 percent) less than(conj) the same time last year.就诊的患者人数较去年同期下降了百分之三十。

注意:

分数/百分数和名词短语

of连接。

a fifth of the women questionedthree quarters of the population75% of the population  

表示一半(half)时不用冠词a,有时可省略of

Half (of) the work is already finished.

在表示量度或数量的短语中不用of

How much is half a pint(品脱) of milk?

It takes me half an hour by bus.

在代词前要用of

We can’t start only half of us are here.

 

5、比率的表示通常都用数字,有时亦可用文字。

The ratios of 1 to 3 and 5 to 15 are the same.一比三和五比十五的比率是相同的。

   You have a fifty to fifty chance to win the game.你有五成的机会赢得比赛。

 

6、倍数表示法。(结合P40学习)

1)、主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj/adv + as

I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。

His father is twice/ double as old as he (is). 他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。

Our new school is four times as big as the old one.我们的新学校是老学校的四倍大。

2)、主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length,weight..)of+表示比较对象的名词。

he earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。

Our new school is four times the size of the old one.我们的新学校是老学校的四倍大。

3)、主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.

今年比去年粮食产量增加8%

Our new school is three times bigger than the old one.我们的新学校比老学校大三倍。

4)、还可以用”by+倍数,表示增加多少倍

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.

今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

 

7、日期及年份的表示法,年用基数词,日用序数词。

1)British English

14 October 1998 14th October 1998(14/10/98)

Her birthday is on the ninth of December.

Her birthday is on December the ninth.

2)American English

October 14,1998(10/14/98) Her birthday is December 9th

198551 写做:May 1,1985;读做:May (the) firstnineteen eighty-five

May 22May the twenty-secondthe twenty-second of May),也可写做 May 22nd

July 15July the fifteenththe fifteenth of July),也可写做 July 15th

3)Years年份

   1949  nineteen forty-nine

   1804  eighteen o four.

   1700  seventeen hundred

 2000  (the year)two thousand

  2002  two thousand and two.

  AD78 AD seventy-six=76CE seventy-six CE

   1000BC one shousand BC  1000BCE one thousand BCE

685 B.C.  six eighty-five B.C.(before Christ)

   1960's(or 1960s)  nineteen sixties

   

8、时刻的表示法。

1)、表达“Half hours半小时”

530  five thirty half past five(BrE)half after five

630  six thirtyhalf past six(BrE)half six(BrE informal)

2)、表达“other times其他一些时间”

545  five forty-five(a)quarter to six(BrE)(a)quarter to/of six(AmE)

215  two fifteen(a)quarter past two(BrE)(a)quarter after two(AmE)

110  one tenten past one(BrE)ten after one(AmE)

305  three o fivefive past three(BrE)five after three(AmE)

155  one fifty-fivefive to two(BrE)five to/of two(AmE)

注意:

表示5102025分钟不必用minutes,但表示其他分钟要用minutes

1025  twenty-five past/after ten

1017  seventeen minutes past/after ten

只有表示整点才用o'clock

It’s three o'clock

有必要具体说明一天内的时间就用in the morningin the afternoonin the eveningat night

在较正式的文体中用:

a.m.=in the morning or after nidnight早上或午夜以后

p.m.=in the afternoonin the evening or before nidnight下午、晚上或午夜以前

He gets up at 4 a.m. to deliver the mail.

Do not use o'clock with a.m. or p.m o'clock不与a.m. or p.m连用

3)、询句时间有两种说法。

(1)What time is it? (what time is it by your watch,please?)

(2)What's the time?回答都是It's……

4)、表示精确时间时,应念出“时、分、秒”

现在是52018秒:

It is five o’clock,twenty minutes,and eighteen seconds.

=It is five twenty and eighteen seconds..

5)、表示在几点几分用介词at,如:

    Let's meet at the gate at six twenty tomorrow morning.

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