分类： C/C++
2010-05-06 08:35:01
这一部分，讲述一些基本的以及较为高级的形状绘制及其纯色 (solid color)、图案 (pattern) 与渐变 (gradient) 填充方法。
Cairo 提供了几个用于绘制基本形状的函数。
#include
#include
#include
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 1);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 20, 120, 80);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 180, 20, 80, 80);
cairo_stroke_preserve (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_arc (cr, 330, 60, 40, 0, 2 * M_PI);
cairo_stroke_preserve (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_arc (cr, 90, 160, 40, M_PI / 4, M_PI);
cairo_close_path (cr);
cairo_stroke_preserve (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_translate (cr, 220, 180);
cairo_scale (cr, 1, 0.7);
cairo_arc (cr, 0, 0, 50, 0, 2 * M_PI);
cairo_stroke_preserve (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 1, 1);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_destroy (cr);
return FALSE;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
GtkWidget *darea;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
darea = gtk_drawing_area_new ();
gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), darea);
g_signal_connect (darea, "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect (window, "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window),
GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window), 390, 240);
gtk_widget_show_all (window);
gtk_main ();
return 0;
}
这个示例，绘制了矩形、正方形、圆、圆弧和椭圆。
下面对关键代码简单分析：
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 20, 120, 80);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 180, 20, 80, 80);
绘制矩形与正方形。正方形在 cairo 中是矩形的一种特例。
cairo_arc (cr, 330, 60, 40, 0, 2 * M_PI);
画了一个圆，圆心为 (330, 60)px，半径为 40px。Cairo 所谓的圆，其实是起始角为 0 度，终止角为 360 度的弧线。
cairo_scale (cr, 1, 0.7);
cairo_arc (cr, 0, 0, 50, 0, 2 * M_PI);
画椭圆的方法也与画圆类似，只是需要先设定长轴与短轴的比例，在本例中为 1:0.7。
复杂的图形
复杂的图形是由简单的图形拼凑出来的，譬如下面这个绘制圆角矩形的程序。
#include
#include
#include
static void
draw_round_rectangle (cairo_t * cr,
double x, double y,
double width, double height, double r)
{
cairo_move_to (cr, x + r, y);
cairo_line_to (cr, x + width - r, y);
cairo_move_to (cr, x + width, y + r);
cairo_line_to (cr, x + width, y + height - r);
cairo_move_to (cr, x + width - r, y + height);
cairo_line_to (cr, x + r, y + height);
cairo_move_to (cr, x, y + height - r);
cairo_line_to (cr, x, y + r);
cairo_arc (cr, x + r, y + r, r, M_PI, 3 * M_PI / 2.0);
cairo_arc (cr, x + width - r, y + r, r, 3 * M_PI / 2, 2 * M_PI);
cairo_arc (cr, x + width - r, y + height - r, r, 0, M_PI / 2);
cairo_arc (cr, x + r, y + height - r, r, M_PI / 2, M_PI);
}
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
int width, height;
double w, h, x, y, r;
gtk_window_get_size (GTK_WINDOW (widget), &width, &height);
x = width / 5.0;
y = height / 5.0;
w = 3 * width / 5.0;
h = 3 * height / 5.0;
r = h / 4.0;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0.8, 0.4, 0);
cairo_set_line_width (cr, 6);
draw_round_rectangle (cr, x, y, w, h, r);
cairo_stroke_preserve (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0.8, 0.8, 0.2);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_destroy (cr);
g_print ("test\n");
return FALSE;
}
static gboolean
on_configure_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventConfigure * event, gpointer data)
{
gdk_window_invalidate_rect (widget->window,
&widget->allocation,
FALSE);
return FALSE;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
GtkWidget *darea;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
g_signal_connect (window, "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect (window, "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "configure-event",
G_CALLBACK(on_configure_event), NULL);
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window),
GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window), 400, 300);
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable (window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all (window);
gtk_main ();
return 0;
}
注：因为 "The cairo graphics tutorial" 在这一部分所提供的示例程序不具代表性，因此写了这个程序。
该示例程序绘制了一个可跟随窗口尺寸进行缩放变化的圆角矩形。
自定义的 draw_round_rectangle () 函数利用 Cairo 提供的基本图元函数，利用直线段与圆弧拼凑出圆角矩形。on_configure_event () 函数用于响应窗口尺寸变化事件，在其中调用 gdk_window_invalidate_rect () 函数让窗口绘图区域失效，并产生窗口重绘制事件（即 expose 事件）。
虽然上一篇已经讲述了一些有关填充的知识，但这里所讲述的内容是与形状相关的。填充可分为三种类型：纯色、图案、渐变。
对象的颜色是采用红 (R)、绿 (G)、蓝 (B) 三原色描述的，Cairo 的 RGB 取值是从 0 到 1 的双精浮点数。
#include
#include
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window);
int width, height;
gtk_window_get_size (GTK_WINDOW (widget), &width, &height);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0.5, 0.5, 1);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 20, 100, 100);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0.6, 0.6, 0.6);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 150, 20, 100, 100);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 0, 0.3, 0);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 140, 100, 100);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, 1, 0, 0.5);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 150, 140, 100, 100);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_destroy (cr);
return FALSE;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window),
GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window), 270, 260);
gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "colors");
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable (window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all (window);
gtk_main ();
return 0;
}
该示例绘制了 4 个正方形，分别采用四种不同颜色进行填充。这个例子，由于很简单，就不再像原作者那样自作多情的分析了。
所谓图案填充，就是将图片填充到形状内部。
#include
#include
#include
cairo_surface_t *surface1;
cairo_surface_t *surface2;
cairo_surface_t *surface3;
cairo_surface_t *surface4;
static void
create_surfaces ()
{
surface1 = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png ("blueweb.png");
surface2 = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png ("maple.png");
surface3 = cairo_image_surface_create_from_png ("crack.png");
surface4 =
cairo_image_surface_create_from_png ("chocolate.png");
}
static void
destroy_surfaces ()
{
g_print ("destroying surfaces");
cairo_surface_destroy (surface1);
cairo_surface_destroy (surface2);
cairo_surface_destroy (surface3);
cairo_surface_destroy (surface4);
}
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cairo_pattern_t *pattern1;
cairo_pattern_t *pattern2;
cairo_pattern_t *pattern3;
cairo_pattern_t *pattern4;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window);
int width, height;
gtk_window_get_size (GTK_WINDOW (widget), &width, &height);
pattern1 = cairo_pattern_create_for_surface (surface1);
pattern2 = cairo_pattern_create_for_surface (surface2);
pattern3 = cairo_pattern_create_for_surface (surface3);
pattern4 = cairo_pattern_create_for_surface (surface4);
cairo_set_source (cr, pattern1);
cairo_pattern_set_extend (cairo_get_source (cr),
CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 20, 100, 100);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source (cr, pattern2);
cairo_pattern_set_extend (cairo_get_source (cr),
CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT);
cairo_arc (cr, 200, 70, 50, 0, 2 * M_PI);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source (cr, pattern3);
cairo_pattern_set_extend (cairo_get_source (cr),
CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 140, 100, 100);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_set_source (cr, pattern4);
cairo_pattern_set_extend (cairo_get_source (cr),
CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 150, 140, 100, 100);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_pattern_destroy (pattern1);
cairo_pattern_destroy (pattern2);
cairo_pattern_destroy (pattern3);
cairo_pattern_destroy (pattern4);
cairo_destroy (cr);
return FALSE;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
create_surfaces ();
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window),
GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window), 270, 260);
gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "patterns");
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable (window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all (window);
gtk_main ();
destroy_surfaces ();
return 0;
}
该示例，载入 4 张图片，分别填充至三个矩形与一个圆形内部区域。所使用的 4 幅图，均采用 GIMP 制作。程序中，图片的外观 (surface) 实在 on_expose_event () 函数中创建的，这并不是很妥当，因为窗口每次被重绘时，都需要从硬盘中读取图片。
pattern1 = cairo_pattern_create_for_surface (surface1);
由图片外观创建一个图案。
cairo_set_source (cr, pattern1);
cairo_pattern_set_extend (cairo_get_source (cr),
CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 20, 100, 100);
cairo_fill (cr);
这里，绘制第一个矩形。cairo_set_source () 函数通知 Cairo 环境，让它使用一份图案作为源 (source)。图片所形成的图案或许并不适合于形状，当使用 cairo_pattern_set_extend () 函数讲图案填充模式设为 CAIRO_EXTEND_REPEAT 时，可以让图案像瓦片那样填充于形状内部。cairo_rectangle () 函数创建一个矩形路径，cairo_fill () 函数将已经准备好的图案填充到矩形路径所构成的封闭区域中。
在计算机图形学中，渐变是形状由明到暗或者从一种颜色向另一种颜色的平滑过度。在 2D 绘图与渲染程序中，渐变通常被用于创造多彩的背景与一些特效，比如光影的仿真。
#include
#include
static gboolean
on_expose_event (GtkWidget * widget,
GdkEventExpose * event, gpointer data)
{
cairo_t *cr;
cairo_pattern_t *pat1;
cairo_pattern_t *pat2;
cairo_pattern_t *pat3;
cr = gdk_cairo_create (widget->window);
pat1 = cairo_pattern_create_linear (0.0, 0.0, 350.0, 350.0);
gdouble j;
gint count = 1;
for (j = 0.1; j < 1; j += 0.1) {
if ((count % 2)) {
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat1, j, 0, 0,
0);
} else {
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat1, j, 1, 0,
0);
}
count++;
}
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 20, 300, 100);
cairo_set_source (cr, pat1);
cairo_fill (cr);
pat2 = cairo_pattern_create_linear (0.0, 0.0, 350.0, 0.0);
gdouble i;
count = 1;
for (i = 0.05; i < 0.95; i += 0.025) {
if ((count % 2)) {
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat2, i, 0, 0,
0);
} else {
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat2, i, 0, 0,
1);
}
count++;
}
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 140, 300, 100);
cairo_set_source (cr, pat2);
cairo_fill (cr);
pat3 = cairo_pattern_create_linear (20.0, 260.0, 20.0, 360.0);
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat3, 0.1, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat3, 0.5, 1, 1, 0);
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat3, 0.9, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_rectangle (cr, 20, 260, 300, 100);
cairo_set_source (cr, pat3);
cairo_fill (cr);
cairo_pattern_destroy (pat1);
cairo_pattern_destroy (pat2);
cairo_pattern_destroy (pat3);
cairo_destroy (cr);
return FALSE;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "expose-event",
G_CALLBACK (on_expose_event), NULL);
g_signal_connect (G_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
G_CALLBACK (gtk_main_quit), NULL);
gtk_window_set_position (GTK_WINDOW (window),
GTK_WIN_POS_CENTER);
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW (window), 340, 390);
gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "gradients");
gtk_widget_set_app_paintable (window, TRUE);
gtk_widget_show_all (window);
gtk_main ();
return 0;
}
在这一示例程序中，我们绘制了三个具有不同渐变风格的矩形。
pat3 = cairo_pattern_create_linear (20.0, 260.0, 20.0, 360.0);
这里，创建了一个线性渐变图案。参数设定了绘制渐变方向的直线，在示例中，它是一条竖线。
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat3, 0.1, 0, 0, 0);
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat3, 0.5, 1, 1, 0);
cairo_pattern_add_color_stop_rgb (pat3, 0.9, 0, 0, 0);
定义了渐变图案的断点。在示例中，渐变图案表现为黑色与黄色的过渡。通过添加两个黑色断点和一个黄色断点，就可以构成一个水平方向的渐变图案，颜色的变化方向则是沿竖直方向。渐变图案从矩形的上端至下端，开始是黑色，到 1/10 宽度时，黑色便停止了，然后就是由黑色向黄色的渐变渲染；到达矩形中部时，黄色达到饱和状态。黄色断点会在 9/10 宽度处终止，最后的 1/10 又是黑色。
