linux下使用openssl生成证书

利用OpenSSL生成库和命令程序,在生成的命令程序中包括对加/解密算法的测试,openssl程序,ca程序.利用openssl,ca可生成用于C/S模式的证书文件以及CA文件.下面以C/S模式说明证书文件的生成步骤:

证书文件生成:
一.服务器端
1.生成服务器端的私钥(key文件);
openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024
运行时会提示输入密码,此密码用于加密key文件(参数des3是加密算法,也可以选用其他安全的算法),以后每当需读取此文件(通过openssl提供的命令或API)都需输入口令.如果不要口令,则可用以下命令去除口令:
openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key

2.生成服务器端证书签名请求文件(csr文件);
openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
生成Certificate Signing Request（CSR）,生成的csr文件交给CA签名后形成服务端自己的证书.屏幕上将有提示,依照其 提示一步一步输入要求的个人信息即可(如:Country,province,city,company等).

二.客户端
1.对客户端也作同样的命令生成key及csr文件;
openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 1024
openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr

三.生成CA证书文件
server.csr与client.csr文件必须有CA的签名才可形成证书.
1.首先生成CA的key文件:
openssl genrsa -des3 -out ca.key 1024
2.生成CA自签名证书:
openssl req -new -x509 -key ca.key -out ca.crt
可以加证书过期时间选项 "-days 365".

四.利用CA证书进行签名
用生成的CA证书为server.csr,client.csr文件签名,利用openssl中附带的CA.pl文件(在安装目录中openssl/apps目录下),
1.ca.pl -newca, 在提示输入已有的证书文件时,输入上面已生成的ca.crt证书文件;
2.生成服务端证书文件
Openssl ca -in server.csr -out server.crt -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key -config openssl.cnf
3.生成客户端证书文件
Openssl ca -in client.csr -out client.crt -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key -config openssl.cnf
必须保证openssl.cnf在当前目录下,这个文件可以在apps目录中找到.

1.首先要生成服务器端的私钥(key文件):

[[e-mail]~/ssl]#openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 1024

运行时会提示输入密码,此密码用于加密key文件(参数des3便是指加密算法,当然也可以选用其他你认为安全的算法.),以后每当需读取此文件(通过openssl提供的命令或API)都需输入口令.如果觉得不方便,也可以去除这个口令,但一定要采取其他的保护措施!

去除key文件口令的命令:

[[e-mail]~/ssl]#openssl rsa -in server.key -out server.key



2.用server.key生成一个证书：

[[e-mail]~/ssl]#openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr

Enter pass phrase for server.key:12345

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated

into your certificate request.

What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank

For some fields there will be a default value,

If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.

-----

Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN

State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:china

Locality Name (eg, city) []:Zhuhai

Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:xxxx Ltd....

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:jecks

Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:

Email Address []:[e-mail]



Please enter the following 'extra' attributes

to be sent with your certificate request

A challenge password []:12345

An optional company name []:[e-mail]

生成Certificate Signing Request（CSR）,生成的csr文件交给CA签名后形成服务端自己的证书.屏幕上将有提示,依照其指示一步一步输入要求的个人信息即可.



3.对客户端也作同样的命令生成key及csr文件(在这两步写在一起):

A： [[e-mail]~/ssl]#openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 1024


Generating RSA private key, 1024 bit long modulus

...........++++++

..++++++

e is 65537 (0x10001)

Enter pass phrase for client.key:12345

Verifying - Enter pass phrase for client.key:12345



B： [[e-mail]~/ssl]# openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr

Enter pass phrase for client.key:12345

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated

into your certificate request.

What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.

There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank

For some fields there will be a default value,

If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.

-----

Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN

State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:china

Locality Name (eg, city) []:Zhuhai
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:xxxx Ltd....

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:jecks

Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:

Email Address []:[e-mail]



Please enter the following 'extra' attributes

to be sent with your certificate request

A challenge password []:12345

An optional company name []:[e-mail]



4.生成的CSR证书文件必须有CA的签名才可形成证书.这时生成一个KEY文件ca.key 和根证书ca.crt

[[e-mail]~/ssl]# openssl req -new -x509 -keyout ca.key -out ca.crt

Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key

...++++++

...................++++++

writing new private key to 'ca.key'

Enter PEM pass phrase:12345

Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:

-----

Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN

State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:china

Locality Name (eg, city) []:Zhuhai
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:xxxx Ltd....

Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:jecks

Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:

Email Address []:[e-mail]



Please enter the following 'extra' attributes

to be sent with your certificate request

A challenge password []:12345

An optional company name []:[e-mail]


5.用生成的CA的证书为刚才生成的server.csr,client.csr文件签名（这也是两写在一起）:

A： [[e-mail]~/ssl]# openssl ca -in server.csr -out server.crt -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key


Using configuration from openssl.cnf

Enter pass phrase for ca.key:

Check that the request matches the signature

Signature ok

Certificate Details:

Serial Number: 1 (0x1)

Validity

Not Before: Feb 26 04:15:02 2010 GMT

Not After : Feb 26 04:15:02 2011 GMT

Subject:

countryName = CN

stateOrProvinceName = china

organizationName = xxx.Ltd.C

organizationalUnitName = jecks

commonName =

X509v3 extensions:

X509v3 Basic Constraints:

CA:FALSE

Netscape Comment:

OpenSSL Generated Certificate

X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:

30:70:D2:EB:9B:73:AE:7B:0E:8E:F6:94:33:7C:53:5B:EF:93:FC:38

X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:

keyid:DB:D6:83:BB:7F:28:C2:A9:40:6A:D8:32:FC:01:E0:5C:48:27:51:19



Certificate is to be certified until Feb 26 04:15:02 2010 GMT (365 days)

Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y





1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y

Write out database with 1 new entries

Data Base Updated



B： [[e-mail]~/ssl]#openssl ca -in client.csr -out client.crt -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key



[root@airwaySSL bin]# openssl ca -in client.csr -out client.crt -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key -config openssl.cnf

Using configuration from openssl.cnf

Enter pass phrase for ca.key:

Check that the request matches the signature

Signature ok

The countryName field needed to be the same in the

CA certificate (CN) and the request (cn)

..................

另外，这个certificate是BASE64形式的,要转成PKCS12才能装到IE,/NETSCAPE上.所以还要:

[[e-mail]~/ssl]# openssl pkcs12 -export -in client.pem -inkey client.key -out client.pfx

Enter pass phrase for client.key:

Enter Export Password: # 设置client.pfx密码

Verifying - Enter Export Password:


现在我们所需的全部文件便生成了.

另：

client使用的文件有：ca.crt,client.crt,client.key,client.pfx

server使用的文件有：ca.crt,server.crt,server.key

6.最后

编辑/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default

NameVirtualHost *:443





ServerSignature


OnSSLEngine On


SSLCertificateFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt/server.crt #指定服务器证书位置


SSLCertificateKeyFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt/server.key #指定服务器证书key位置


SSLCACertificatePath /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt #证书目录


SSLCACertificateFile /usr/local/apache/conf/ssl.crt/ca.csr #根证书位置


#开启客户端SSL请求


SSLVerifyClient require


SSLVerifyDepth 1


ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost

ServerName

DocumentRoot /var/www/test

ErrorDocument 404 http:///err.php



Options FollowSymLinks

AllowOverride None





Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews

AllowOverride None

Order allow,deny

allow from all






证书安装及使用
把刚才生成的证书：根证书ca.crt和客户证书client.crt(client.pfx)安装到客户端， ca.crt安装到信任的机构，client.crt直接在windows安装或安装到个人证书位置，然后用IP访问HTTP和https服务器。在IE中我们一般导入client.pfx证书，导入时会提示上面设置的密码。