1.命令介绍
最近学习并使用了一个python的内置函数dir,首先help一下:
>>> help(dir)
Help on built-
in function dir
in module
__builtin__:
dir(
)
dir([object]) -> list of strings
Return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes
of the given object,
and of attributes reachable
from it:
No argument: the names
in the current scope.
Module object: the module attributes.
Type
or class object: its attributes,
and recursively the attributes of
its bases.
Otherwise: its attributes, its
class's attributes, and recursively the
attributes of its
class's base classes.
通过help,可以简单的认为dir列出指定对象或类的属性。
2.实例
下面是一个简单的测试:
1class A:
2 def a(self):
3 pass
4
5
6class A1(A):
7 def a1(self):
8 pass
9
10
11if __name__ ==
'__main__':
12 print(
"dir without arguments:", dir())
13 print(
"dir class A:", dir(A))
14 print(
"dir class A1:", dir(A1))
15 a = A1()
16 print(
"dir object a(A1):", dir(a))
17 print(
"dir function a.a:", dir(a.a))
18
测试结果:
dir without arguments: [
'A',
'A1',
'__builtins__',
'__doc__',
'__file__',
'__name__',
'__package__']
dir
class A: [
'__class__',
'__delattr__',
'__dict__',
'__doc__',
'__eq__',
'__format__',
'__ge__',
'__getattribute__',
'__gt__',
'__hash__',
'__init__',
'__le__',
'__lt__',
'__module__',
'__ne__',
'__new__',
'__reduce__',
'__reduce_ex__',
'__repr__',
'__setattr__',
'__sizeof__',
'__str__',
'__subclasshook__',
'__weakref__',
'a']
dir
class A1: [
'__class__',
'__delattr__',
'__dict__',
'__doc__',
'__eq__',
'__format__',
'__ge__',
'__getattribute__',
'__gt__',
'__hash__',
'__init__',
'__le__',
'__lt__',
'__module__',
'__ne__',
'__new__',
'__reduce__',
'__reduce_ex__',
'__repr__',
'__setattr__',
'__sizeof__',
'__str__',
'__subclasshook__',
'__weakref__',
'a',
'a1']
dir object a(A1): [
'__class__',
'__delattr__',
'__dict__',
'__doc__',
'__eq__',
'__format__',
'__ge__',
'__getattribute__',
'__gt__',
'__hash__',
'__init__',
'__le__',
'__lt__',
'__module__',
'__ne__',
'__new__',
'__reduce__',
'__reduce_ex__',
'__repr__',
'__setattr__',
'__sizeof__',
'__str__',
'__subclasshook__',
'__weakref__',
'a',
'a1']
dir function a.a: [
'__call__',
'__class__',
'__delattr__',
'__doc__',
'__eq__',
'__format__',
'__func__',
'__ge__',
'__get__',
'__getattribute__',
'__gt__',
'__hash__',
'__init__',
'__le__',
'__lt__',
'__ne__',
'__new__',
'__reduce__',
'__reduce_ex__',
'__repr__',
'__self__',
'__setattr__',
'__sizeof__',
'__str__',
'__subclasshook__']
3.使用dir查找module下的所有类
最初使用这个函数的初衷,就是在一个module中查找实现的类名,通过该函数可以很容易的实现。
比如把上面的测试程序保存为A.py,再建一个测试程序,内容如下:
1import A
2
3
4if __name__ ==
'__main__':
5 print(
"dir module A:", dir(A))
6
结果如下:
dir module A: [
'A',
'A1',
'__builtins__',
'__doc__',
'__file__',
'__name__',
'__package__']
可以看出class A和A1都能够找到。
4.如何找到当前模块下的类
这是一个烦恼较长时间的一个问题,也没有搜到详细的解决方法,下面是我的集中实现方法。
4.1.方法一:在module下面直接调用
比如在上面的A.py最下面添加一行,即可在后续的代码中可以使用selfDir来查找当前的module下的类,修改后的代码如下:
1class A:
2 def a(self):
3 pass
4
5class A1(A):
6 def a1(self):
7 pass
8
9curModuleDir=dir()
# get dir of current file(module)
10
11if __name__ ==
'__main__':
12 print(
"dir without arguments:", dir())
13 print(
"dir class A:", dir(A))
14 print(
"dir class A1:", dir(A1))
15 a = A1()
16 print(
"dir object a(A1):", dir(a))
17 print(
"dir function a.a:", dir(a.a))
18 print(
"dir current file:", curModuleDir)
19
4.2.方法二:import当前module
把当前module和别的import一样引用,代码如下:
1# A.py
2import A as this
# import current module
3
4class A:
5 def a(self):
6 pass
7
8class A1(A):
9 def a1(self):
10 pass
11
12if __name__ ==
'__main__':
13 print(
"dir without arguments:", dir())
14 print(
"dir class A:", dir(A))
15 print(
"dir class A1:", dir(A1))
16 a = A1()
17 print(
"dir object a(A1):", dir(a))
18 print(
"dir function a.a:", dir(a.a))
19 print(
"dir current file:", dir(this))
4.3.方法三:根据module名称查找module,然后调用dir
我们知道module下面有个属性__name__显示module名称,怎么能够根据module名称来查找module对象呢?可以借助sys.modules。代码如下:
import sys
class A:
def a(self):
pass
class A1(A):
def a1(self):
pass
if __name__ ==
'__main__':
print(
"dir without arguments:", dir())
print(
"dir class A:", dir(A))
print(
"dir class A1:", dir(A1))
a = A1()
print(
"dir object a(A1):", dir(a))
print(
"dir function a.a:", dir(a.a))
print(
"dir current file:", dir(sys.modules[
__name__]))
# 使用__name__获取当前module对象,然后使用对象获得dir
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