分类: LINUX
2010-10-21 10:07:06
设备驱动程序中,如果需要几个并发执行的任务,可以启动内核线程,启动内核线程的函数为:
int kernel_thread (int ( * fn )( void * ), void * arg, unsigned long flags);
kernel_thread函数的作用是产生一个新的线程
内核线程实际上就是一个共享父进程地址空间的进程,它有自己的系统堆栈.
内核线程和进程都是通过do_fork()函数来产生的,系统中规定的最大进程数与线程数由fork_init来决定:
[/arch/kernel/process.c/fork_init()]
void __init fork_init(unsigned long mempages)
{
#ifndef __HAVE_ARCH_TASK_STRUCT_ALLOCATOR
#ifndef ARCH_MIN_TASKALIGN
#define ARCH_MIN_TASKALIGN L1_CACHE_BYTES
#endif
/* 在slab高速缓存中建立task_struct结构专用的缓冲区队列 */
task_struct_cachep =
kmem_cache_create("task_struct", sizeof(struct task_struct),
ARCH_MIN_TASKALIGN, SLAB_PANIC, NULL, NULL);
#endif
/*
把默认线程数设置到一个安全值,因为内核中总的线程占用的空间
可能要内存一半还要多.
参数mempages系统中总的物理内存结构大小,它等于mempages/PAGESIZE.
比如我机器的内存是
(512*2^20/2^12) / 2^3 = 512*2^5 = 16384
*/
max_threads = mempages / (8 * THREAD_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE);
/*
* 启动系统的时候至少需要20个线程
*/
if(max_threads < 20)
max_threads = 20;
/*
* 每个进程最多产生max_threads/2,也就是线程总数的一半,在我的机器上为8192.
*/
init_task.signal->rlim[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_cur = max_threads/2;
init_task.signal->rlim[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_max = max_threads/2;
}
kernel_thread原形在/arch/kernel/process.c中.
(*fn)(void *)为要执行的函数的指针,arg为函数参数,flags为do_fork产生线程时的标志.
int kernel_thread(int (*fn)(void *), void * arg, unsigned long flags)
{
struct pt_regs regs;
memset(®s, 0, sizeof(regs));
regs.ebx = (unsigned long) fn; /* ebx指向函数地址 */
regs.edx = (unsigned long) arg; /* edx指向参数 */
regs.xds = __USER_DS;
regs.xes = __USER_DS;
regs.orig_eax = -1;
regs.eip = (unsigned long) kernel_thread_helper;
regs.xcs = __KERNEL_CS;
regs.eflags = X86_EFLAGS_IF | X86_EFLAGS_SF | X86_EFLAGS_PF | 0x2;
/* 利用do_fork来产生一个新的线程,共享父进程地址空间,并且不允许调试子进程 */
return do_fork(flags | CLONE_VM | CLONE_UNTRACED, 0, ®s, 0, NULL, NULL);
}
[/arch/i386/kernel/process.c/kernel_thread_helper]
extern void kernel_thread_helper(void); /* 定义成全局变量 */
__asm__(".section .text\n"
".align 4\n"
"kernel_thread_helper:\n\t"
"movl %edx,%eax\n\t"
"pushl %edx\n\t" /* edx指向参数,压入堆栈 */
"call *%ebx\n\t" /* ebx指向函数地址,执行函数 */
"pushl %eax\n\t"
"call do_exit\n" /* 结束线程 */
".previous");
在kernel_thread中调用了do_fork,那么do_fork是怎样转入kernel_thread_helper去执行的呢,继续跟踪下do_fork函数.
[kernel/fork.c/do_fork()]
long do_fork(unsigned long clone_flags,
unsigned long stack_start,
struct pt_regs *regs,
unsigned long stack_size,
int __user *parent_tidptr,
int __user *child_tidptr)
{
....
....
p = copy_process(clone_flags, stack_start, regs, stack_size, parent_tidptr, child_tidptr, pid);
....
....
}
它调用copy_process函数来向子进程拷贝父进程的进程环境和全部寄存器副本.
[kernel/fork.c/do_fork()->copy_process]
static task_t *copy_process(unsigned long clone_flags,
unsigned long stack_start,
struct pt_regs *regs,
unsigned long stack_size,
int __user *parent_tidptr,
int __user *child_tidptr,
int pid)
{
...
...
retval = copy_thread(0, clone_flags, stack_start, stack_size, p, regs);
...
...
}
它又调用copy_thread来拷贝父进程的系统堆栈并做相应的调整.
[/arch/i386/kernel/process.c/copy_thread]:
int copy_thread(int nr, unsigned long clone_flags, unsigned long esp,
unsigned long unused,
struct task_struct * p, struct pt_regs * regs)
{
...
...
p->thread.eip = (unsigned long) ret_from_fork;
}
在这里把ret_from_fork的地址赋值给p->thread.eip,p->thread.eip表示当进程下一次调度时的指令开始地址,
所以当线程创建后被调度时,是从ret_from_fork地址处开始的.
[/arch/i386/kernel/entry.s]
到这里说明,新的线程已经产生了.
ENTRY(ret_from_fork)
pushl %eax
call schedule_tail
GET_THREAD_INFO(%ebp)
popl %eax
jmp syscall_exit
syscall_exit:
...
work_resched:
call schedule
...
当它从ret_from_fork退出时,会从堆栈中弹出原来保存的ip,而ip指向kernel_thread_helper,
至此kernel_thread_helper被调用,它就可以运行我们的指定的函数了.
调用,所以他是可以直接调用系统调用的,像sys_open()等
* cloning flags:
*/
#define CSIGNAL 0x000000ff /* signal mask to be sent at exit */
#define CLONE_VM 0x00000100 /* set if VM shared between processes */
#define CLONE_FS 0x00000200 /* set if fs info shared between processes */
#define CLONE_FILES 0x00000400 /* set if open files shared between processes */
#define CLONE_SIGHAND 0x00000800 /* set if signal handlers and blocked signals shared */
#define CLONE_IDLETASK 0x00001000 /* set if new pid should be 0 (kernel only)*/
#define CLONE_PTRACE 0x00002000 /* set if we want to let tracing continue on the child too */
#define CLONE_VFORK 0x00004000 /* set if the parent wants the child to wake it up on mm_release */
#define CLONE_PARENT 0x00008000 /* set if we want to have the same parent as the cloner */
#define CLONE_THREAD 0x00010000 /* Same thread group? */
#define CLONE_NEWNS 0x00020000 /* New namespace group? */
#define CLONE_SYSVSEM 0x00040000 /* share system V SEM_UNDO semantics */
#define CLONE_SETTLS 0x00080000 /* create a new TLS for the child */
#define CLONE_PARENT_SETTID 0x00100000 /* set the TID in the parent */
#define CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID 0x00200000 /* clear the TID in the child */
#define CLONE_DETACHED 0x00400000 /* Unused, ignored */
#define CLONE_UNTRACED 0x00800000 /* set if the tracing process can’t force CLONE_PTRACE on this clone */
#define CLONE_CHILD_SETTID 0x01000000 /* set the TID in the child */
#define CLONE_STOPPED 0x02000000 /* Start in stopped state */
/*
* List of flags we want to share for kernel threads,
* if only because they are not used by them anyway.
*/
#define CLONE_KERNEL (CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES | CLONE_SIGHAND)
内核线程常用的flags就是CLONE_KERNEL。