linux启动流程(从start_kernel中的rest_init函数到init进程(1))
在init/main.c文件中有个函数叫start_kernel,它是用来启动内核的主函数,我想大家都知道这个函数啦,而在该函数的最后将调用一个函数叫rest_init(),它执行完,内核就起来了,
asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
{
......
/* Do the rest non-__init'ed, we're now alive */
rest_init();
}
现在我们来看一下rest_init()函数,它也在文件init/main.c中,它的前面几行是:
static void noinline __init_refok rest_init(void) __releases(kernel_lock)
{
int pid;
kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
其中函数kernel_thread定义在文件arch/ia64/kernel/process.c中,用来启动一个内核线程,这里的kernel_init是要执行的函数的指针,NULL表示传递给该函数的参数为空,CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND为do_fork产生线程时的标志,表示进程间的fs信息共享,信号处理和块信号共享,然后我就屁颠屁颠地追随到kernel_init函数了,现在来瞧瞧它都做了什么好事,它的完整代码如下:
static int __init kernel_init(void * unused)
{
lock_kernel();
/*
* init can run on any cpu.
*/
set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR);
/*
* Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
* reaper of innocent orphaned children.
* We don't want people to have to make incorrect
* assumptions about where in the task array this
* can be found.
*/
init_pid_ns.child_reaper = current;
cad_pid = task_pid(current);
smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
do_pre_smp_initcalls();
smp_init();
sched_init_smp();
cpuset_init_smp();
do_basic_setup();
/*
* check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
* the work
*/
if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
prepare_namespace();
}
/*
* Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
* we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
* initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
*/
init_post();
return 0;
}
在kernel_init函数的一开始就调用了lock_kernel()函数,当编译时选上了CONFIG_LOCK_KERNEL,就加上大内核锁,否则啥也不做,紧接着就调用了函数set_cpus_allowed_ptr,由于这些函数对init进程的调起还是有影响的,我们还是一个一个来瞧瞧吧,不要忘了啥东东最好,
static inline int set_cpus_allowed_ptr(struct task_struct *p,
const cpumask_t *new_mask)
{
if (!cpu_isset(0, *new_mask))
return -EINVAL;
return 0;
}
这函数其实就调用了cpu_isset宏,定义在文件"include/linux/cpumask.h中,如下:
#define cpu_isset(cpu, cpumask) test_bit((cpu), (cpumask).bits)
再来看看set_cpus_allowed_ptr的第二个参数类型吧,也定义在文件include/linux/cpumask.h中,具体如下:
typedef struct { DECLARE_BITMAP(bits, NR_CPUS); } cpumask_t;
接着尾随着DECLAR_BITMAP宏到文件include/linux/types.h中,定义如下:
#define DECLARE_BITMAP(name,bits) \
unsigned long name[BITS_TO_LONGS(bits)]
而宏BITS_TO_LONGS定义在文件include/linux/bitops.h中,实现如下:
#define BITS_TO_LONGS(nr) DIV_ROUND_UP(nr, BITS_PER_BYTE * sizeof(long))
DIV_ROUND_UP宏定义在文件include/linux/kernel.h中,BITS_PER_BYTE 宏定义在文件include/linux/bitops.h中,实现如下:
#define DIV_ROUND_UP(n,d) (((n) + (d) - 1) / (d))
#define BITS_PER_BYTE 8
即当NR_CPUS为1~32时,cpumask_t类型为
struct {
unsigned long bits[1];
}
然后来看看在set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR);中的 CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR宏,定义在include/linux/cpumask.h中:
#define CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR (&CPU_MASK_ALL)
而CPU_MASK_ALL宏也定义在文件include/linux/cpumask.h中:
#define CPU_MASK_ALL \
(cpumask_t) { { \
[BITS_TO_LONGS(NR_CPUS)-1] = CPU_MASK_LAST_WORD \
} }
NR_CPUS宏定义在文件include/linux/threads.h中,实现如下:
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#define NR_CPUS CONFIG_NR_CPUS
#else
#define NR_CPUS 1
#endif
CPU_MASK_LAST_WORD宏定义在文件include/linux/cpumask.h中,实现如下:
#define CPU_MASK_LAST_WORD BITMAP_LAST_WORD_MASK(NR_CPUS)
BITMAP_LAST_WORD_MASK(NR_CPUS)宏定义在文件include/linux/bitmap.h中,实现如下:
#define BITMAP_LAST_WORD_MASK(nbits) \
( \
((nbits) % BITS_PER_LONG) ? \
(1UL<<((nbits) % BITS_PER_LONG))-1 : ~0UL \
)
当NR_CPUS为1时,CPU_MASK_LAST_WORD为1
当NR_CPUS为2时,CPU_MASK_LAST_WORD为2
当NR_CPUS为n时,CPU_MASK_LAST_WORD为2的n-1次方
有点晕了,我们现在把参数带入,即set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR)
-->cpu_isset(0,CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR)-->test_bit(0,CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR.bits)
即当NR_CPUS为n时,就把usigned long bits[0]的第n位置1,应该就如注释所说的,init能运行在任何CPU上吧。
现在kernel_init中的set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, CPU_MASK_ALL_PTR); 分析完了,我们接着往下看,首先 init_pid_ns.child_reaper = current; init_pid_ns定义在kernel/pid.c文件中
struct pid_namespace init_pid_ns = {
.kref = {
.refcount = ATOMIC_INIT(2),
},
.pidmap = {
[ 0 ... PIDMAP_ENTRIES-1] = { ATOMIC_INIT(BITS_PER_PAGE), NULL }
},
.last_pid = 0,
.level = 0,
.child_reaper = &init_task,
};
它是一个pid_namespace结构的变量,先来看看pid_namespace的结构,它定义在文件
include/linux/pid_namespace.h中,具体定义如下:
struct pid_namespace {
struct kref kref;
struct pidmap pidmap[PIDMAP_ENTRIES];
int last_pid;
struct task_struct *child_reaper;
struct kmem_cache *pid_cachep;
unsigned int level;
struct pid_namespace *parent;
#ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
struct vfsmount *proc_mnt;
#endif
};
即把当前进程设为接受其它孤儿进程的进程,然后取得该进程的进程ID,如:
cad_pid = task_pid(current);
然后调用 smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);如果编译时没有指定CONFIG_SMP,它什么也不做,接着往下看,调用do_pre_smp_initcalls()函数,它定义在init/main.c文件中,实现如下:
static void __init do_pre_smp_initcalls(void)
{
extern int spawn_ksoftirqd(void);
migration_init();
spawn_ksoftirqd();
if (!nosoftlockup)
spawn_softlockup_task();
}
其中migration_init()定义在文件include/linux/sched.h中,具体实现如下:
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
void migration_init(void);
#else
static inline void migration_init(void)
{
}
#endif
好像什么也没有做,然后是调用spawn_ksoftirqd()函数,定义在文件kernel/softirq.c中,代码如下:
__init int spawn_ksoftirqd(void)
{
void *cpu = (void *)(long)smp_processor_id();
int err = cpu_callback(&cpu_nfb, CPU_UP_PREPARE, cpu);
BUG_ON(err == NOTIFY_BAD);
cpu_callback(&cpu_nfb, CPU_ONLINE, cpu);
register_cpu_notifier(&cpu_nfb);
return 0;
}
在该函数中,首先调用smp_processor_id函数获得当前CPU的ID并把它赋值给变量cpu,然后把cpu连同&cpu_nfb,CPU_UP_PREPARE传递给函数cpu_callback,我们先看cpu_callback的前几行:
static int __cpuinit cpu_callback(struct notifier_block *nfb,
unsigned long action,
void *hcpu)
{
int hotcpu = (unsigned long)hcpu;
struct task_struct *p;
switch (action) {
case CPU_UP_PREPARE:
case CPU_UP_PREPARE_FROZEN:
p = kthread_create(ksoftirqd, hcpu, "ksoftirqd/%d", hotcpu);
if (IS_ERR(p)) {
printk("ksoftirqd for %i failed\n", hotcpu);
return NOTIFY_BAD;
}
kthread_bind(p, hotcpu);
per_cpu(ksoftirqd, hotcpu) = p;
break;
从上述代码可以看出当action为CPU_PREPARE时,将创建一个内核线程并把它赋值给p,该进程所要运行的函数为ksoftirqd,传递给该函数的参数为hcpu,而紧跟其后的”ksoftirqd/%d”,hotcpu为该进程的名字参数,这就是我们在终端用命令ps -ef | grep ksoftirqd所看到的线程;如果进程创建失败,打印出错信息,否则把创建的线程p绑定到当前CPU的ID上,这就是kthread_bind(p,hotcpu)所做的,接下来的几行为:
case CPU_ONLINE:
case CPU_ONLINE_FROZEN:
wake_up_process(per_cpu(ksoftirqd, hotcpu));
break;
即在spawn_ksoftirqd函数中cpu_callback(&cpu_nfb, CPU_ONLINE, cpu);的action为CPU_ONLINE时,将调用wake_up_process函数来唤醒当前CPU上的ksoftirqd进程。最后调用register_cpu_notifier(&cpu_nfb);其实也没做什么,只是简单的返回0。返回到do_pre_smp_initcalls函数中,接着往下看:
if (!nosoftlockup)
spawn_softlockup_task();
spawn_softlockup_task()函数定义在文件include/linux/sched.h中,是个空函数。
到现在为止,do_pre_smp_initcalls分析完了,它主要就是创建进程ksoftirqd,把它绑定到当前CPU上,然后再把该进程拷贝给每个CPU,并唤醒所有CPU上的进程ksoftirqd,就是当我们执行ps -ef | grep ksoftirqd的时候所看到的:
root 4 2 0 08:30 ? 00:00:03 [ksoftirqd/0]
root 7 2 0 08:30 ? 00:00:02 [ksoftirqd/1]
革命尚未成功,同志仍需努力!接着享受吧,呵呵!
现在到了kernel_init函数中的smp_init();了
如果在编译时没有选择CONFIG_SMP,若定义CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC则去调用APIC_init_uniprocessor()函数,否则什么也不做,具体代码定义在文件init/main.c中:
#ifndef CONFIG_SMP
#ifdef CONFIG_X86_LOCAL_APIC
static void __init smp_init(void)
{
APIC_init_uniprocessor();
}
#else
#define smp_init() do { } while (0)
#endif
如果在编译时选择了CONFIG_SMP呢,那么它的实现就如下喽:
/* Called by boot processor to activate the rest. */
static void __init smp_init(void)
{
unsigned int cpu;
/* FIXME: This should be done in userspace --RR */
for_each_present_cpu(cpu) {
if (num_online_cpus() >= setup_max_cpus)
break;
if (!cpu_online(cpu))
cpu_up(cpu);
}
/* Any cleanup work */
printk(KERN_INFO "Brought up %ld CPUs\n", (long)num_online_cpus());
smp_cpus_done(setup_max_cpus);
}
来看看这个函数的,for_each_present_cpu(cpu)宏在文件include/linux/cpumask.h中实现:
#define for_each_present_cpu(cpu) for_each_cpu_mask((cpu), cpu_present_map)
而for_each_cpu_mask(cpu,mask)宏也在文件include/linux/cpumask.h中实现:
#if NR_CPUS > 1
#define for_each_cpu_mask(cpu, mask) \
for ((cpu) = first_cpu(mask); \
(cpu) < NR_CPUS; \
(cpu) = next_cpu((cpu), (mask)))
#else /* NR_CPUS == 1 */
#define for_each_cpu_mask(cpu, mask) \
for ((cpu) = 0; (cpu) < 1; (cpu)++, (void)mask)
#endif /* NR_CPUS */
即对于每个cpu都要执行大括号里的语句,如果当前cpu没激活就把它激活的,该函数然后打印一些cpu信息,如当前激活的cpu数目。
kernel_init中紧跟smp_init()函数后的是sched_init_smp()函数和do_basic_setup()函数,而其后便是最后一个函数init_post(),在该函数中将调起init进程。由于内容较多,下次分析......
(如哪里有错误,请高手指出,不胜感激,刚接触内核不久)