[文章作者:张宴 本文版本:v1.3 最后修改:
2007.11.06 转载请注明出处:
http://blog.s135.com]
("engine x") 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器,也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的,它已经在该站点运行超过两年半了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。
Nginx 的中文维基:
在高并发连接的情况下,Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果,
Nginx 0.5.31 + PHP 5.2.4 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数,相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。
以下是 Nginx 0.5.31 + PHP 5.2.4 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下的TCP状况:
netstat -n | awk '/^tcp/ {++S[$NF]} END {for(a in S) print a, S[a]}'
各种状态TCP连接数如下(各项值所代表的含义见我的另一篇文章《
查看Apache并发请求数及其TCP连接状态》):
引用
LAST_ACK 1
SYN_RECV 991
CLOSE_WAIT 1
ESTABLISHED 18789
FIN_WAIT1 1478
FIN_WAIT2 181
TIME_WAIT 506
根据我的经验,4GB内存的服务器+Apache(prefork模式)一般只能处理3000个并发连接,因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存,还得为系统预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器,因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000,当Apache并发连接数达到3800时,导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。
而这台 Nginx 0.5.31 + PHP 5.2.4 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下,开启的10个Nginx进程消耗100M内存(20MB*10=100M),开启的250个php-cgi进程消耗1G内存(4MB*250≈1GB),加上系统自身消耗的内存,总共才消耗2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小,完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程,这样php-cgi消耗的总内存数才100M。在开启25个php-cgi进程的情况下,每分钟的处理能力只比开启250个php-cgi进程时低了不到一半。
以下为 Nginx 0.5.31 + PHP 5.2.4 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下,开启的10个Nginx进程和250个php-cgi进程时的系统负载情况:
安装步骤:
(系统要求:Linux 2.6+ 内核,本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 4.4)
一、获取相关开源程序:
1、下载程序源码包到当前目录:
本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2007年9月21日的最新稳定版。我将它们打了两个压缩包。
第一个压缩包:nginx_php_mysql_1.0_1of2.zip:
下载地址:
第二个压缩包:nginx_php_mysql_1.0_2of2.zip:
下载地址:
2、解压缩:
unzip nginx_php_mysql_1.0_1of2.zip
unzip nginx_php_mysql_1.0_2of2.zip
二、安装PHP 5.2.4(FastCGI模式)
1、编译安装PHP 5.2.4所需的支持库:
tar zxvf libiconv-1.11.tar.gz
cd libiconv-1.11/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/lib/libiconv
make && make install
cd ../
tar zxvf freetype-2.3.5.tar.gz
cd freetype-2.3.5/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/lib/freetype
make && make install
cd ../
tar zxvf libpng-1.2.20.tar.gz
cd libpng-1.2.20/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../
tar zxvf jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz
cd jpeg-6b/
./configure --enable-static --enable-shared
make && make install
cd ../
tar zxvf gd-2.0.35.tar.gz
cd gd-2.0.35/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/lib/gd --with-freetype=/usr/local/webserver/lib/freetype --with-jpeg --with-png
make
make install
cd ../
tar zxvf libxml2-sources-2.6.30.tar.gz
cd libxml2-2.6.30/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/lib/libxml
make && make install
cd ../
2、编译安装MySQL 5.0.45
/usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
/usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
tar zxvf mysql-5.0.45.tar.gz
cd mysql-5.0.45
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/ --without-debug --with-unix-socket-path=/tmp/mysql.sock --with-client-ldflags=-all-static --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=gbk,gb2312,utf8 --with-pthread --enable-thread-safe-client
make && make install
chmod +w /usr/local/webserver/mysql
chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/webserver/mysql
cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf
附:以下为附加步骤,如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库,则执行以下两步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库,能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库,那么,以下两步无需执行。
①、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表:
/usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --datadir=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/data --user=mysql --pid-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/mysql.pid --skip-locking --port=3306 --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock
②、启动MySQL(最后的&表示在后台运行)
/bin/sh /usr/local/webserver/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/usr/local/webserver/mysql/my.cnf &
3、编译安装PHP(FastCGI模式)
cd ..
tar zxvf php-5.2.4.tar.gz
cd php-5.2.4/
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/php --with-mysql=/usr/local/webserver/mysql --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/webserver/php/etc --with-gd=/usr/local/webserver/lib/gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --enable-gd-jis-conv --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local/webserver/lib/libiconv --with-freetype-dir=/usr/local/webserver/lib/freetype --with-jpeg-dir=/usr/local --with-png-dir=/usr/local --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr/local/webserver/lib/libxml --enable-xml --disable-debug --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-force-cgi-redirect
make && make install
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini #为什么不是php.ini-recommend
cd ../
附:编译PHP之后,为PHP添加扩展的方法。(本步骤可选)
cd php-5.2.4/pcntl
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-config
make && make install
cd ../../../
vi /usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini
修改extension_dir = "/usr/local/webserver/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/" #修改了这里就使PHP支持zend 吗
我编了多次,很多都不用上面步骤,为什么要这步,extension_dir是指?
在用
Loaded Configuration File |
/usr/local/webserver/php/etc/php.ini |
PHP API |
20041225 |
PHP Extension |
20060613 |
Zend Extension |
220060519 |
Debug Build |
no |
Thread Safety |
disabled |
Zend Memory Manager |
enabled |
IPv6 Support |
enabled |
Registered PHP Streams |
php, file, data, ftp, gopher, telnet, dict, ldap, http, https, ftps, compress.zlib |
Registered Stream Socket Transports |
tcp, udp, unix, udg |
Registered Stream Filters |
string.rot13, string.toupper, string.tolower, string.strip_tags, convert.*, consumed, convert.iconv.*, zlib.* |
This program makes use of the Zend Scripting Language Engine: Zend Engine v2.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2007 Zend Technologies
|
上面文字已经说明了有zend支持,但请看下面
Zend Optimizer是由PHP核心引擎“Zend”创建者Zend技术公司所开的免费PHP优化软件。据Zend公司透露使用这个软件某些情况下至少可以提高性能30%以上!这么好的免费大餐当然要用,
-----------------------------------------------
系统:red hat linux 9.0
step1:
apache:httpd-2.0.58.
[各种版本请去下载]
PHP 4.4.1
[可在官方下载5.1.1和4.4.2两个版本]
MySQL Database Server 5.0.22
[各种版本可在mysql官方下载到 ]
(ZendOptimizer-3.0.1-linux-glibc21-i386.tar.gz我开始使用这个没有成功!后来换了前面的2.6.0就成功了)
全部wget完毕
step2:
安装环境如果不确定的朋友,用rpm查一下
如果原来编译安装的,删了即可,放那也没事
rpm qa | grep apache
rpm qa | grep mysql
rpm qa | grep php
再顺便查查
rpm -qa | grep zlib
rpm -qa | grep libpng
rpm -qa | grep freetype
rpm -qa | grep jpeg
rpm -qa | grep gd
出来的结果必须有以下rpm包成功安装的前提!如果没有就到 搜索吧!
[root@localhost local]# rpm -qa | grep zlib
zlib-1.1.4-8
zlib-devel-1.1.4-8
[root@localhost local]# rpm -qa | grep libpng
libpng-1.2.2-16
libpng-devel-1.2.2-20
libpng10-1.0.13-8
libpng10-devel-1.0.13-8
[root@localhost local]# rpm -qa | grep freetype
freetype-devel-2.1.3-6
freetype-2.1.3-6
[root@localhost local]# rpm -qa | grep jpeg
libjpeg-6b-26
libjpeg-devel-6b-26
[root@localhost local]# rpm -qa | grep gd
gdk-pixbuf-0.18.0-7
gdb-5.3post-0.20021129.18
gdbm-1.8.0-20
sysklogd-1.4.1-12
gdk-pixbuf-gnome-0.18.0-7
gdbm-devel-1.8.0-20
gd-1.8.4-11
因为我要装PHPWind,所以需要gd支持水印
安装顺序:mysql > apache > php > zend
step3:具体安装
1,mysql
cd /usr/local
groupadd mysql
useradd -g mysql mysql
cd /usr/local
tar zxvf mysql-standard-5.0.22-linux-i686.tar.gz
ln -s mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
cd mysql
scripts/mysql_install_db
chown -R root /usr/local/mysql
chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/data
chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql
chown -R root /usr/local/mysql/bin
bin/safe_mysqld --user=mysql &
cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
copy一个执行脚本
chkconfig --add mysqld
/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld start
此时,若你安装成功的话,会有如下提示:Starting MySQL SUCCESS!
2,apache
cd ..
返回/usr/local目录
tar zxvf httpd-2.0.58.tar.gz
cd httpd-2.0.58
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --enable-so
编译apache,加上加载模块参数
make
make install
/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start
显示httpd (pid xxxxx) already running
ps -ef | grep httpd
看看是否有httpd进程
vi /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
配置一下conf脚本
在http.conf最末端找到
#
# ServerAdmin
# DocumentRoot /www/docs/dummy-host.example.com
# ServerName dummy-host.example.com
# ErrorLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log
# CustomLog logs/dummy-host.example.com-access_log common
#
复制,添加在最后去掉#修改为
ServerAdmin
DocumentRoot /var/www
ServerName 192.168.1.1
ServerAlias 192.168.1.1
3,php
cd ..
tar xzvf php-4.4.1.tar.gz
cd php-4.4.1
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php --with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache/bin/apxs --with-mysql --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php/etc --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --enable-gd-jis-conv --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --enable-xml --enable-mbstring
make
make install
cp php.ini-recommended /usr/local/php/lib/php.ini //(这种也是可以的,我使用的就是这种)
#cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/php/lib/php.ini //(有的用户使用这种)
修改php.ini文件,全局注册变量改为开启
vi /usr/local/php/lib/php.ini
register_globals = On
vi /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
//编辑文件,加入php文件头支持
找到
DirectoryIndex index.html index.html.var
改为
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.html.var
找到
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
改为
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
4,zend
cd ..
tar xzvf ZendOptimizer-2.6.0-linux-glibc21-i386.tar.gz
cd ZendOptimizer-2.6.0-linux-glibc21-i386
# ./install.sh
mud安装过程中会要你输入php.ini的路径:/usr/local/php/lib/php.ini
我们已经在安装php的时候将php.ini-recommended脚本复制过去了
只需确定/usr/local/php/lib即可
最后
/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl restart
在/home/wwwroot目录下保存为/index.php测试下:
echo 'installing linux+apache+mysql+php+zend success';
?>
phpinfo();
?>;
打开浏览器,输入
installing linux+apache+mysql+php+zend success
以及phpinfo()的内容!
This program makes use of the Zend Scripting Language Engine:
Zend Engine v1.3.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2004 Zend Technologies with Zend Extension Manager v1.0.9, Copyright (c) 2003-2005, by Zend Technologies with Zend Optimizer v2.6.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2005, by Zend Technologies
Zend Optimizer
Optimization Pass 1 enabled
Optimization Pass 2 enabled
Optimization Pass 3 enabled
Optimization Pass 4 enabled
Optimization Pass 9 disabled
Zend Loader enabled
License Path no value
4、创建www用户和组,以及其使用的目录:
/usr/sbin/groupadd www -g 48
/usr/sbin/useradd -u 48 -g www www
mkdir -p /data0/vshare/htdocs
chmod +w /data0/vshare/htdocs
chown -R www:www /data0/vshare/htdocs
5、安装lighttpd中附带的spawn-fcgi,用来启动php-cgi
注:压缩包中的spawn-fcgi程序为已经编译成二进制的版本。
cp spawn-fcgi /usr/local/webserver/php/bin
chmod +x /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi
6、启动php-cgi进程,监听127.0.0.1的10080端口,进程数为250(如果服务器内存小于3GB,可以只开启25个进程),用户为www:
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 10080 -C 250 -u www -f /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-cgi
三、安装Nginx 0.5.31
1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库:
tar zxvf pcre-7.2.tar.gz
cd pcre-7.2/
./configure
make && make install
cd ../
2、安装Nginx
tar zxvf nginx-0.5.31.tar.gz
cd nginx-0.5.31/
./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/webserver/nginx
make && make install
cd ../
3、创建Nginx日志目录
mkdir -p /data1/logs
chmod +w /data1/logs
chown -R www:www /data1/logs
4、创建Nginx配置文件
①、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件:
rm -f /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
输入以下内容:
引用
user www www;
worker_processes 10;
#error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
#pid logs/nginx.pid;
#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 51200;
events
{
use epoll;
#maxclient = worker_processes * worker_connections / cpu_number
worker_connections 51200;
}
http
{
include conf/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] $request '
'"$status" $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /data1/logs/access.log main;
#sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
keepalive_timeout 60;
#gzip on;
server
{
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
index index.html index.htm index.php;
root /data0/vshare/htdocs;
if (-f $request_filename/index.html)
{
rewrite (.*) $1/index.html break;
}
if (-f $request_filename/index.htm)
{
rewrite (.*) $1/index.htm break;
}
if (-f $request_filename/index.php)
{
rewrite (.*) $1/index.php break;
}
location ~ .*\.php?$
{
include conf/fcgi.conf;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:10080;
fastcgi_index index.php;
}
}
}
②、在/usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件:
vi /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf
输入以下内容:
引用
fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;
fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri;
fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;
# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
#fastcgi_param REDIRECT_STATUS 200;
5、启动Nginx
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP
vi /etc/rc.local
在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
/usr/local/webserver/php/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 10080 -C 250 -u www -f /usr/local/webserver/php/bin/php-cgi
ulimit -SHn 51200
/usr/local/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
五、优化Linux内核参数
vi /etc/sysctl.conf
在末尾增加以下内容:
引用
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 5000 65000
使配置立即生效:
/sbin/sysctl -p