关键字
概念
类型
异常处理
一 概念
游标是SQL的一个内存工作区,由系统或用户以变量的形式定义。游标的作用就是用于临时存储从数据库中提取的数据块。在某些情况下,需要把数据从存放在磁盘的表中调到计算机内存中进行处理,最后将处理结果显示出来或最终写回数据库。这样数据处理的速度才会提高,否则频繁的磁盘数据交换会降低效率。
二 类型
Cursor类型包含三种: 隐式Cursor,显式Cursor和Ref Cursor(动态Cursor)。
1. 隐式Cursor:
1).对于Select …INTO…语句,一次只能从数据库中获取到一条数据,对于这种类型的DML Sql语句,就是隐式Cursor。例如:Select /Update / Insert/Delete操作。
2)作用:可以通过隐式Cusor的属性来了解操作的状态和结果,从而达到流程的控制。Cursor的属性包含:
SQL%ROWCOUNT 整型 代表DML语句成功执行的数据行数
SQL%FOUND 布尔型 值为TRUE代表插入、删除、更新或单行查询操作成功
SQL%NOTFOUND 布尔型 与SQL%FOUND属性返回值相反
SQL%ISOPEN 布尔型 DML执行过程中为真,结束后为假
3) 隐式Cursor是系统自动打开和关闭Cursor.
下面是一个Sample:
- Set Serveroutput on;
-
- begin
- update t_contract_master set liability_state = 1 where policy_code = '123456789';
-
- if SQL%Found then
- dbms_output.put_line('the Policy is updated successfully.');
- commit;
- else
- dbms_output.put_line('the policy is updated failed.');
- end if;
-
- end;
-
- /
在PL/SQL中run:
- SQL>
-
- the policy is updated failed.
-
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
2. 显式Cursor:
(1) 对于从数据库中提取多行数据,就需要使用显式Cursor。显式Cursor的属性包含:
游标的属性 返回值类型 意 义
%ROWCOUNT 整型 获得FETCH语句返回的数据行数
%FOUND 布尔型 最近的FETCH语句返回一行数据则为真,否则为假
%NOTFOUND 布尔型 与%FOUND属性返回值相反
%ISOPEN 布尔型 游标已经打开时值为真,否则为假
(2) 对于显式游标的运用分为四个步骤:
定义游标---Cursor [Cursor Name] IS;
打开游标---Open [Cursor Name];
操作数据---Fetch [Cursor name]
关闭游标---Close [Cursor Name],这个Step绝对不可以遗漏。
(3)以下是三种常见显式Cursor用法。
1)
- Set serveroutput on;
-
- declare
-
- Cursor cur_policy is
- select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account
- from t_contract_master cm
- where cm.liability_state = 2
- and cm.policy_type = 1
- and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4')
- and rownum < 5
- order by cm.policy_code desc;
- curPolicyInfo cur_policy%rowtype;
- Begin
- open cur_policy;
- Loop
-
- Fetch cur_policy into curPolicyInfo;
- Exit when cur_policy%notfound;
-
- Dbms_Output.put_line(curPolicyInfo.policy_code);
- end loop;
- Exception
- when others then
- close cur_policy;
- Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm);
-
- if cur_policy%isopen then
-
- close cur_policy;
- end if;
- end;
-
- /
2)
- Set serveroutput on;
-
- declare
- Cursor cur_policy is
- select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account
- from t_contract_master cm
- where cm.liability_state = 2
- and cm.policy_type = 1
- and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4')
- and rownum < 5
- order by cm.policy_code desc;
- v_policyCode t_contract_master.policy_code%type;
- v_applicantId t_contract_master.applicant_id%type;
- v_periodPrem t_contract_master.period_prem%type;
- v_bankCode t_contract_master.bank_code%type;
- v_bankAccount t_contract_master.bank_account%type;
- Begin
- open cur_policy;
- Loop
- Fetch cur_policy into v_policyCode,
- v_applicantId,
- v_periodPrem,
- v_bankCode,
- v_bankAccount;
- Exit when cur_policy%notfound;
-
- Dbms_Output.put_line(v_policyCode);
- end loop;
- Exception
- when others then
- close cur_policy;
- Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm);
-
- if cur_policy%isopen then
- close cur_policy;
- end if;
- end;
- /
3)
- Set serveroutput on;
-
- declare
- Cursor cur_policy is
- select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account
- from t_contract_master cm
- where cm.liability_state = 2
- and cm.policy_type = 1
- and cm.policy_cate in ('2','3','4')
- and rownum < 5
- order by cm.policy_code desc;
- Begin
- For rec_Policy in cur_policy loop
- Dbms_Output.put_line(rec_policy.policy_code);
- end loop;
- Exception
- when others then
- Dbms_Output.put_line(Sqlerrm);
-
- end;
-
- /
run pl/sql,执行结果如下:
- SQL>
-
- 8780203932
- 8780203227
- 8780203218
- 8771289268
-
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
3. Ref Cursor(动态游标):
1) 与隐式Cursor,显式Cursor的区别:Ref Cursor是可以通过在运行期间传递参数来获取数据结果集。而另外两种Cursor,是静态的,在编译期间就决定数据结果集。
2) Ref cursor的使用:
Type [Cursor type name] is ref cursor
Define 动态的Sql语句
Open cursor
操作数据---Fetch [Cursor name]
Close Cursor
下面是一个Sample:
- Set serveroutput on;
-
- Declare
-
- type cur_type is ref cursor;
- cur_policy cur_type;
- sqlStr varchar2(500);
- rec_policy t_contract_master%rowtype;
- begin
-
- sqlStr := 'select cm.policy_code, cm.applicant_id, cm.period_prem,cm.bank_code,cm.bank_account from t_contract_master cm
- where cm.liability_state = 2
- and cm.policy_type = 1
- and cm.policy_cate in (2,3,4)
- and rownum < 5
- order by cm.policy_code desc ';
-
- open cur_policy for sqlStr;
- loop
- fetch cur_policy into rec_policy.policy_code, rec_policy.applicant_id, rec_policy.period_prem,rec_policy.bank_code,rec_policy.bank_account;
- exit when cur_policy%notfound;
-
- Dbms_Output.put_line('Policy_code:'||rec_policy.policy_code);
-
- end loop;
- close cur_policy;
-
- end;
- /
4.常见Exception
- 1. 错 误 名 称 错误代码 错 误 含 义
- 2. CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN ORA_06511 试图打开已经打开的游标
- 3. INVALID_CURSOR ORA_01001 试图使用没有打开的游标
- 4. DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX ORA_00001 保存重复值到惟一索引约束的列中
- 5. ZERO_DIVIDE ORA_01476 发生除数为零的除法错误
- 6. INVALID_NUMBER ORA_01722 试图对无效字符进行数值转换
- 7. ROWTYPE_MISMATCH ORA_06504 主变量和游标的类型不兼容
- 8. VALUE_ERROR ORA_06502 转换、截断或算术运算发生错误
- 9. TOO_MANY_ROWS ORA_01422 SELECT…INTO…语句返回多于一行的数据
- 10. NO_DATA_FOUND ORA_01403 SELECT…INTO…语句没有数据返回
- 11. TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE ORA_00051 等待资源时发生超时错误
- 12. TRANSACTION_BACKED_OUT ORA_00060 由于死锁,提交失败
- 13. STORAGE_ERROR ORA_06500 发生内存错误
- 14. PROGRAM_ERROR ORA_06501 发生PL/SQL内部错误
- 15. NOT_LOGGED_ON ORA_01012 试图操作未连接的数据库
- 16. LOGIN_DENIED ORA_01017 在连接时提供了无效用户名或口令