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分类: Oracle

2009-03-04 23:28:52

在平时工作中,IN & EXISTS NOT IN & NOT EXISTS是使用频率比较高的SQL语句,
所以对它们的优化工作是很有必要的

测试环境:Oracle 9.2.0.1 for Windows2000


1、IN 和 EXISTS

   IN和EXISTS的处理流程是不一样的:

 IN的执行流程
  select * from T1 where x in ( select y from T2 )
  可以理解为:
  select * from t1, ( select distinct y from t2 ) t2 where t1.x = t2.y;
 
 EXISTS的执行流程       
  select * from t1 where exists ( select null from t2 where y = x )
  可以理解为:
     for x in ( select * from t1 )
     loop
        if ( exists ( select null from t2 where y = x.x )
        then
           OUTPUT THE RECORD
        end if
     end loop

   创建测试用例表big(4000 row)和small(400 row)

 create table big as select * from dba_objects where rownum <= 10000;
 insert into big select * from big;
 insert into big select * from big;
 commit;
 create table small as select * from dba_objects where rownum <= 400;
  
当内层表为small,外层表为big时,两种语法的查询如下:

  SQL> select count(1) from big a where a.object_id in      
       (select b.object_id from sall b);                    
                                                            
    COUNT(1)                                                
  ----------                                                
        1600                                                
                                                            
  已用时间:  00: 00: 00.56                                  
                                                            
  Execution Plan                                            
  -----------------------------------------------------   
     0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE             
     1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                              
     2    1     MERGE JOIN                                  
     3    2       SORT (JOIN)                               
     4    3         TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG'            
     5    2       SORT (JOIN)                               
     6    5         VIEW OF 'VW_NSO_1'                      
     7    6           SORT (UNIQUE)                         
     8    7             TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL'      
                                                            
  Statistics                                                
  -----------------------------------------------------     
            0  recursive calls                              
            0  db block gets                                
          543  consistent gets                            
            0  physical reads                             
  
  SQL> select count(1) from big a where exists               
        (select 1 from small b where a.object_id=b.object_id);
                                                             
    COUNT(1)                                                 
  ----------                                                 
         1600                                                
                                                             
   已用时间:  00: 00: 03.10                                  
                                                             
  Execution Plan                                             
  -----------------------------------------------------      
      0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE               
      1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                              
      2    1     FILTER                                      
      3    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG'              
      4    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL'            
                                                              
  Statistics                                                 
  -----------------------------------------------------      
            0  recursive calls                               
            0  db block gets                                 
       312157  consistent gets                               
            0  physical reads                                 

当内层表为big,外层表为small时,两种语法的查询如下:

  SQL> select count(1) from small a where a.object_id in      
       (select b.object_id from big b);                       
                                                              
    COUNT(1)                                                         
  ----------                                                         
         400                                                         
                                                                     
  已用时间:  00: 00: 00.56                                           
                                                                     
  Execution Plan                                                     
  -----------------------------------------------------        
     0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE                        
     1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                                       
     2    1     MERGE JOIN                                           
     3    2       SORT (JOIN)                                        
     4    3         TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL'                   
     5    2       SORT (JOIN)                                        
     6    5         VIEW OF 'VW_NSO_1'                      
     7    6           SORT (UNIQUE)                         
     8    7             TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG'        
                                                            
  Statistics                                                         
  -----------------------------------------------------         
            0  recursive calls                                       
            0  db block gets                                         
          543  consistent gets                                       
            0  physical reads                                        
  
  SQL> select count(1) from small a where exists            
       (select null from big b where a.bject_id=b.object_id);
                                                            
    COUNT(1)                                                
  ----------                                                
         400                                                
                                                            
  已用时间:  00: 00: 00.25                                  
                                                            
  Execution Plan                                            
  -----------------------------------------------------     
     0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE               
     1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                              
     2    1     FILTER                                      
     3    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL'            
     4    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG'              
                                                           
  Statistics                                                
  -----------------------------------------------------     
            0  recursive calls                              
            0  db block gets                                
         2562  consistent gets                              
            0  physical reads                               
                               

在对表big、small进行分析后,发现CBO下两种语法的执行计划是一样的,都使用hash连接或者hash半连接

  SQL> analyze table big compute statistics;
  SQL> analyze table small compute statistics;
  
  SQL> select count(1) from big a where a.object_id in    
         (select b.object_id from small b);                  
                                                          
    COUNT(1)                                              
  ----------                                              
        1600                                              
                                                          
  已用时间:  00: 00: 00.09                                
                                                          
  Execution Plan                                          
  ------------------------------------------------------- 
     0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=58    
                                       Card=1 Bytes=8)    
     1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                            
     2    1     HASH JOIN (Cost=58 Card=1600 Bytes=12800) 
     3    2       SORT (UNIQUE)                           
     4    3         TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL' (Cost=2 Card=400 Bytes=1600)
     5    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG' (Cost=53 Card=40000 Bytes=160000)
                                                          
  Statistics                                              
  ------------------------------------------------------- 
            0  recursive calls                            
            0  db block gets                              
          543  consistent gets                            
            0  physical reads                             
  
  SQL> select count(1) from big a where exists              
       (select 1 from small b where a.object_id=b.object_id);
                                                            
    COUNT(1)                                                
  ----------                                                
        1600                                                
                                                            
  已用时间:  00: 00: 00.09                                  
                                                            
  Execution Plan                                            
  ----------------------------------------------------------
     0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=58 Card=1 Bytes=8)      
     1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                              
     2    1     HASH JOIN (Cost=58 Card=1600 Bytes=12800)   
     3    2       SORT (UNIQUE)                             
     4    3         TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL' (Cost=2 Card=400 Bytes=1600)  
     5    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG' (Cost=53 Card=40000 Bytes=160000)    
                                                            
  Statistics                                                
  --------------------------------------------------------  
            0  recursive calls                              
            0  db block gets                                
          543  consistent gets                              
            0  physical reads                               
  
  
  SQL> select count(1) from small a where a.object_id in  
       (select b.object_id from big b);                   
                                                          
    COUNT(1)                                              
  ----------                                              
         400                                              
                                                          
  已用时间:  00: 00: 00.09                                
                                                          
  Execution Plan                                          
  ------------------------------------------------------  
     0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=56 Card=1  Bytes=8)  
     1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                            
     2    1     HASH JOIN (SEMI) (Cost=56 Card=400 Bytes=3200)     
     3    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL' (Cost=2 Card=400 Bytes=1600) 
     4    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG' (Cost=53 Card=40000 Bytes=160000) 
                                                          
  Statistics                                              
  ------------------------------------------------------  
            0  recursive calls                            
            0  db block gets                              
          543  consistent gets                            
            0  physical reads                             
  
  SQL> select count(1) from small a where exists           
       (select 1 from big b where a.object_id=b.object_id);
                                                           
    COUNT(1)                                               
  ----------                                               
         400                                               
                                                           
  已用时间:  00: 00: 00.09                                 
                                                           
  Execution Plan                                           
  -------------------------------------------------------  
     0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=56 Card=1 Bytes=8)    
     1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                             
     2    1     HASH JOIN (SEMI) (Cost=56 Card=400 Bytes=3200)    
     3    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL' (Cost=2 Card=400 Bytes=1600)  
     4    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG' (Cost=53 Card=40000 Bytes=160000)  
                                                           
  Statistics                                               
  -------------------------------------------------------  
            0  recursive calls                             
            0  db block gets                               
          543  consistent gets                             
            0  physical reads                              

删除表分析,使用提示/*+ use_hash(a,b) */ 或者 /*+ hash_sj */,
两种语法都可以达到CBO的执行计划

SQL> analyze table big delete statistics;
SQL> analyze table small delete statistics;

SQL> select /*+ use_hash(a,b) */count(1) from big a where a.object_id in
     (select b.object_id from small b);

SQL> select /*+ use_hash(a,b) */count(1) from big a where exists
     (select 1 from small b where a.object_id=b.object_id);

SQL> select count(1) from small a where a.object_id in
     (select /*+ hash_sj */ b.object_id from big b);

SQL> select count(1) from small a where exists
     (select /*+ hash_sj */ 1 from big b where a.object_id=b.object_id);

下表列出了各种情况下的速度情况:
┌───────────┬──────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┬─────────────┐
│           │  outer big,inner small   │  outer small,inner big  │  table rows │
├───────────┼──────────┬───────────────┼──────────┬──────────────┼─────────────┤
│           │  IN SQL  │  EXISTS SQL   │  IN SQL  │  EXISTS SQL  │             │
├───────────┼──────────┼───────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┤
│un-analyze │  0.56s   │  3.10s        │  0.56s   │  0.25s       │  big=40000  │
├───────────┼──────────┼───────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┤     and     │
│ analyzed  │  0.09s   │  0.09s        │  0.09s   │  0.09s       │  small=400  │
├───────────┼──────────┼───────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼─────────────┤
│un-analyze │  0.72s   │  3.53s        │  0.25s   │  2.97s       │  big=5000   │
├───────────┼──────────┼───────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┤     and     │
│ analyzed  │  0.09s   │  0.09s        │  0.09s   │  0.09s       │  small=4000 │
└───────────┴──────────┴───────────────┴──────────┴──────────────┴─────────────┘

结论:在未对表进行分析前,若两个表数据量差异很大,则外层表是大表时使用IN较快,
     外层表是小表时使用EXISTS较快;若两表数据量接近,则使用IN较快;
     分析表后无论用IN还是EXISTS都变得更快,由于执行计划一样,所以速度一样;
    
     所以:无论使用IN还是EXISTS,只要使用散列连接,即提示/*+ use_hash(a,b) */,
          或者在子句中散列半连接提示/*+ hash_sj */, 就使其达到最优速度;

附注:半连接的提示有hash_sj、merge_sj、nl_sj
    

***********************************************************************************************************************
***********************************************************************************************************************


2、NOT IN 和 NOT EXISTS

 NOT EXISTS的执行流程
 select .....
   from rollup R
 where not exists ( select 'Found' from title T
                              where R.source_id = T.Title_ID);
 可以理解为:
 for x in ( select * from rollup )
       loop
           if ( not exists ( that query ) ) then
                  OUTPUT
           end if;
        end;
       
注意:NOT EXISTS 与 NOT IN 不能完全互相替换,看具体的需求。如果选择的列可以为空,则不能被替换。

对于not in 和 not exists的性能区别:
   not in 只有当子查询中,select 关键字后的字段有not null约束或者有这种暗示时用not in,另外如果主查询中表大,
   子查询中的表小但是记录多,则应当使用not in,并使用anti hash join.
  
   如果主查询表中记录少,子查询表中记录多,并有索引,可以使用not exists,另外not in最好也可以用/*+ HASH_AJ */
   或者外连接+is null,NOT IN 在基于成本的应用中较好
  
   创建测试用例表big(40000 row)和small(1000 row):
  
   truncate table big;
   truncate table small;
   insert into big   select * from dba_objects where rownum <=20000;
   insert into big   select * from dba_objects where rownum <=20000;
   insert into small select * from dba_objects where rownum <=1000;
   commit;
  
   基本句型:
   <1> not in
   SQL> select count(1) from big a where a.object_id not in (select b.object_id from small b);          
                                                        
   COUNT(1)                                              
 ----------                                              
      38000                                              
                                                         
 已用时间:  00: 00: 12.56                                  
                                                         
 Execution Plan                                          
 -----------------------------------------------------   
    0      SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE             
    1    0   SORT (AGGREGATE)                            
    2    1     FILTER                                    
    3    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'BIG'            
    4    2       TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SMALL'          

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
 Statistics                                              
 --------------------------------

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