分类: Java
2009-09-19 13:47:53
//: Assignment.java // Assignment with objects is a bit tricky package c03; class Number { int i; } public class Assignment { public static void main(String[] args) { Number n1 = new Number(); Number n2 = new Number(); n1.i = 9; n2.i = 47; System.out.println("1: n1.i: " + n1.i + ", n2.i: " + n2.i); n1 = n2; System.out.println("2: n1.i: " + n1.i + ", n2.i: " + n2.i); n1.i = 27; System.out.println("3: n1.i: " + n1.i + ", n2.i: " + n2.i); } } ///:~
//: PassObject.java // Passing objects to methods can be a bit tricky class Letter { char c; } public class PassObject { static void f(Letter y) { y.c = 'z'; } public static void main(String[] args) { Letter x = new Letter(); x.c = 'a'; System.out.println("1: x.c: " + x.c); f(x); System.out.println("2: x.c: " + x.c); } } ///:~
//: MathOps.java // Demonstrates the mathematical operators import java.util.*; public class MathOps { // Create a shorthand to save typing: static void prt(String s) { System.out.println(s); } // shorthand to print a string and an int: static void pInt(String s, int i) { prt(s + " = " + i); } // shorthand to print a string and a float: static void pFlt(String s, float f) { prt(s + " = " + f); } public static void main(String[] args) { // Create a random number generator, // seeds with current time by default: Random rand = new Random(); int i, j, k; // '%' limits maximum value to 99: j = rand.nextInt() % 100; k = rand.nextInt() % 100; pInt("j",j); pInt("k",k); i = j + k; pInt("j + k", i); i = j - k; pInt("j - k", i); i = k / j; pInt("k / j", i); i = k * j; pInt("k * j", i); i = k % j; pInt("k % j", i); j %= k; pInt("j %= k", j); // Floating-point number tests: float u,v,w; // applies to doubles, too v = rand.nextFloat(); w = rand.nextFloat(); pFlt("v", v); pFlt("w", w); u = v + w; pFlt("v + w", u); u = v - w; pFlt("v - w", u); u = v * w; pFlt("v * w", u); u = v / w; pFlt("v / w", u); // the following also works for // char, byte, short, int, long, // and double: u += v; pFlt("u += v", u); u -= v; pFlt("u -= v", u); u *= v; pFlt("u *= v", u); u /= v; pFlt("u /= v", u); } } ///:~
//: AutoInc.java // Demonstrates the ++ and -- operators public class AutoInc { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 1; prt("i : " + i); prt("++i : " + ++i); // Pre-increment prt("i++ : " + i++); // Post-increment prt("i : " + i); prt("--i : " + --i); // Pre-decrement prt("i-- : " + i--); // Post-decrement prt("i : " + i); } static void prt(String s) { System.out.println(s); } } ///:~
i : 1 ++i : 2 i++ : 2 i : 3 --i : 2 i-- : 2 i : 1
//: Equivalence.java public class Equivalence { public static void main(String[] args) { Integer n1 = new Integer(47); Integer n2 = new Integer(47); System.out.println(n1 == n2); System.out.println(n1 != n2); } } ///:~
//: EqualsMethod.java public class EqualsMethod { public static void main(String[] args) { Integer n1 = new Integer(47); Integer n2 = new Integer(47); System.out.println(n1.equals(n2)); } } ///:~
//: EqualsMethod2.java class Value { int i; } public class EqualsMethod2 { public static void main(String[] args) { Value v1 = new Value(); Value v2 = new Value(); v1.i = v2.i = 100; System.out.println(v1.equals(v2)); } } ///:~
//: Bool.java // Relational and logical operators import java.util.*; public class Bool { public static void main(String[] args) { Random rand = new Random(); int i = rand.nextInt() % 100; int j = rand.nextInt() % 100; prt("i = " + i); prt("j = " + j); prt("i > j is " + (i > j)); prt("i < j is " + (i < j)); prt("i >= j is " + (i >= j)); prt("i <= j is " + (i <= j)); prt("i == j is " + (i == j)); prt("i != j is " + (i != j)); // Treating an int as a boolean is // not legal Java //! prt("i && j is " + (i && j)); //! prt("i || j is " + (i || j)); //! prt("!i is " + !i); prt("(i < 10) && (j < 10) is " + ((i < 10) && (j < 10)) ); prt("(i < 10) || (j < 10) is " + ((i < 10) || (j < 10)) ); } static void prt(String s) { System.out.println(s); } } ///:~
i = 85 j = 4 i > j is true i < j is false i >= j is true i <= j is false i == j is false i != j is true (i < 10) && (j < 10) is false (i < 10) || (j < 10) is true
//: ShortCircuit.java // Demonstrates short-circuiting behavior // with logical operators. public class ShortCircuit { static boolean test1(int val) { System.out.println("test1(" + val + ")"); System.out.println("result: " + (val < 1)); return val < 1; } static boolean test2(int val) { System.out.println("test2(" + val + ")"); System.out.println("result: " + (val < 2)); return val < 2; } static boolean test3(int val) { System.out.println("test3(" + val + ")"); System.out.println("result: " + (val < 3)); return val < 3; } public static void main(String[] args) { if(test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2)) System.out.println("expression is true"); else System.out.println("expression is false"); } } ///:~
if(test1(0) && test2(2) && test3(2))
//: URShift.java // Test of unsigned right shift public class URShift { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = -1; i >>>= 10; System.out.println(i); long l = -1; l >>>= 10; System.out.println(l); short s = -1; s >>>= 10; System.out.println(s); byte b = -1; b >>>= 10; System.out.println(b); } } ///:~
//: BitManipulation.java // Using the bitwise operators import java.util.*; public class BitManipulation { public static void main(String[] args) { Random rand = new Random(); int i = rand.nextInt(); int j = rand.nextInt(); pBinInt("-1", -1); pBinInt("+1", +1); int maxpos = 2147483647; pBinInt("maxpos", maxpos); int maxneg = -2147483648; pBinInt("maxneg", maxneg); pBinInt("i", i); pBinInt("~i", ~i); pBinInt("-i", -i); pBinInt("j", j); pBinInt("i & j", i & j); pBinInt("i | j", i | j); pBinInt("i ^ j", i ^ j); pBinInt("i << 5", i << 5); pBinInt("i >> 5", i >> 5); pBinInt("(~i) >> 5", (~i) >> 5); pBinInt("i >>> 5", i >>> 5); pBinInt("(~i) >>> 5", (~i) >>> 5); long l = rand.nextLong(); long m = rand.nextLong(); pBinLong("-1L", -1L); pBinLong("+1L", +1L); long ll = 9223372036854775807L; pBinLong("maxpos", ll); long lln = -9223372036854775808L; pBinLong("maxneg", lln); pBinLong("l", l); pBinLong("~l", ~l); pBinLong("-l", -l); pBinLong("m", m); pBinLong("l & m", l & m); pBinLong("l | m", l | m); pBinLong("l ^ m", l ^ m); pBinLong("l << 5", l << 5); pBinLong("l >> 5", l >> 5); pBinLong("(~l) >> 5", (~l) >> 5); pBinLong("l >>> 5", l >>> 5); pBinLong("(~l) >>> 5", (~l) >>> 5); } static void pBinInt(String s, int i) { System.out.println( s + ", int: " + i + ", binary: "); System.out.print(" "); for(int j = 31; j >=0; j--) if(((1 << j) & i) != 0) System.out.print("1"); else System.out.print("0"); System.out.println(); } static void pBinLong(String s, long l) { System.out.println( s + ", long: " + l + ", binary: "); System.out.print(" "); for(int i = 63; i >=0; i--) if(((1L << i) & l) != 0) System.out.print("1"); else System.out.print("0"); System.out.println(); } } ///:~
-1, int: -1, binary: 11111111111111111111111111111111 +1, int: 1, binary: 00000000000000000000000000000001 maxpos, int: 2147483647, binary: 01111111111111111111111111111111 maxneg, int: -2147483648, binary: 10000000000000000000000000000000 i, int: 59081716, binary: 00000011100001011000001111110100 ~i, int: -59081717, binary: 11111100011110100111110000001011 -i, int: -59081716, binary: 11111100011110100111110000001100 j, int: 198850956, binary: 00001011110110100011100110001100 i & j, int: 58720644, binary: 00000011100000000000000110000100 i | j, int: 199212028, binary: 00001011110111111011101111111100 i ^ j, int: 140491384, binary: 00001000010111111011101001111000 i << 5, int: 1890614912, binary: 01110000101100000111111010000000 i >> 5, int: 1846303, binary: 00000000000111000010110000011111 (~i) >> 5, int: -1846304, binary: 11111111111000111101001111100000 i >>> 5, int: 1846303, binary: 00000000000111000010110000011111 (~i) >>> 5, int: 132371424, binary: 00000111111000111101001111100000
//: Literals.java class Literals { char c = 0xffff; // max char hex value byte b = 0x7f; // max byte hex value short s = 0x7fff; // max short hex value int i1 = 0x2f; // Hexadecimal (lowercase) int i2 = 0X2F; // Hexadecimal (uppercase) int i3 = 0177; // Octal (leading zero) // Hex and Oct also work with long. long n1 = 200L; // long suffix long n2 = 200l; // long suffix long n3 = 200; //! long l6(200); // not allowed float f1 = 1; float f2 = 1F; // float suffix float f3 = 1f; // float suffix float f4 = 1e-45f; // 10 to the power float f5 = 1e+9f; // float suffix double d1 = 1d; // double suffix double d2 = 1D; // double suffix double d3 = 47e47d; // 10 to the power } ///:~
助记词 |
运算符类型 |
运算符 |
Ulcer |
Unary |
+ - ++ – [[ rest...]] |
Addicts |
Arithmetic (and shift) |
* / % + - << >> |
Really |
Relational |
> < >= <= == != |
Like |
Logical (and bitwise) |
&& || & | ^ |
C |
Conditional (ternary) |
A > B ? X : Y |
A Lot |
Assignment |
= (and compound assignment like *=) |
//: AllOps.java // Tests all the operators on all the // primitive data types to show which // ones are accepted by the Java compiler. class AllOps { // To accept the results of a boolean test: void f(boolean b) {} void boolTest(boolean x, boolean y) { // Arithmetic operators: //! x = x * y; //! x = x / y; //! x = x % y; //! x = x + y; //! x = x - y; //! x++; //! x--; //! x = +y; //! x = -y; // Relational and logical: //! f(x > y); //! f(x >= y); //! f(x < y); //! f(x <= y); f(x == y); f(x != y); f(!y); x = x && y; x = x || y; // Bitwise operators: //! x = ~y; x = x & y; x = x | y; x = x ^ y; //! x = x << 1; //! x = x >> 1; //! x = x >>> 1; // Compound assignment: //! x += y; //! x -= y; //! x *= y; //! x /= y; //! x %= y; //! x <<= 1; //! x >>= 1; //! x >>>= 1; x &= y; x ^= y; x |= y; // Casting: //! char c = (char)x; //! byte B = (byte)x; //! short s = (short)x; //! int i = (int)x; //! long l = (long)x; //! float f = (float)x; //! double d = (double)x; } void charTest(char x, char y) { // Arithmetic operators: x = (char)(x * y); x = (char)(x / y); x = (char)(x % y); x = (char)(x + y); x = (char)(x - y); x++; x--; x = (char)+y; x = (char)-y; // Relational and logical: f(x > y); f(x >= y); f(x < y); f(x <= y); f(x == y); f(x != y); //! f(!x); //! f(x && y); //! f(x || y); // Bitwise operators: x= (char)~y; x = (char)(x & y); x = (char)(x | y); x = (char)(x ^ y); x = (char)(x << 1); x = (char)(x >> 1); x = (char)(x >>> 1); // Compound assignment: x += y; x -= y; x *= y; x /= y; x %= y; x <<= 1; x >>= 1; x >>>= 1; x &= y; x ^= y; x |= y; // Casting: //! boolean b = (boolean)x; byte B = (byte)x; short s = (short)x; int i = (int)x; long l = (long)x; float f = (float)x; double d = (double)x; } void byteTest(byte x, byte y) { // Arithmetic operators: x = (byte)(x* y); x = (byte)(x / y); x = (byte)(x % y); x = (byte)(x + y); x = (byte)(x - y); x++; x--; x = (byte)+ y; x = (byte)- y; // Relational and logical: f(x > y); f(x >= y); f(x < y); f(x <= y); f(x == y); f(x != y); //! f(!x); //! f(x && y); //! f(x || y); // Bitwise operators: x = (byte)~y; x = (byte)(x & y); x = (byte)(x | y); x = (byte)(x ^ y); x = (byte)(x << 1); x = (byte)(x >> 1); x = (byte)(x >>> 1); // Compound assignment: x += y; x -= y; x *= y; x /= y; x %= y; x <<= 1; x >>= 1; x >>>= 1; x &= y; x ^= y; x |= y; // Casting: //! boolean b = (boolean)x; char c = (char)x; short s = (short)x; int i = (int)x; long l = (long)x; float f = (float)x; double d = (double)x; } void shortTest(short x, short y) { // Arithmetic operators: x = (short)(x * y); x = (short)(x / y); x = (short)(x % y); x = (short)(x + y); x = (short)(x - y); x++; x--; x = (short)+y; x = (short)-y; // Relational and logical: f(x > y); f(x >= y); f(x < y); f(x <= y); f(x == y); f(x != y); //! f(!x); //! f(x && y); //! f(x || y); // Bitwise operators: x = (short)~y; x = (short)(x & y); x = (short)(x | y); x = (short)(x ^ y); x = (short)(x << 1); x = (short)(x >> 1); x = (short)(x >>> 1); // Compound assignment: x += y; x -= y; x *= y; x /= y; x %= y; x <<= 1; x >>= 1; x >>>= 1; x &= y; x ^= y; x |= y; // Casting: //! boolean b = (boolean)x; char c = (char)x; byte B = (byte)x; int i = (int)x; long l = (long)x; float f = (float)x; double d = (double)x; } void intTest(int x, int y) { // Arithmetic operators: x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; x = x + y; x = x - y; x++; x--; x = +y; x = -y; // Relational and logical: f(x > y); f(x >= y); f(x < y); f(x <= y); f(x == y); f(x != y); //! f(!x); //! f(x && y); //! f(x || y); // Bitwise operators: x = ~y; x = x & y; x = x | y; x = x ^ y; x = x << 1; x = x >> 1; x = x >>> 1; // Compound assignment: x += y; x -= y; x *= y; x /= y; x %= y; x <<= 1; x >>= 1; x >>>= 1; x &= y; x ^= y; x |= y; // Casting: //! boolean b = (boolean)x; char c = (char)x; byte B = (byte)x; short s = (short)x; long l = (long)x; float f = (float)x; double d = (double)x; } void longTest(long x, long y) { // Arithmetic operators: x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; x = x + y; x = x - y; x++; x--; x = +y; x = -y; // Relational and logical: f(x > y); f(x >= y); f(x < y); f(x <= y); f(x == y); f(x != y); //! f(!x); //! f(x && y); //! f(x || y); // Bitwise operators: x = ~y; x = x & y; x = x | y; x = x ^ y; x = x << 1; x = x >> 1; x = x >>> 1; // Compound assignment: x += y; x -= y; x *= y; x /= y; x %= y; x <<= 1; x >>= 1; x >>>= 1; x &= y; x ^= y; x |= y; // Casting: //! boolean b = (boolean)x; char c = (char)x; byte B = (byte)x; short s = (short)x; int i = (int)x; float f = (float)x; double d = (double)x; } void floatTest(float x, float y) { // Arithmetic operators: x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; x = x + y; x = x - y; x++; x--; x = +y; x = -y; // Relational and logical: f(x > y); f(x >= y); f(x < y); f(x <= y); f(x == y); f(x != y); //! f(!x); //! f(x && y); //! f(x || y); // Bitwise operators: //! x = ~y; //! x = x & y; //! x = x | y; //! x = x ^ y; //! x = x << 1; //! x = x >> 1; //! x = x >>> 1; // Compound assignment: x += y; x -= y; x *= y; x /= y; x %= y; //! x <<= 1; //! x >>= 1; //! x >>>= 1; //! x &= y; //! x ^= y; //! x |= y; // Casting: //! boolean b = (boolean)x; char c = (char)x; byte B = (byte)x; short s = (short)x; int i = (int)x; long l = (long)x; double d = (double)x; } void doubleTest(double x, double y) { // Arithmetic operators: x = x * y; x = x / y; x = x % y; x = x + y; x = x - y; x++; x--; x = +y; x = -y; // Relational and logical: f(x > y); f(x >= y); f(x < y); f(x <= y); f(x == y); f(x != y); //! f(!x); //! f(x && y); //! f(x || y); // Bitwise operators: //! x = ~y; //! x = x & y; //! x = x | y; //! x = x ^ y; //! x = x << 1; //! x = x >> 1; //! x = x >>> 1; // Compound assignment: x += y; x -= y; x *= y; x /= y; x %= y; //! x <<= 1; //! x >>= 1; //! x >>>= 1; //! x &= y; //! x ^= y; //! x |= y; // Casting: //! boolean b = (boolean)x; char c = (char)x; byte B = (byte)x; short s = (short)x; int i = (int)x; long l = (long)x; float f = (float)x; } } ///:~
//: Overflow.java // Surprise! Java lets you overflow. public class Overflow { public static void main(String[] args) { int big = 0x7fffffff; // max int value prt("big = " + big); int bigger = big * 4; prt("bigger = " + bigger); } static void prt(String s) { System.out.println(s); } } ///:~
static int test(int testval) { int result = 0; if(testval > target) result = -1; else if(testval < target) result = +1; else result = 0; // match return result; }
static int test2(int testval) { if(testval > target) return -1; if(testval < target) return +1; return 0; // match }
//: WhileTest.java // Demonstrates the while loop public class WhileTest { public static void main(String[] args) { double r = 0; while(r < 0.99d) { r = Math.random(); System.out.println(r); } } } ///:~
//: ListCharacters.java // Demonstrates "for" loop by listing // all the ASCII characters. public class ListCharacters { public static void main(String[] args) { for( char c = 0; c < 128; c++) if (c != 26 ) // ANSI Clear screen System.out.println( "value: " + (int)c + " character: " + c); } } ///:~
for(int i = 0, j = 1; i < 10 && j != 11; i++, j++) /* body of for loop */;
//: CommaOperator.java public class CommaOperator { public static void main(String[] args) { for(int i = 1, j = i + 10; i < 5; i++, j = i * 2) { System.out.println("i= " + i + " j= " + j); } } } ///:~
i= 1 j= 11 i= 2 j= 4 i= 3 j= 6 i= 4 j= 8
//: BreakAndContinue.java // Demonstrates break and continue keywords public class BreakAndContinue { public static void main(String[] args) { for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { if(i == 74) break; // Out of for loop if(i % 9 != 0) continue; // Next iteration System.out.println(i); } int i = 0; // An "infinite loop": while(true) { i++; int j = i * 27; if(j == 1269) break; // Out of loop if(i % 10 != 0) continue; // Top of loop System.out.println(i); } } } ///:~
0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 10 20 30 40
//: LabeledFor.java // Java’s "labeled for loop" public class LabeledFor { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 0; outer: // Can't have statements here for(; true ;) { // infinite loop inner: // Can't have statements here for(; i < 10; i++) { prt("i = " + i); if(i == 2) { prt("continue"); continue; } if(i == 3) { prt("break"); i++; // Otherwise i never // gets incremented. break; } if(i == 7) { prt("continue outer"); i++; // Otherwise i never // gets incremented. continue outer; } if(i == 8) { prt("break outer"); break outer; } for(int k = 0; k < 5; k++) { if(k == 3) { prt("continue inner"); continue inner; } } } } // Can't break or continue // to labels here } static void prt(String s) { System.out.println(s); } } ///:~
i = 0 continue inner i = 1 continue inner i = 2 continue i = 3 break i = 4 continue inner i = 5 continue inner i = 6 continue inner i = 7 continue outer i = 8 break outer
//: LabeledWhile.java // Java's "labeled while" loop public class LabeledWhile { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 0; outer: while(true) { prt("Outer while loop"); while(true) { i++; prt("i = " + i); if(i == 1) { prt("continue"); continue; } if(i == 3) { prt("continue outer"); continue outer; } if(i == 5) { prt("break"); break; } if(i == 7) { prt("break outer"); break outer; } } } } static void prt(String s) { System.out.println(s); } } ///:~
Outer while loop i = 1 continue i = 2 i = 3 continue outer Outer while loop i = 4 i = 5 break Outer while loop i = 6 i = 7 break outer
//: VowelsAndConsonants.java // Demonstrates the switch statement public class VowelsAndConsonants { public static void main(String[] args) { for(int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { char c = (char)(Math.random() * 26 + 'a'); System.out.print(c + ": "); switch(c) { case 'a': case 'e': case 'i': case 'o': case 'u': System.out.println("vowel"); break; case 'y': case 'w': System.out.println( "Sometimes a vowel"); break; default: System.out.println("consonant"); } } } } ///:~
//: CastingNumbers.java // What happens when you cast a float or double // to an integral value? public class CastingNumbers { public static void main(String[] args) { double above = 0.7, below = 0.4; System.out.println("above: " + above); System.out.println("below: " + below); System.out.println( "(int)above: " + (int)above); System.out.println( "(int)below: " + (int)below); System.out.println( "(char)('a' + above): " + (char)('a' + above)); System.out.println( "(char)('a' + below): " + (char)('a' + below)); } } ///:~
above: 0.7 below: 0.4 (int)above: 0 (int)below: 0 (char)('a' + above): a (char)('a' + below): a
//: RandomBounds.java // Does Math.random() produce 0.0 and 1.0? public class RandomBounds { static void usage() { System.err.println("Usage: \n\t" + "RandomBounds lower\n\t" + "RandomBounds upper"); System.exit(1); } public static void main(String[] args) { if(args.length != 1) usage(); if(args[0].equals("lower")) { while(Math.random() != 0.0) ; // Keep trying System.out.println("Produced 0.0!"); } else if(args[0].equals("upper")) { while(Math.random() != 1.0) ; // Keep trying System.out.println("Produced 1.0!"); } else usage(); } } ///:~
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