16、虚拟语气

16. 虚拟语气

1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。

2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

　

16.1 真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：

句型	条件从句	主句
	一般现在时	shall/will + 动词原形
		祈使句
		情态动词一般现在时

   例如：If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。

　 典型例题

　 The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.　

A.　will rain　 B. rains　 C. rained　 D. is rained

　 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：

1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.

　  （错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.

　  （对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.

2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

 

16.2 非真实条件句

1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。

a. 与现在事实相反的假设

条件从句	主句
一般过去时（be用were）	should（would）等 +动词原形

例如：If they were here, they would help you. 如果他们在这儿，会帮助你的。

含义：They are not here, they can’t help you.

b. 与过去事实相反的假设

条件从句	主句
过去完成时	should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词

      例如：If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。

　    　    含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想

条件从句	主句
一般过去时	should/would等 + 动词原形
were+ 不定式
should+ 动词原形

      例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了，一切都会好的。

　          If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.

　 

16.3 混合条件句

有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：

　　If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。

　 （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）

　　If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。

 

16.4 虚拟条件句的倒装

　　虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。例如：

　  Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。

　  Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。

　  Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。例如：

　　 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。

　　 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

　　典型例题

　  _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I　　 B. I were　C. Were I　D. Was I

答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说 Weren't I to do。

 

16.5 特殊的虚拟语气词should

1）在主语从句中的应用

It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。

It is	可用的词有三类	that	（should）do
	suggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等
	important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等
	a pity, a shame, no wonder等

 

2）在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。例如：

　I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。

　    He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。

　    注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

　    判断改错：  （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.

（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

　                （错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.

　                （对） I insisted that you were wrong.

3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用

suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。例如：

　　  My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。

　　  I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。

 

16.6 wish的用法

1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：

	主句	从句
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为 were）	现在时	过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had + 过去分词）	过去时	过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望	将来时	would/could +动词原形

例如：I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。

　      He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。

　      I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。例如：

　  I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。

　  I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。

 

16.7 比较if only与only if

　　only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。例如：

　　I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响就好了。

　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

 

16.8 It is （high） time that

　 It is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。例如：

　 It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。

　 It is high time that the children should go to bed.

 

16.9 need "不必做"和"本不必做"

　  didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。

　  needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。例如：

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

　  John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.

约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 （Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John的车。）

典型例题

　  There was plenty of time. She ___.

A. mustn't have hurried　 B. couldn't have hurried　　C. must not hurry　 D. needn't have hurried

　  答案D。needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

　  Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。 must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

 

16.10 虚拟语气练习

1.Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.

a.       will be destroyed     b. will have been destroyed  

b.      would be destroyed   d. would have been destroyed

2.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,______.

a.       you would meet John already    b. you won’t have missed John

c.   you will have met John         d. you would have met John

3.Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?

a. was sinking   b. has sunk   c. were to sink    d. sunk

4.The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if ______ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

a. it is not   b. it were not   c. were it not d. they were not

5.The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.

a. made    b. make    c. makes    d. will make

6.Frankly, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.

a. do   b. don’t do    c. didn’t do    d. will not do

7.After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.

a. be    b. am    c. was    d. were

8.The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.

a. sent    b. sends    c. send    d. must send

9.It’s high time you ______.

a. start to work    b. would start to work    c. started to work    d. had started to work

10.“If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger,” the musician says,“I ______ able to play so well now.”

a. wouldn’t be   b. won’t be   c. wouldn’t have been   d. couldn’t have been

11.It is imperative that you ______ there in person.

a. are   b. were   c. be    d. will be

12.The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.

a. as it were    b. as if they were    c. as it were    d. as if are

13.We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron.

a. is made of    b. be made from    c. be made of    d. is made by

14.The management urged that the cost of production ______.

a.       to be further reduced    b. was further reduced 

b.      be further reduced      d. should further reduced

15.The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.

a. should we succeed  b. we should succeed   c. might we succeed   d. would we succeed

16.I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet.

a. isn’t going   b. weren’t going   c. will not going    d. could have gone

17.I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night.

a. went   b. did go    c. could go    d. could have gone

18.I’d just as soon ______ rudely to her.

a. that you won’t speak  b. your not speaking   c. you not speak   d. you didn’t speak

19.If I ______ in the twenty-first century, I ______ my vacation in a very different way.

a. should live…would spend          b. will live ….should spend

c. are living … should have spent      d. will be living…would have spent

20.It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.

a. be oiled   b. must be oiled   c. is oiled    d. will oil

21.His English teacher recommends that he ______ a regular degree program.

a. begins    b. begin    c. will begin    d. is beginning

22.We prefer that the plan ______ before being put into execution.

a.       is fully discussed    b. must be fully discussed   

c.  be fully discussed    d. will be fully discussed

23.What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?

a. be made    b. will be made   c. would be made   d. will have to be made

24.The doctor’s advice is that the patient ______ about his real physical condition.

a.       be not told    b. not be told    c. will not be told    d. must not be told

25.______,we could not have finished the work on time.

a.       If  they do not help us      b. Was it not for their help

c.   Should they offer to help us  d. But for their help

26.If we had been more careful, we ______ much better results now.

a. got   b. had got   c. would be getting    d. would have got

27.Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.

a. would be    b. is    c. will be    d. was

28.They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness.

a. stands    b. stand    c. stood    d. would stand

29.All science students, ______,should have a good foundation in basic sciences.

a.       whether they are future physicists and chemists

b .  they are future physicists of chemists

c.      they should be future physicists of chemists

d.      be they future physicists or chemists

30.Sally can’t have written tome, or ______ the letter by now.

a. I’ll get    b. I’ll have got    c. I’d have got    d. I’d get

31.I should very much like to have gone to the party but I ______.

a. am not invited    b. was not invited    c. shall not be invited    d. am not being invited

32.There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief attention ______ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.

a. is given   b. gives    c. should be given    d. must be given

33.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its burning temperature.

a. be heated    b. is heated    c. would be heated    d. to heat

34.“Did you go to see the football match yesterday?”

“No. I didn’t feel well, but I would have gone if I ______.”

a.       did   b. have    c. would    d. had

35.If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we ______ her at the bus station.

a. may have met   b. might meet    c. may meet    d. might have met

36.We’re safer in a train than we would be if we ______ any other way.

a. traveled    b. had traveled   c. travel     d. have traveled

37.He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I ______ of hunger and cold.

a. would be died   b. would have died   c. would die   d . will have died

38.______ today, he would get there by Friday.

a.       Was he leaving   b. If he is leaving   c. Were he to leave    d. If he leaves

39.Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight ______.

a.       could be not solved             b. could not be solved

b.      could not have been solved       d. could not have solved

40.He is a poorly learnt man. But he acts as though he ______.

a. is    b. were   c. should be    d. seems like

41.The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.

a. goes wrong   b. go wrong   c. went wrong    d. would go wrong

42.______ the fog, we should have reached our destination.

a. Because of   b. In spite of    c. In case of    d. But for

43.The old man went to office on foot, but he ______ by bus.

a. might have gone   b. ought have gone    c. could have gone    d. should be gone

44.He is working hard for fear that he ______ to pass the exam.

a. fails    b. may fail    c. should fail    d. would fail

45.She put on her glasses in order that she _____.

a. can see    b. saw    c. had seen    d. might see

46.Whatever ______ we’ll go ahead.

a. had happened    b. will happen    c. might happen    d. may be happened

47.If I ______ out of ink, I might have finished writing the paper.

a. hadn’t run   b. shouldn’t run   c. didn’t run   d. haven’t run

48.But for your advice, I ______ into trouble.

a. would get   b. got    c. might have got    d. should get

49.______ for the traffic jam, I should have covered fifty miles.

a. Had it been  b. Had it not been   c. It had not been   d. It not had been

50.Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things ______ they are today.

a. would never be   b. could have been    c. would never have been   d. didn’t have

51.If only I ______ there.

a. have not been    b. would not been    c. will not be    d. had not been

52.Tom would buy that bicycle but he ______ no money.

a. had    b. has    c. had had    d. has had

53.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.

a. was   b. were   c. had been    d. went

54.It is time we ______ up our results.

a. sum   b. summed    c. will sum    d. would sum

55.Dr Bethune worked hard as if he ______.

a. never had felt tired    b. had never felt tired    c. never felt tired   d . was tired never

56.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I ______ the book from which it was made.

a. have read    b. should have read    c. am reading    d. had read

57.It is strange that such a thing ______ in your school.

a.       will happen   b. happens    c. should happen    d. happened

58.If she could sew,______.

a.       she make a dress     b. she would have made a shirt

c.  she will make a shirt   d. she would had made a coat

59.   “Did you notice John was not at work today?”

“No. If ______ working, I would have noticed it.”

a.       I’d be    b. I wasn’t     c. I’d been    d. weren’t

60.“Why don’t you explain it to her?”

  “I ______ it to her if I thought she would understand.”

a.       would explain   b. will explain    c. explain   d. would have explained

61.“Your performance was very good.”

   “I could have done better if I ______ more time.”

a. have had   b. had   c. had had   d. will have had

62.“She wouldn’t drink her medicine last night, would she?”

“______.”

a.       No, but I wish she wouldn’t   b. No, but I wish she had

b.      Yes, I wish she drank        d. yes, I wish she could

63.    I think it advisable that he ______ for Tokyo soon.

a. will leave    b. may leave    c. leave    d. leaves

64.    The committee asked that the matter ______ at the next meeting.

a. would be discussed   b. will be discussed   c. be discussed   d. may be discussed

65.    ______ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive today.

a.        If he went   b. Were he gone    c. should he had gone   d. Had he gone

66.    ______ the work, he would do it some other way.

a. Was he going   b. If he does   c. Were he to do   d. If he is doing

67.    ______,I hardly think I would have recognized him.

a.        Should his name not be mentioned    b. Had someone not mentioned his name

c.   If someone did not mention his name  d. If someone had mentioned his name

68.    I’d just as soon ______ to the theatre tonight.

a. not going   b. not to go    c. not go    d. that I won’t go

69.    At the last committee meeting, the motion that the club ______ open until midnight was defeated.

a. remains   b. remain   c. remained   d. would remain

70.    The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

a. it being    b. be it    c. was it    d. it was