restrict volatile限定符

'Restrict' Pointers

One of the new features in the recently approved C standard C99, is the restrict pointer qualifier. This qualifier can be applied to a data pointer to indicate that, during the scope of that pointer declaration, all data accessed through it will be accessed only through that pointer but not through any other pointer. The 'restrict' keyword thus enables the compiler to perform certain optimizations based on the premise that a given object cannot be changed through another pointer. Now you're probably asking yourself, "doesn't const already guarantee that?" No, it doesn't. The qualifier const ensures that a variable cannot be changed through a particular pointer. However, it's still possible to change the variable through a different pointer. For example:

 

  void f (const int* pci, int *pi;); // is *pci immutable?
  {
    (*pi)+=1; // not necessarily: n is incremented by 1
     *pi = (*pci) + 2; // n is incremented by 2
  }
  int n;
  f( &n, &n);
 

In this example, both pci and pi point to the same variable, n. You can't change n's value through pci but you can change it using pi. Therefore, the compiler isn't allowed to optimize memory access for *pci by preloading n's value. In this example, the compiler indeed shouldn't preload n because its value changes three times during the execution of f(). However, there are situations in which a variable is accessed only through a single pointer. For example:

 

  FILE *fopen(const char * filename, const char * mode);

The name of the file and its open mode are accessed through unique pointers in fopen(). Therefore, it's possible to preload the values to which the pointers are bound. Indeed, the C99 standard revised the prototype of the function fopen() to the following:

 
  /* new declaration of fopen() in  */
  FILE *fopen(const char * restrict filename, 
                        const char * restrict mode);

Similar changes were applied to the entire standard C library: printf(), strcpy() and many other functions now take restrict pointers:

 
  int printf(const char * restrict format, ...);
  char *strcpy(char * restrict s1, const char * restrict s2);

C++ doesn't support restrict yet. However, since many C++ compilers are also C compilers, it's likely that this feature will be added to most C++ compilers too.

C中的volatile用法

volatile 影响编译器编译的结果,指出，volatile 变量是随时可能发生变化的，与volatile变量有关的运算，不要进行编译优化，以免出错，（VC++ 在产生release版可执行码时会进行编译优化，加volatile关键字的变量有关的运算，将不进行编译优化。）。
例如：
volatile int i=10;
int j = i;
...
int k = i;
volatile 告诉编译器i是随时可能发生变化的，每次使用它的时候必须从i的地址中读取，因而编译器生成的可执行码会重新从i的地址读取数据放在k中。
而优化做法是，由于编译器发现两次从i读数据的代码之间的代码没有对i进行过操作，它会自动把上次读的数据放在k中。而不是重新从i里面读。这样以来，如果i是一个寄存器变量或者表示一个端口数据就容易出错，所以说volatile可以保证对特殊地址的稳定访问，不会出错。

/**********************

一个定义为volatile的变量是说这变量可能会被意想不到地改变，这样，编译器就不会去假设这个变量的值了。精确地说就是，优化器在用到这个变量时必须每次都小心地重新读取这个变量的值，而不是使用保存在寄存器里的备份。下面是volatile变量的几个例子：
1) 并行设备的硬件寄存器（如：状态寄存器）
2) 一个中断服务子程序中会访问到的非自动变量(Non-automatic variables)
3) 多线程应用中被几个任务共享的变量
回答不出这个问题的人是不会被雇佣的。我认为这是区分C程序员和嵌入式系统程序员的最基本的问题。搞嵌入式的家伙们经常同硬件、中断、RTOS等等打交道，所有这些都要求用到volatile变量。不懂得volatile的内容将会带来灾难。假设被面试者正确地回答了这是问题（嗯，怀疑是否会是这样），我将稍微深究一下，看一下这家伙是不是直正懂得volatile完全的重要性。
1)一个参数既可以是const还可以是volatile吗？解释为什么。
2); 一个指针可以是volatile 吗？解释为什么。
3); 下面的函数有什么错误：
int square(volatile int *ptr)
{
return *ptr * *ptr;
}
下面是答案：
1)是的。一个例子是只读的状态寄存器。它是volatile因为它可能被意想不到地改变。它是const因为程序不应该试图去修改它。
2); 是的。尽管这并不很常见。一个例子是当一个中服务子程序修该一个指向一个buffer的指针时。
3) 这段代码有点变态。这段代码的目的是用来返指针*ptr指向值的平方，但是，由于*ptr指向一个volatile型参数，编译器将产生类似下面的代码：
int square(volatile int *ptr)
{
int a,b;
a = *ptr;
b = *ptr;
return a * b;
}
由于*ptr的值可能被意想不到地该变，因此a和b可能是不同的。结果，这段代码可能返不是你所期望的平方值！正确的代码如下：
long square(volatile int *ptr)
{
int a;
a = *ptr;
return a * a;
}