分类: Oracle
2008-09-01 13:48:18
第三章. 了解与恢复相关的信息
1、 理解报警日志文件
报警日志文件一般记载了数据库的启动/关闭信息,归档信息,备份信息,恢复信息,常见错误信息,部分数据库修改记录等。一般令名规则为
报警日志文件的路径是根据初始化参数background_dump_dest来决定的,如在我的机器上,该参数值为 D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump,那么,你就可以在该路径下找到该文件。
2、 后台进程跟踪文件
后台进程跟踪文件的路径与报警日志文件的路径一致,在某些情况下,你可以通过后台跟踪文件的信息了解更多的需要恢复的信息。如在数据库需要恢复的时候,报警日志文件中常有这样的语句:
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
通过提示的DBWR跟踪文件,可以查询到更详细的信息。
3、 v$recover_file与v$recovery_log
这是两个动态性能视图,可以在mount下查看,通过这两个视图,你可以了解详细的需要恢复的数据文件与需要使用到的归档日志。
第四章. 数据库恢复案例
4.1非归档模式下的备份与恢复
备份方案:采用OS冷备份
1. 连接数据库并创建测试表
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> create table test(a int);
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
2. 备份数据库
SQL> @coldbak.sql 或在DOS下 svrmgrl @coldbak.sql
3. 再插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
-------------------
1
2
4. 关闭数据库
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
Oracle instance shut down.
5. 毁坏一个或多个数据文件,如删除user01.dbf
C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF
模拟媒体毁坏。
6. 重新启动数据库,会发现如下错误
SQL> startup
Oracle instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'
在报警文件中,会有更详细的信息
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
7. 拷贝备份复原到原来位置(restore过程)
C:\>xcopy d:\database\*.* d:\Oracle\oradata\test/H/R/S
8. 打开数据库,检查数据
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
这里可以发现,数据库恢复成功,但在备份之后与崩溃之前的数据丢失了。
说明:
1、非归档模式下的恢复方案可选性很小,一般情况下只能有一种恢复方式,就是数据库的冷备
份的完全恢复,仅仅需要拷贝原来的备份就可以(restore),不需要recover;
2、这种情况下的恢复,可以完全恢复到备份的点上,但是可能是丢失数据的,在备份之后与崩溃之前的数据将全部丢失;
3、不管毁坏了多少数据文件或是联机日志或是控制文件,都可以通过这个办法恢复,因为这个恢复过程是Restore所有的冷备份文件,而这个备份点上的所有文件是一致的,与最新的数据库没有关系,就好比把数据库又放到了一个以前的"点"上;
4、对于非归档模式下,最好的办法就是采用OS的冷备份,建议不要用RMAN来作冷备份,效果不好,因为RMAN不备份联机日志,restore不能根本解决问题;
5、如果没有备份联机日志,如RMAN的备份,就需要利用不完全恢复(until cancel)的方法来重新创建联机日志文件。
4.2归档模式下丢失或损坏一个数据文件
在归档方式下损坏或丢失一个数据文件,如果存在相应的备份与该备份以来的归档日志,恢复还是比较简单的,可以作到尽量少的Down机时间,并能作到数据库的完全恢复。
1、 连接数据库,创建测试表并插入记录
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> create table test(a int) tablespace users;
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
2、 备份数据库
SQL> @hotbak.sql 或在DOS下 svrmgrl @hotbak.sql
3、 继续在测试表中插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
--------------------------------------
1
2
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
4、 关闭数据库,模拟丢失数据文件
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
Oracle instance shut down
C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF
模拟媒体毁坏。
5、 启动数据库错误,脱机该数据文件:
SQL> startup
Oracle instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USERS01.DBF'
还可以查看报警文件(见上一个恢复案例)或动态视图v$recover_file
如SQL> select * from v$recover_file;
FILE# ONLINE ERROR CHANGE# TIME
---------- ------- ------------------ ---------- -----------
3 ONLINE 1013500
脱机数据文件
SQL> alter database datafile 3 offline drop;
Database altered.
6、 打开数据库,拷贝备份回来(restore),恢复(recover)该数据文件,并联机:
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
拷贝备份从备份处
copy d:\databak\ users01.dbf d:\Oracle\oradata\test;
恢复该数据文件
SQL> recover datafile 3;
ORA-00279: change 1053698 generated at 05/07/2003 17:51:26 needed for
thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion :
D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARC
ORA-00280: change 1053698 for thread 1 is in sequence #304
Specify log: {
AUTO
ORA-00279: change 1053701 generated at 05/07/2003 17:51:39 needed for
thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00305.ARC
ORA-00280: change 1053701 for thread 1 is in sequence #305
ORA-00278: log file 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\ARCHIVE\TESTT001S00304.ARC' no longer needed for this recovery Log applied.
Media recovery complete.
恢复成功,联机该数据文件
SQL> alter database datafile 3 online;
Database altered.
7、 检查数据库的数据(完全恢复)
SQL> select * from test;
A
--------------------------------
1
2
说明:
1、采用热备份,需要运行在归档模式下,可以实现数据库的完全恢复,也就是说,从备份后到数据库崩溃时的数据都不会丢失;
2、可以采用全备份数据库的方式备份,对于特殊情况,也可以只备份特定的数据文件,如只备份用户表空间(一般情况下对于某些写特别频繁的数据文件,可以单独加大备份频率);
3、如果在恢复过程中,发现损坏的是多个数据文件,即可以采用一个一个数据文件的恢复方法(第5步中需要对数据文件一一脱机,第6步中需要对数据文件分别恢复),也可以采用整个数据库的恢复方法;
4、如果是系统表空间的损坏,不能采用此方法。
RMAN也可以进行联机备份,而且备份与恢复方法将比OS备份更简单可靠。
1、连接数据库,创建测试表并插入记录
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> create table test(a int) tablespace users;
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
2、 备份数据库表空间users
C:\>rman
Recovery Manager: Release
RMAN> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back
RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database
RMAN> connect target internal/virpure
RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)
RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c1 type disk;
3> backup tag 'tsuser' format 'd:\backup\tsuser_%u_%s_%p'
4> tablespace users;
5> release channel c1;
6> }
RMAN-03022: compiling command: allocate
RMAN-03023: executing command: allocate
RMAN-08030: allocated channel: c1
RMAN-08500: channel c1: sid=16 devtype=DISK
RMAN-03022: compiling command: backup
RMAN-03025: performing implicit partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync
RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-08005: partial resync complete
RMAN-03023: executing command: backup
RMAN-08008: channel c1: starting full datafile backupset
RMAN-08502: set_count=5 set_stamp=494177612 creation_time=16-MAY-03
RMAN-08010: channel c1: specifying datafile(s) in backupset
RMAN-08522: input datafile fno=00003 name=D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF
RMAN-08013: channel c1: piece 1 created
RMAN-08503: piece handle=D:\BACKUP\TSUSER_05EN
RMAN-08525: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
RMAN-03023: executing command: partial resync
RMAN-08003: starting partial resync of recovery catalog
RMAN-08005: partial resync complete
RMAN-03022: compiling command: release
RMAN-03023: executing command: release
RMAN-08031: released channel: c1
RMAN>
3、 继续在测试表中插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL>r
1* alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
4、 关闭数据库,模拟丢失数据文件
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
Oracle instance shut down
C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF
5、 启动数据库,检查错误
SQL> startup
Oracle instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 3 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 3: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\USER01.DBF'
6、 先打开数据库
SQL> alter database datafile 3 offline drop;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
7、 恢复该表空间
恢复脚本可以是恢复单个数据文件
run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
restore datafile 3;
recover datafile 3;
sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
release channel c1;
}
也可以是,恢复表空间
run{
allocate channel c1 type disk;
restore tablespace users;
recover tablespace users;
sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
release channel c1;
}
过程如下:
C:\>rman
Recovery Manager: Release
RMAN> connect rcvcat rman/rman@back
RMAN-06008: connected to recovery catalog database
RMAN> connect target internal/virpure
RMAN-06005: connected to target database: TEST (DBID=1788174720)
RMAN> run{
2> allocate channel c1 type disk;
3> restore datafile 3;
4> recover datafile 3;
5> sql 'alter database datafile 3 online';
6> release channel c1;
7> }
//输出内容冗长,省略--编者
RMAN>
8、 检查数据是否完整
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
说明:
1、RMAN也可以实现单个表空间或数据文件的恢复,恢复过程可以在mount下或open方式下,如果在open方式下恢复,可以减少down机时间;
2、如果损坏的是一个数据文件,建议offline并在open方式下恢复;
3、这里可以看到,RMAN进行数据文件与表空间恢复的时候,代码都比较简单,而且能保证备份与恢复的可靠性,所以建议采用RMAN的备份与恢复.
4.3丢失多个数据文件,实现整个数据库的恢复.
OS备份归档模式下损坏(丢失)多个数据文件,进行整个数据库的恢复
1、 连接数据库,创建测试表并插入记录
SQL> connect internal/password as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> create table test(a int);
Table created
SQL> insert into test values(1);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
2、 备份数据库,备份除临时数据文件后的所数据文件
SQL> @hotbak.sql 或在DOS下 svrmgrl @hotbak.sql
3、 继续在测试表中插入记录
SQL> insert into test values(2);
1 row inserted
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> select * from test;
A
---------------------------------------
1
2
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
4、 关闭数据库,模拟丢失数据文件
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
Oracle instance shut down
C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF
C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF
C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF
C:\>del D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF
模拟媒体毁坏(这里删除多个数据文件)
5、 启动数据库,检查错误
SQL> STARTUP
Oracle instance started.
Total System Global Area 102020364 bytes
Fixed Size 70924 bytes
Variable Size 85487616 bytes
Database Buffers 16384000 bytes
Redo Buffers 77824 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 1: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'
详细信息可以查看报警文件
ORA-1157 signalled during: ALTER DATABASE OPEN...
Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 1: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\SYSTEM01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 2 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 2: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\RBS01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 5 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 5: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\TOOLS01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
Thu May 08 09:39:36 2003
Errors in file D:\Oracle\admin\test\bdump\testDBW0.TRC:
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 6 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 6: 'D:\Oracle\ORADATA\TEST\INDX01.DBF'
ORA-27041: unable to open file
OSD-04002: unable to open file
O/S-Error: (OS 2) 系统找不到指定的文件。
通过查询v$recover_file可以看到
SQL> select * from v$recover_file;
FILE# ONLINE ERROR CHANGE# TIME
---------- ------- ------------------ ---------- -----------
1 ONLINE FILE NOT FOUND 0
2 ONLINE FILE NOT FOUND 0
5 ONLINE FILE NOT FOUND 0
6 ONLINE FILE NOT FOUND 0
有四个数据文件需要恢复