下载了u-boot，看了看里面的代码，并加入了一些注释，由于刚开始学arm以及汇编，因此加入了一些对汇编的注释：
包含如下文件：
1. board/lowlevel_init.S
2. cpu/arm920t/start.S
下面是start.S的内容：
/*
* armboot - Startup Code for ARM920 CPU-core
*
* Copyright (c) 2001 Marius Gr鰃er
* Copyright (c) 2002 Alex Z黳ke
* Copyright (c) 2002 Gary Jennejohn
*
* See file CREDITS for list of people who contributed to this
* project.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
* the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
* MA 02111-1307 USA
*/
#include
#include
#include
/*
*************************************************************************
*
* Jump vector table as in table 3.1 in [1]
*
*************************************************************************
*/
.globl _start
_start: b start_code
ldr pc, _undefined_instruction
ldr pc, _software_interrupt
ldr pc, _prefetch_abort
ldr pc, _data_abort
ldr pc, _not_used
ldr pc, _irq
ldr pc, _fiq
_undefined_instruction: .word undefined_instruction
_software_interrupt: .word software_interrupt
_prefetch_abort: .word prefetch_abort
_data_abort: .word data_abort
_not_used: .word not_used
_irq: .word irq
_fiq: .word fiq
.balignl 16,0xdeadbeef
/*
*************************************************************************
*
* Startup Code (called from the ARM reset exception vector)
*
* do important init only if we don't start from memory!
* relocate armboot to ram
* setup stack
* jump to second stage
*
*************************************************************************
*/
_TEXT_BASE:
.word TEXT_BASE
.globl _armboot_start
_armboot_start:
.word _start
/*
* These are defined in the board-specific linker script.
*/
.globl _bss_start
_bss_start:
.word __bss_start
.globl _bss_end
_bss_end:
.word _end
#ifdef CONFIG_USE_IRQ
/* IRQ stack memory (calculated at run-time) */
.globl IRQ_STACK_START
IRQ_STACK_START:
.word 0x0badc0de
/* IRQ stack memory (calculated at run-time) */
.globl FIQ_STACK_START
FIQ_STACK_START:
.word 0x0badc0de
#endif
/*
* the actual start code
*/
start_code:
/*
* set the cpu to SVC32 mode
*/
mrs r0,cpsr /*get the cpsr to r0*/
bic r0,r0,#0x1f /*bit clear the mode bits to 0 */
orr r0,r0,#0xd3 /*set the mode to the svc32 mode, and disable irq and firq at the same time*/
msr cpsr,r0 /*set the cpsr*/
bl coloured_LED_init /*call subroutine, bl is the branch with link instruction, init the led, the coloured_LED_init() is in status_led.h*/
bl red_LED_on
#if defined(CONFIG_AT91RM9200DK) || defined(CONFIG_AT91RM9200EK) || defined(CONFIG_AT91RM9200DF)
/*
* relocate exception table
*/
ldr r0, =_start
ldr r1, =0x0
mov r2, #16
copyex:
subs r2, r2, #1
ldr r3, [r0], #4
str r3, [r1], #4
bne copyex
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_S3C2400) || defined(CONFIG_S3C2410)
/* turn off the watchdog */
# if defined(CONFIG_S3C2400)
# define pWTCON 0x15300000
# define INTMSK 0x14400008 /* Interupt-Controller base addresses */
# define CLKDIVN 0x14800014 /* clock divisor register */
#else
# define pWTCON 0x53000000
# define INTMSK 0x4A000008 /* Interupt-Controller base addresses */
# define INTSUBMSK 0x4A00001C
# define CLKDIVN 0x4C000014 /* clock divisor register */
# endif
ldr r0, =pWTCON /*here, the ldr is a directive instruction, it will be divided into multiple instructions, which load the address represented by pWTCON to the r0 register*/
mov r1, #0x0
str r1, [r0] /*store 0 to the watchdog controller*/
/*
* mask all IRQs by setting all bits in the INTMR - default
*/
mov r1, #0xffffffff /*when moving imediate data into registers, the data should be the result of shifting even number of bits from a 8bit number*/
ldr r0, =INTMSK
str r1, [r0] /*disable all ints*/
# if defined(CONFIG_S3C2410)
ldr r1, =0x3ff
ldr r0, =INTSUBMSK
str r1, [r0]
# endif
/* FCLK:HCLK:PCLK = 1:2:4 */
/* default FCLK is 120 MHz ! */
ldr r0, =CLKDIVN /*clock division register*/
mov r1, #3
str r1, [r0]
#endif /* CONFIG_S3C2400 || CONFIG_S3C2410 */
/*
* we do sys-critical inits only at reboot,
* not when booting from ram!
*/
#ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT
bl cpu_init_crit
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_AT91RM9200
#ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT
/* adr put the address of _start into r0, ldr put the content at _TEXT_BASE into r1, that is the
predetermined value "TEXT_BASE"*/
relocate: /* relocate U-Boot to RAM */
adr r0, _start /* r0 <- current position of code */
ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE /* test if we run from flash or RAM */
cmp r0, r1 /* don't reloc during debug */
beq stack_setup
ldr r2, _armboot_start
ldr r3, _bss_start
sub r2, r3, r2 /* r2 <- size of armboot */
add r2, r0, r2 /* r2 <- source end address */
copy_loop:
/* use the group load and store instructions from or to memory
ldmia and stmia, ! means to adjust the value of the register automatically
after the transsion*/
ldmia r0!, {r3-r10} /* copy from source address [r0] */
stmia r1!, {r3-r10} /* copy to target address [r1] */
cmp r0, r2 /* until source end addreee [r2] */
ble copy_loop
#endif /* CONFIG_SKIP_RELOCATE_UBOOT */
#endif
/* Set up the stack */
stack_setup:
ldr r0, _TEXT_BASE /* upper 128 KiB: relocated uboot */
sub r0, r0, #CFG_MALLOC_LEN /* malloc area */
sub r0, r0, #CFG_GBL_DATA_SIZE /* bdinfo */
#ifdef CONFIG_USE_IRQ
sub r0, r0, #(CONFIG_STACKSIZE_IRQ+CONFIG_STACKSIZE_FIQ)
#endif
sub sp, r0, #12 /* leave 3 words for abort-stack */
clear_bss:
ldr r0, _bss_start /* find start of bss segment */
ldr r1, _bss_end /* stop here */
mov r2, #0x00000000 /* clear */
clbss_l:str r2, [r0] /* clear loop... */
add r0, r0, #4
cmp r0, r1
ble clbss_l
ldr pc, _start_armboot
_start_armboot: .word start_armboot
/*
*************************************************************************
*
* CPU_init_critical registers
*
* setup important registers
* setup memory timing
*
*************************************************************************
*/
#ifndef CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT
cpu_init_crit:
/*
* flush v4 I/D caches
*/
/* mcr and mrc are co-processor instructions, they transfer data from or to the co-processors
between the registers of the cpu and co-processors*/
mov r0, #0
/* copy 0 to register c7 of co-processor p15 from register r0 from our cpu */
mcr p15, 0, r0, c7, c7, 0 /* flush v3/v4 cache, invalidate i-cache and d-cache */
/* tlbs are page table caches*/
mcr p15, 0, r0, c8, c7, 0 /* flush v4 TLB, invalidate TLBs, including i-tlb and d-tlb */
/*
* disable MMU stuff and caches
*/
mrc p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0 /* get the control register's content*/
bic r0, r0, #0x00002300 @ clear bits 13, 9:8 (--V- --RS)
bic r0, r0, #0x00000087 @ clear bits 7, 2:0 (B--- -CAM)
orr r0, r0, #0x00000002 @ set bit 2 (A) Align
orr r0, r0, #0x00001000 @ set bit 12 (I) I-Cache
mcr p15, 0, r0, c1, c0, 0
/*
* before relocating, we have to setup RAM timing
* because memory timing is board-dependend, you will
* find a lowlevel_init.S in your board directory.
*/
/* we are now runing in flash, the ram has not been initialized*/
/* here, as we are in cpu_init_crit and we are called by start_code , so
if we call another code section using "bl", we should save the lr register
which stores the position of the call_site in start_code. we temply copy it
to ip (R12, it is not PC). when lowlevel_init returns, we restore the R12 to lr
and call "mov pc, lr" to return the start_code */
mov ip, lr
#if defined(CONFIG_AT91RM9200DK) || defined(CONFIG_AT91RM9200EK) || defined(CONFIG_AT91RM9200DF)
#else
bl lowlevel_init
#endif
mov lr, ip
mov pc, lr
#endif /* CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT */
/*
*************************************************************************
*
* Interrupt handling
*
*************************************************************************
*/
@
@ IRQ stack frame.
@
#define S_FRAME_SIZE 72
#define S_OLD_R0 68
#define S_PSR 64
#define S_PC 60
#define S_LR 56
#define S_SP 52
#define S_IP 48
#define S_FP 44
#define S_R10 40
#define S_R9 36
#define S_R8 32
#define S_R7 28
#define S_R6 24
#define S_R5 20
#define S_R4 16
#define S_R3 12
#define S_R2 8
#define S_R1 4
#define S_R0 0
#define MODE_SVC 0x13
#define I_BIT 0x80
/*
* use bad_save_user_regs for abort/prefetch/undef/swi ...
* use irq_save_user_regs / irq_restore_user_regs for IRQ/FIQ handling
*/
.macro bad_save_user_regs
sub sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE
stmia sp, {r0 - r12} @ Calling r0-r12
ldr r2, _armboot_start
sub r2, r2, #(CONFIG_STACKSIZE+CFG_MALLOC_LEN)
sub r2, r2, #(CFG_GBL_DATA_SIZE+8) @ set base 2 words into abort stack
ldmia r2, {r2 - r3} @ get pc, cpsr
add r0, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE @ restore sp_SVC
add r5, sp, #S_SP
mov r1, lr
stmia r5, {r0 - r3} @ save sp_SVC, lr_SVC, pc, cpsr
mov r0, sp
.endm
.macro irq_save_user_regs
sub sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE
stmia sp, {r0 - r12} @ Calling r0-r12
add r7, sp, #S_PC
stmdb r7, {sp, lr}^ @ Calling SP, LR
str lr, [r7, #0] @ Save calling PC
mrs r6, spsr
str r6, [r7, #4] @ Save CPSR
str r0, [r7, #8] @ Save OLD_R0
mov r0, sp
.endm
.macro irq_restore_user_regs
ldmia sp, {r0 - lr}^ @ Calling r0 - lr
mov r0, r0
ldr lr, [sp, #S_PC] @ Get PC
add sp, sp, #S_FRAME_SIZE
subs pc, lr, #4 @ return & move spsr_svc into cpsr
.endm
.macro get_bad_stack
ldr r13, _armboot_start @ setup our mode stack
sub r13, r13, #(CONFIG_STACKSIZE+CFG_MALLOC_LEN)
sub r13, r13, #(CFG_GBL_DATA_SIZE+8) @ reserved a couple spots in abort stack
str lr, [r13] @ save caller lr / spsr
mrs lr, spsr
str lr, [r13, #4]
mov r13, #MODE_SVC @ prepare SVC-Mode
@ msr spsr_c, r13
msr spsr, r13
mov lr, pc
movs pc, lr
.endm
.macro get_irq_stack @ setup IRQ stack
ldr sp, IRQ_STACK_START
.endm
.macro get_fiq_stack @ setup FIQ stack
ldr sp, FIQ_STACK_START
.endm
/*
* exception handlers
*/
.align 5
undefined_instruction:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_undefined_instruction
.align 5
software_interrupt:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_software_interrupt
.align 5
prefetch_abort:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_prefetch_abort
.align 5
data_abort:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_data_abort
.align 5
not_used:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_not_used
#ifdef CONFIG_USE_IRQ
.align 5
irq:
get_irq_stack
irq_save_user_regs
bl do_irq
irq_restore_user_regs
.align 5
fiq:
get_fiq_stack
/* someone ought to write a more effiction fiq_save_user_regs */
irq_save_user_regs
bl do_fiq
irq_restore_user_regs
#else
.align 5
irq:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_irq
.align 5
fiq:
get_bad_stack
bad_save_user_regs
bl do_fiq
#endif
接下来是lowlevel_init.S的内容：
/*
* Memory Setup stuff - taken from blob memsetup.S
*
* Copyright (C) 1999 2000 2001 Erik Mouw (J.A.K.Mouw@its.tudelft.nl) and
* Jan-Derk Bakker (J.D.Bakker@its.tudelft.nl)
*
* Modified for the Samsung SMDK2410 by
* (C) Copyright 2002
* David Mueller, ELSOFT AG,
*
* See file CREDITS for list of people who contributed to this
* project.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
* published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
* the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
* MA 02111-1307 USA
*/
#include
#include
/* some parameters for the board */
/*
*
* Taken from linux/arch/arm/boot/compressed/head-s3c2410.S
*
* Copyright (C) 2002 Samsung Electronics SW.LEE
*
*/
#define BWSCON 0x48000000
/* BWSCON */
#define DW8 (0x0)
#define DW16 (0x1)
#define DW32 (0x2)
#define WAIT (0x1<<2)
#define UBLB (0x1<<3)
#define B1_BWSCON (DW32)
#define B2_BWSCON (DW16)
#define B3_BWSCON (DW16 + WAIT + UBLB)
#define B4_BWSCON (DW16)
#define B5_BWSCON (DW16)
#define B6_BWSCON (DW32)
#define B7_BWSCON (DW32)
/* BANK0CON */
#define B0_Tacs 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B0_Tcos 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B0_Tacc 0x7 /* 14clk */
#define B0_Tcoh 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B0_Tah 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B0_Tacp 0x0
#define B0_PMC 0x0 /* normal */
/* BANK1CON */
#define B1_Tacs 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B1_Tcos 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B1_Tacc 0x7 /* 14clk */
#define B1_Tcoh 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B1_Tah 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B1_Tacp 0x0
#define B1_PMC 0x0
#define B2_Tacs 0x0
#define B2_Tcos 0x0
#define B2_Tacc 0x7
#define B2_Tcoh 0x0
#define B2_Tah 0x0
#define B2_Tacp 0x0
#define B2_PMC 0x0
#define B3_Tacs 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B3_Tcos 0x3 /* 4clk */
#define B3_Tacc 0x7 /* 14clk */
#define B3_Tcoh 0x1 /* 1clk */
#define B3_Tah 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B3_Tacp 0x3 /* 6clk */
#define B3_PMC 0x0 /* normal */
#define B4_Tacs 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B4_Tcos 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B4_Tacc 0x7 /* 14clk */
#define B4_Tcoh 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B4_Tah 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B4_Tacp 0x0
#define B4_PMC 0x0 /* normal */
#define B5_Tacs 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B5_Tcos 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B5_Tacc 0x7 /* 14clk */
#define B5_Tcoh 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B5_Tah 0x0 /* 0clk */
#define B5_Tacp 0x0
#define B5_PMC 0x0 /* normal */
#define B6_MT 0x3 /* SDRAM */
#define B6_Trcd 0x1
#define B6_SCAN 0x1 /* 9bit */
#define B7_MT 0x3 /* SDRAM */
#define B7_Trcd 0x1 /* 3clk */
#define B7_SCAN 0x1 /* 9bit */
/* REFRESH parameter */
#define REFEN 0x1 /* Refresh enable */
#define TREFMD 0x0 /* CBR(CAS before RAS)/Auto refresh */
#define Trp 0x0 /* 2clk */
#define Trc 0x3 /* 7clk */
#define Tchr 0x2 /* 3clk */
#define REFCNT 1113 /* period=15.6us, HCLK=60Mhz, (2048+1-15.6*60) */
/**************************************/
_TEXT_BASE:
.word TEXT_BASE
.globl lowlevel_init
lowlevel_init:
/* memory control configuration */
/* make r0 relative the current location so that it */
/* reads SMRDATA out of FLASH rather than memory ! */
ldr r0, =SMRDATA /* this ldr is a directive, not an arm instruction, it just takes the value of SMRDATA into r0*/
ldr r1, _TEXT_BASE /* this ldr is a formal arm instruction, it takes the content at the address _TEXT_BASE into r1*/
sub r0, r0, r1
ldr r1, =BWSCON /* Bus Width Status Controller */ /*this is a directive, it just fills r1 with BWSCON, which is the address of bus width status controller*/
add r2, r0, #13*4 /*r2 points to the end of the SMRDATA section*/
0:
/*copy SMRDATA contents into BWSCON*/
ldr r3, [r0], #4
str r3, [r1], #4
cmp r2, r0
bne 0b
/* everything is fine now */
mov pc, lr
/*as we store some imediate numbers into registers, so the compiler may
create some literial area to store imediate numnber, in order to locate
them in a position that we can reach that is (+/-4k from the pc), we manually
create a literal pool using the directive ".ltorg"*/
.ltorg
/* the literal pools origin */
SMRDATA:
.word (0+(B1_BWSCON<<4)+(B2_BWSCON<<8)+(B3_BWSCON<<12)+(B4_BWSCON<<16)+(B5_BWSCON<<20)+(B6_BWSCON<<24)+(B7_BWSCON<<28))
.word ((B0_Tacs<<13)+(B0_Tcos<<11)+(B0_Tacc<<8)+(B0_Tcoh<<6)+(B0_Tah<<4)+(B0_Tacp<<2)+(B0_PMC))
.word ((B1_Tacs<<13)+(B1_Tcos<<11)+(B1_Tacc<<8)+(B1_Tcoh<<6)+(B1_Tah<<4)+(B1_Tacp<<2)+(B1_PMC))
.word ((B2_Tacs<<13)+(B2_Tcos<<11)+(B2_Tacc<<8)+(B2_Tcoh<<6)+(B2_Tah<<4)+(B2_Tacp<<2)+(B2_PMC))
.word ((B3_Tacs<<13)+(B3_Tcos<<11)+(B3_Tacc<<8)+(B3_Tcoh<<6)+(B3_Tah<<4)+(B3_Tacp<<2)+(B3_PMC))
.word ((B4_Tacs<<13)+(B4_Tcos<<11)+(B4_Tacc<<8)+(B4_Tcoh<<6)+(B4_Tah<<4)+(B4_Tacp<<2)+(B4_PMC))
.word ((B5_Tacs<<13)+(B5_Tcos<<11)+(B5_Tacc<<8)+(B5_Tcoh<<6)+(B5_Tah<<4)+(B5_Tacp<<2)+(B5_PMC))
.word ((B6_MT<<15)+(B6_Trcd<<2)+(B6_SCAN))
.word ((B7_MT<<15)+(B7_Trcd<<2)+(B7_SCAN))
.word ((REFEN<<23)+(TREFMD<<22)+(Trp<<20)+(Trc<<18)+(Tchr<<16)+REFCNT)
.word 0x32
.word 0x30
.word 0x30
从start.S开始，执行start_code处的指令，
1。依次设置为SVC32 mode,
2。LED init, 就我目前观察，针对s3c2410/smdk2410的板子，其coloured_LED_init的代码是空的，它是__coloured_LED_init函数的alias(使用了GNUC的__attribute__来设置函数间的alias关系)。
3。关闭watchdog
4。关中断,INTMASK和SUBINTMASK
5。设置fclk/hclk/pclk的比例
6。调用cpu_init_crit代码段
7。relocate代码段到TEXT_BASE
8。stack_setup
9。clear_bss，对BSS段清零
10。启动start_armboot。
上面的6，调用cpu_init_crit代码段完成的工作如下:
主要是memory controll 的配置。通过向BWSCON写入相应配置数据，具体的配置数据在SMRDATA处存储。
注意只有在lowlevel_init对存储器配置后，才可能将代码relocate到ram中。
relocate之后，RAM肯定也早就可用了，为了能让u-boot的stage2能运行，需要设立好stack,因为c语言的程序都是要栈的吗。所以就要setup_stack，其结果是预留出一定长度的栈，并且将stack指针放到sp里面去。
基于对上述代码的分析，可以推出，启动初期的内存布局：
从低地址到高地址：
stack,
abort_stack(12bytes),
IRQ stack( 包括irq,fiq的stack)
bdinfor
malloc area
text
bss
此外，start.S中还包含了interrupt和exception的处理代码，有待进一步分析。start_armboot的代码也有待进一步分析。
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