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Colorspace
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; color: rgb(46, 18, 18); -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 10px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 10px; "><h1 align="center" style="font-size: medium; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); line-height: normal; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Colorspace</h1><blockquote><p>"The real trick to optimizing color space conversions is of course to not do them." --trbarry, April 2002</p></blockquote><p>When storing video digitally there are two ways in which you can store it: <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">RGB</b> and <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">YUV</b>. Each has a variation or two that change how accurate they are, but that's it (i.e. RGB16,RGB24,RGB32 and then YUV, YUY2, YV12, I420 etc).</p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">RGB</b> stores video rather intuitively. It stores a color value for each of the 3 color levels, Red Green and Blue, on a per pixel basis. The most common RGB on computers these days is RGB24 which gives 8 bits to each color level (that's what gives us the 0-255 range as 2 to the 8th power is 256), thus white is 255,255,255 and black is 0,0,0.<br></p><p>RGB uses the fact that three color components can be added together to create any color. In contrast, <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">YUV</b>stores the color the same way human brain works. <br><br>Now comes an explaination: the primary thing that human brain acknowledges is brightness, aka "luma". <br></p><p>Luma can be relatively easly calculated from RGB channels by averaging the color values and giving more weight to some colors over others to find out the luma value. Scientists came up with weights that match human perception where green has high contribution, red half of that, blue - one third of red. Why this is the case is simply a matter of the way the brain works and this perceptive model is important in how YUV was developed.<br><br>Luma is a simple positive value where zero means black and high values mean white. <br><br>As for the color information, things are not so easy. They are called U and V (or sometimes Cb and Cr respecitvely). They can have both positive and negative values which match the way color is processed in our brain. <br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Cr</b>, when positive, means that the object is <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">red</b>. <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Cr </b>negative means that the object is <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "><font color="#006600">green.</font></b><font color="#003300"> <br></font></p><p>Our brain understands these two colors as opposites - If you think about it, no object can ever be red-greenish. <br><br><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Cb</b>, when positive, indicates a <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "><font color="#000099">blue</font></b> object. <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Cb</b> negative means <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; "><font color="#AAAA00">yellow</font></b>. Again, they are the opposites for our brain and so we have the reasoning behind YUV as a color methodology.<br><br><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">So, why is it useful to store pictures in YUV?</b> <br></p><p>There are a couple of reasons for storing in YUV<br></p><blockquote>- a historical reason: when color TV was invented, it needed to be both backwards and forwards compatible with black-and-white TV. The old B&W channel became luminance, while two color channels were added on top of that. Old TVs simply ignore the two extra channels while color TVs just understand that chroma is zero in B&W signal.<br><br>- you get one channel that is much more important, and two channels that are less important (but necessary). You can do tricks with this idea, as you will see.<br><br></blockquote><p>So, when dealing with YUV you can imagine Y as being the black and white image then U and V as the "coloring" of the image. Here's a visual example:<br></p><p align="center"><img height="240" width="640" alt="YUV: Orignal Image and Luma Channel" src="http://www.animemusicvideos.org/guides/avtechbeta/images/YUVgals1.jpg"><br><img height="240" width="320" alt="UV channels" src="http://www.animemusicvideos.org/guides/avtechbeta/images/YUVgals2.jpg"><br></p><p><br>You can see straight away that the color information is much less detailed. This is true, but even if it wasn't the reality is that you just can't notice detail as much in the chroma channel (remember biology - rods and cones... you have more rods, you can't actually see colour as clearly as you can see luma.)<br></p><p>Although you can have one Y, U and V sample per pixel like you do with R,G and B, it is common for the chroma samples (the U and V) to be sampled less often because the accuracy of the chroma is less noticable. There are a many ways to do this but we are going to demonstrate the two that you will deal with most -<b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">YUY2 and YV12.</b><br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">YUY2 </b>is a type of YUV that samples the luma once every pixel but only samples the chroma once every horizontal pair of pixels - the point being that the human eye doesn't really notice that the chroma of the two pixels is the same when the luma values are different. It's just like the way you can be less accurate when coloring in a black and white picutre than if you were making the picture from scratch with only colored pencils.<br></p><p align="center"><img src="http://www.animemusicvideos.org/guides/avtechbeta/images/422601.gif" width="485" height="231" alt="YUV 4:2:2 diagram"></p><p>So basically YUY2 stores color data at a lower accuracy than RGB without us really noticing that much. Effectively what happens is that the chroma information is half the regular vertical resolution.<br></p><p>Due to this nature of YUY2, when you convert between YUY2 and RGB you either lose some data (as the chroma is averaged), or assumptions have to be made and data must be guessed at or interpolated (because the chroma is averaged already we can't find out what the real value was before).<br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Even less chroma sampling: YV12</b><br></p>YV12 is much like YUY2 but takes this one step further. Where YUY2 samples chroma once in every 2 pixels in a row, YV12 samples chroma once in every 2x2 pixel block! You'd think that only having one chroma sample in a 2x2 square would look terrible but the fact is that we don't really notice the difference all that much. Of course, because there are so many less chroma samples (it's effectively half the resoltion than the luma) there is less information to store which is great for saving bits. All major distribution codecs use a 1 chroma for 4 pixels method - including MPEG2 on DVDs.<p>The top image is an original and below it is an image sampled with YUV 4:2:0 (YV12) sampling , notice how the colors of the hairline at the top left become puzzled because of the chroma averaging between pixels.</p><p align="center"><img src="http://www.animemusicvideos.org/guides/avtechbeta/images/T111.jpg" width="300" height="240" alt="Anime eye - original image"><br><img src="http://www.animemusicvideos.org/guides/avtechbeta/images/420.jpg" width="300" height="240" alt="Anime eye - 4:2:0 sampled"></p>The sharp among you may think "um ok but what if the image is interlaced - you'd be sampling color from two different fields!" and you'd be right... which is why YV12 interlaced footage has to be sampled a field at a time instead of a frame at a time.<br><h1 style="font-size: medium; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); line-height: normal; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Colorspace Conversions<br></h1><p>Converting back and forth between colorspaces is bad because you can lose detail, as mentioned, and it also slows things down. So, you want to avoid colorspace conversions as much as possible. But how?</p><p>Well, you need to know two things - the colorspace of your footage and the colorspace used by your programs.<br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Footage Colorspaces:</b><br></p><blockquote><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">DVDs </b>- These use MPEG2 with 4:2:0 YUV (YV12) color. There is one chroma sample for each square of 2x2 pixels.<br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">DV </b>- This uses 4:1:1 YUV which has the same number of chroma samples as MPEG2 but in a different order.<br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Mjpeg </b>- This can use all kinds of YUV sampling but 4:2:0 (YV12) is very common.<br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">MPEG1, 2 and 4</b> (divx etc) all use YV12 color (although they can technically support other YUV modes in theory, just not in practice). There are MPEG2 profiles (such as the Studio Profile) which can deal with 4:2:2 chroma but mostly you will see 4:2:0 chroma being used.<br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">HuffYUV </b>- The original versions support YUY2 and RGB, but some modifications of the codec such as that found in FFDShow can support YV12.<br></p></blockquote><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Programs:</b><br></p><blockquote><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Premiere, and almost all video editing programs</b> work in RGB because it's easier to deal with mathematically. Premiere demands that all incoming video should be in RGB32 - or 24-bit color with 8-bit alpha channel, specifically, and will convert the YUV footage you give it to that format for processing. Even Premiere Pro which hailed itself as being able to support YUV formats can only support 4:4:4 uncompressed YUV which is hardly any different from RGB. The native DV support is useful but it still doesn't warrant all the hype as very few of the plugins (including Adobe's own sample code) actually use the YUV support at all.<br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">AVISynth</b> can work in either colorspace, but YUV is preferred, as many AVISynth filters run in YV12 colorspace these days - which is fine because it is the format used by DVD and other distributable forms like mpeg1, mpeg4 and so on. <br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">TMPGEnc's</b> VFAPI plugins all operate in RGB colorspace because all of its filtering and processing runs in RGB.<br></p><p><b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">VirtualDub</b> (and variants) run in RGB mode when you use Normal Recompress or Full Processing Mode (in the Video dropdown menu). All of VirtualDub's internal functions and filters run in RGB colorspace only. However, Fast Recompress doesn't decode the video to RGB, and instead just passes whatever your source is into the compressor you've selected - thus if your source is a YUV type then it passes the video data as YUV into the video compressor.</p></blockquote><p>This is, of course, important because you need to know what conversion has to take place if you use source X in program Y or compress a certain format X using program Y.<br></p><p>For example, using <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">Fast Recompress</b> <b style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; ">in VirtualDub</b> (or any of its variants) is not only the fastest way to transcode video but also the least costly in terms of colorspace conversions. The drawback is you cannot you any of VirtualDub's filters in Fast Recompress mode - VirtualDub never even touches the incoming video stream... which is why you should use AviSynth for any video processing work.<br></p><p>By filtering all your sources in AVISynth you can avoid many colorspace conversions. The optimal scenario involves only 2 colorspace conversions: MPEG2 from DVD in YV12, processed with Avisynth in YV12 and then converted to RGB32 ready for editing. RGB export form editing program using Huffyuv in RGB mode and then converted to YV12 ready for the final video compressor. By doing this you not only save time but also quality by avoiding colorspace conversions.</p><p>Many people once used YUY2 mode in HuffYUV all the time thinking it was lossless - so they would import into Premiere, edit, export to YUY2, import again, edit, export again and each time it went into Premiere it was being converted into RGB and each time it was compressed to HuffYUV it was being converted to YUY2. This has lead to many faded-looking videos in the past.<br></p><p>Thankfully, with a little knowledge of these colorspaces, you can avoid doing this or at least only do it when you really need to.</p></span>
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发表于:2009-11-17 ┆
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鸟语一则
<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>如果阁下不希望浪费时间、不希望看到如下无聊的的文字，那最好移步，因为这段文字将不会有什么逻辑可言。而且，我也不会像写报告那样，会反复check错别字和语法错误。所以如果你往下看，你可能会很恼火。我在这里只是不负责任地练打字。<br><div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>珠海九月份的天空，比起七月份要雾气朦胧一些。说法是这边湿气重，气候变冷后，水蒸汽凝结了，于是空气不再特别透明。</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>但是到了下午一、两点，空气还是比较朦胧，以至于珠江口的某岛完全不可见。这“某岛”经查，名字应该是“内伶仃岛”。当年88年规划大名鼎鼎的“伶仃洋大桥”如果建成的话，想必是搭在上面了。但是计划一拖再拖，内伶仃岛依然伶仃。珠海人民也依然守着伶仃的交通末梢。<br></span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>扯的有点远，出一些栈，回头说这空气。原本，7.8月份，酷暑的时候，在窗台看内伶仃岛是完全没问题的，甚至经常可以见到内伶仃岛方向的深圳妈湾煤场，以及南山科技园这一块。那边的一片繁华的灯火通明总是让我想到，毕业时要是做另外的一个决定，现在可能就到了江的那边去了，自己也变成了别人的风景。不过能不能成风景，真得看造化，现在这状况，应该是真算不上是“风景”的。</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>如果视线再往南一点，就是香港的地盘了，但却被房子挡住了视线。要是在楼顶的话，是可以清楚看到香港的大屿山，和国际机场的。每每太阳在西边落山，数条晚霞光从山顶越过，指向大屿山的时候，那景象就像大屿山顶的菩萨祥光万丈。机场附近点点的飞机在低空起降，条条游船和货船在海面远远地开过，珠江口一片繁忙的景象。但这些离我这儿，着实有些远。</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>反正，我是不同意气温降低，导致空气朦胧的说法的。我觉得现在正当秋高气爽，仍应该看到江对面几十千米开外的风景。当然会去Google原因，但Google了，仍然看不到对面的。看不到对面，我的思维就像被堵住了一样。<br></span></font></div>
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发表于:2009-10-17 ┆
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嵌入式实时操作系统 uC/OS-II 阅读笔记
<div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><br></span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>由于正在开展uC/OS-II以及linux下视频播放器中间件工作， 因此近期必须快速熟悉uC/OS-II，此期间顺便记录笔记于此。</div>
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发表于:2009-08-04 ┆
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来几个模拟的SIMD求平均的宏，讨论下
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri"><b>1</b></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri"><b>、</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Calibri"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Calibri">c = (w1|w2)&ox01010101;</font></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;color:black">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Calibri; ">c = (w1&w2)&ox01010101;</span></p><p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Calibri">w1 = (w1&0xFEFEFEFE)>>1;</font></p><p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Calibri"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: 12px; "></span></font></p><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Calibri"><p style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Calibri">w2 = (w2&0xFEFEFEFE)>>1;</font></p><p style="font-size: 10pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Calibri">w = w1 + w2 +- c;</font></p></font><p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri"><b>2</b></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri"><b>、</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Calibri"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:12.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">#define avg_nornd(a,b) (a&b)+</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">(</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">((a^b)&0xFEFEFEFE)</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">>>1</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">)</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102"><br></font> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">#define avg_rnd(a,b) ( a|b)-</font><span class="apple-converted-space"><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102"> </font></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">(</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">((a^b)&0xFEFEFEFE)</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">>>1</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000102">)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri; mso-ansi-language:IT"><b>3</b></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri"><b>、</b></span><span lang="IT" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri;mso-ansi-language:IT"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="IT" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: 新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-no-proof:yes">#define</span><span lang="IT" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:IT;mso-no-proof:yes"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>BYTE_VEC32(c)<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>((c)*0x01010101UL)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: 新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-no-proof:yes">static</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-no-proof:yes"> <span style="color:blue">inline</span> uint32_t rnd_avg32(uint32_t a, uint32_t b)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: 新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof: yes">{<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: 新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof: yes"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="color:blue">return</span> (a | b) - (((a ^ b) & ~BYTE_VEC32(0x01)) >> 1);<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: 新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language: FR;mso-no-proof:yes">}</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: 新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:blue;mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-no-proof:yes">static</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-no-proof:yes"> <span style="color:blue">inline</span> uint32_t no_rnd_avg32(uint32_t a, uint32_t b)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: 新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof: yes">{<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-align:left;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: 新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof: yes"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="color:blue">return</span> (a & b) + (((a ^ b) & ~BYTE_VEC32(0x01)) >> 1);<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:新宋体; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">}</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:新宋体;mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-no-proof:yes">开动你牛<span lang="EN-US">X的</span>脑袋～</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Calibri"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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发表于:2009-07-23 ┆
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对齐地定义一个某类型的静态空间
<div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;">这个宏挺强大的，以前还没有发觉。其作用如标题所示。</span></font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;">一点说明， "##" 是字符连接符。</span></font></div><div><br></div><div>#define DECLARE_ALIGNED_MATRIX(name,sizex,sizey,type,alignment) \</div><div> type name##_storage[(sizex)*(sizey)+(alignment)-1]; \</div><div> type * name = (type *) (((int32_t) name##_storage+(alignment - 1)) & ~((int32_t)(alignment)-1))</div>
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发表于:2009-07-14 ┆
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Method & means for creating anti-gravity illusion
<DIV><FONT size=1>哇哈哈，数年来纠结于心的一个bug今天终于有了解。</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1>bug是：</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1><IMG src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/_GucGz1n6grE/Skjp-k9hB-I/AAAAAAAAFD8/Ok7M1iF9PPQ/s288/pics_jackmawei_1223522364[1].jpg"></FONT><A href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/_GucGz1n6grE/Skjp-k9hB-I/AAAAAAAAFD8/Ok7M1iF9PPQ/s288/pics_jackmawei_1223522364[1].jpg"></A></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1>解可以见专利：</FONT></DIV> <DIV><A href="http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=MAUgAAAAEBAJ"><FONT size=1>http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=MAUgAAAAEBAJ</FONT></A></DIV> <DIV><SPAN class=addmd><FONT size=1>Michael J. Jackson 不愧是超级偶像。舞蹈能跳到这个专业度，实在让人佩服。</FONT></SPAN></DIV> <DIV><SPAN class=addmd><A href="http://www.zfreet.com/post/michael-jackson-creating-anti-gravity-illusion.html" target=_blank><FONT color=#810081 size=1>这篇</FONT></A><FONT size=1>中文文章解释的十分到位。</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
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发表于:2009-07-02 ┆
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另外，来看一个seek start code的代码段
<DIV><FONT size=1>在mpeg系列（mpeg1，mpeg2，mpeg4）标准之中，系统层和视频层都有类似0x000001xx开头的起始码，解析协议或者解码过程中常常需要寻找类似的起始码。 <BR>最直观，最省力，不耗费心思优化的代码如下： </FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1> ... <BR> int Bfr = 0xCDCDCDCD; <BR> while((Bfr &0xffffff00) != 0x100) { <BR> Bfr = (Bfr << 8) | *p++; <BR> } <BR> ... <BR> <BR>每次循环p指正向后移动一个字节单位，复杂度为O(n), n为找到起始码所读取的字节数；<BR>我们来看看快些的方法： </FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1> ... <BR> while(valid(p)){<BR> if (p[-1] > 1) p += 3; <BR> else if (p[-2] ) p += 2; <BR> else if(p[-3]|(p[-1]-1)) p++; <BR> else { <BR> p++;<BR> break;<BR> } <BR> }<BR> ...<BR> <BR>显然，这一算法的复杂度在理想条件下，可以降到O(n/3)。<BR>在平时的优化工作中，需着眼小处仔细思考，抓出像这种地方。 </FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-06-24 ┆
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一个32位数以byte翻转的算法比较
<DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1>如果有自己定义的指令，那我们可以定义一个周期完成的翻转。</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1>但通常在c中，我们会这样写：</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1> ...</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=楷体 size=1> /*!注意，按位与&的优先级小于移位的优先级, 按位或|的优先级更低*/</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=楷体 size=1> uint32_t x = 0x11223344;</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=楷体 size=1> swap1 = ((x&0xFF000000)>>24) | ((x&FF0000)>>8) | ((x&0xFF00)<<8) | ((x&0xFF)<<24);</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1> ...</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1>这条语句运算次数是11次，如果处理器每周期完成一个指令，需耗费11个周期。而下面这条同样功能的指令只需8条指令：</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1> ...</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=楷体 size=1> x = ((x<<8)&0xFF00FF00) | ((x>>8)&0x00FF00FF);<BR> swap2 = (x>>16) | (x<<16);</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=宋体 size=1> ...</FONT></DIV> <DIV></DIV> <DIV></DIV>
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发表于:2009-06-24 ┆
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16 bytes aligned memory malloc and free
<DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1>见 </FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1>ffmpeg .\libavcodec\mem.c</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT> </DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1> void *av_malloc(size_t size)<BR> {<BR> char *ptr;<BR> ptr = malloc(size+16+1);<BR> diff= ((-(long)ptr - 1)&15) + 1;<BR> ptr += diff;<BR> ptr[-1]= diff;<BR> return ptr;<BR> }<BR> <BR> void av_free(void *ptr)<BR> {<BR> if (ptr)<BR> {<BR> char *_ptr=ptr;<BR> free(_ptr - _ptr[-1]);<BR> }<BR> }</FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-06-23 ┆
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用Diff和Patch工具维护源码
<SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana"> <BLOCKQUOTE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>在Unix系统下，维护源码版本可以使用很多方法，其中最常用的当然是大名鼎鼎的CVS，但实际上，简单的版本维护工作并没有必要使用复杂的CVS等专门的版本维护工具，Unix标配中的diff和patch工具就完全可以完成代码的简单备份和升级工作。</FONT></SPAN></BLOCKQUOTE> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>在Unix系统下，维护源码版本可以使用很多方法，其中最常用的当然是大名鼎鼎的CVS，但实际上，简单的版本维护工作并没有必要使用复杂的CVS等专门的版本维护工具，Unix标配中的diff和patch工具就完全可以完成代码的简单备份和升级工作。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>diff以"行"为单位比较两个文本文件（也可以是目录比较），并将不同之处以某种格式输出到标准输出上；patch可以读入这种输出，并按照一定指令使源文件（目录）按照目标文件（目录）更新。Linux内核源码就是按照这种方式保持更新的，我们在www.kernel.org上可以下载到最新内核的patch文件的bzip2包。本文以gnudiffutils 2.7和patch 2.5为例介绍diff和patch工具的使用。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><A name=1><SPAN class=atitle style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>1．diff</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>diff既可以用来比较两个文件，也可以用来比较两个目录中每个文件。使用-r（--recursive）参数时还可以在目录中嵌套比较。比较目录时除比较同名文件外，对不同名的文件当成新文件处理。对于比较C程序文件，diff还提供了专门的参数（-p，--show-c-function）来标识不同之处所在的函数名。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>diff的输出格式有三种：列举方式、命令模式和上下文模式，其中命令模式有分为两种：ed命令格式和RCS（Revision Control System，版本控制系统）命令格式，上下文模式也按格式分为老版和新版两种。看下面的例子就能基本清楚各个格式的区别：</FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1><IMG height=672 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-diffp/images/1.jpg" width=642 border=0> <BR></FONT></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>命令格式记录的是从test1更新到test2所需要执行的命令，而上下文模式通常可读性更好一些，它所记录的主要是二者的差异，通常还记录所需修改部分的上下几行（可配置）内容以供比较。见下面的例子：</FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1><IMG height=536 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-diffp/images/2.jpg" width=636 border=0> <BR></FONT></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>新版格式较之老版要紧凑一些，Linux内核源码的升级就是按照新版上下文格式用diff组织的，比如patch-2.4.16中所用的具体命令为：</FONT></SPAN></P><PRE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>diff -Nur linux-2.4.15 linux </FONT></SPAN></PRE> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>参数N表示如果某个文件仅在一个目录中出现，则假定其在另一个目录中为空文件；u表示unified格式，r表示在目录中嵌套使用，linux-2.4.15显然是老核的目录名，而linux则为新核的目录名。</FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px"><FONT size=1><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><IMG height=1 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/i/v14/rules/blue_rule.gif" width="100%"><BR></SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><IMG height=6 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" width=8 border=0></SPAN></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE class=no-print cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 align=right> <TBODY> <TR align=right> <TD style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1><IMG height=4 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" width="100%"><BR></FONT></SPAN> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px" vAlign=center><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1><IMG height=16 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/i/v14/icons/u_bold.gif" width=16 border=0><BR></FONT></SPAN></TD> <TD style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px" vAlign=top align=right><A class=fbox style="COLOR: rgb(92,129,167); LINE-HEIGHT: 13px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, nsimSun, arial, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-diffp/index.html#main"><B><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>回页首</FONT></SPAN></B></A></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR><BR></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><A name=2><SPAN class=atitle style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>2．patch</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>尽管并没有指定patch和diff的关系，但通常patch都使用diff的结果来完成打补丁的工作，这和patch本身支持多种diff输出文件格式有很大关系。patch通过读入patch命令文件（可以从标准输入），对目标文件进行修改。通常先用diff命令比较新老版本，patch命令文件则采用diff的输出文件，从而保持原版本与新版本一致。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>patch的标准格式为</FONT></SPAN></P> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD class=code-outline style="BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(238,238,238)"><PRE class=displaycode style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: 'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', Monaco, fixed, monospace"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>patch [options] [originalfile] [patchfile] </FONT></SPAN></PRE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>如果patchfile为空则从标准输入读取patchfile内容；如果originalfile也为空，则从patchfile（肯定来自标准输入）中读取需要打补丁的文件名。因此，如果需要修改的是目录，一般都必须在patchfile中记录目录下的各个文件名。绝大多数情况下，patch都用以下这种简单的方式使用：</FONT></SPAN></P> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD class=code-outline style="BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(238,238,238)"><PRE class=displaycode style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: 'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', Monaco, fixed, monospace"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>patch -p[num] <patchfile </FONT></SPAN></PRE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>patch命令可以忽略文件中的冗余信息，从中取出diff的格式以及所需要patch的文件名，文件名按照diff参数中的"源文件"、"目标文件"以及冗余信息中的"Index："行中所指定的文件的顺序来决定。也就是说，对于如下diff结果文件（Linux内核源码2.4.16升级包，部分）：</FONT></SPAN></P> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD class=code-outline style="BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(238,238,238)"><PRE class=displaycode style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: 'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', Monaco, fixed, monospace"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1> diff -Nur linux-2.4.15/Makefile linux/Makefile --- linux-2.4.15/Makefile Thu Nov 22 17:22:58 2001 +++ linux/Makefile Sat Nov 24 16:21:53 2001 @@ -1,7 +1,7 @@ VERSION = 2 PATCHLEVEL = 4 -SUBLEVEL = 15 -EXTRAVERSION =-greased-turkey +SUBLEVEL = 16 +EXTRAVERSION = KERNELRELEASE=$(VERSION).$(PATCHLEVEL).$(SUBLEVEL)$(EXTRAVERSION) …… </FONT></SPAN></PRE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>patch首先尝试当前目录（或者-d参数指定的目录）下的linux-2.4.15/Makefile文件是否存在，如果不存在则试图对linux/Makefile文件操作，仅当两者都不存在时（或者设置了POSIXLY_CORRECT环境变量）才会读取Index:的内容（此文件中没有标识）。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>前面提到的-p参数决定了是否使用读出的源文件名的前缀目录信息，不提供-p参数，则忽略所有目录信息，-p0（或者-p 0）表示使用全部的路径信息，-p1将忽略第一个"/"以前的目录，依此类推。如/usr/src/linux-2.4.15/Makefile这样的文件名，在提供-p3参数时将使用linux-2.4.15/Makefile作为所要patch的文件。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>对于刚才举的Linux内核源码2.4.16升级包的例子，假定源码目录位于/usr/src/linux中，则在当前目录为/usr/src时使用"patch -p0 <patch-2.4.16"可以工作，在当前目录为/usr/src/linux时，"patch -p1<patch-2.4.16"也可以正常工作。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>patch可以直接操作上下文格式以及混合ed格式的diff输出文件，而将ed格式文件通过管道提交给ed程序操作（暂时不知RCS格式的文件如何处理）。</FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px"><FONT size=1><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><IMG height=1 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/i/v14/rules/blue_rule.gif" width="100%"><BR></SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><IMG height=6 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" width=8 border=0></SPAN></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <TABLE class=no-print cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 align=right> <TBODY> <TR align=right> <TD style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1><IMG height=4 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/i/c.gif" width="100%"><BR></FONT></SPAN> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px" vAlign=center><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1><IMG height=16 alt="" src="http://www.ibm.com/i/v14/icons/u_bold.gif" width=16 border=0><BR></FONT></SPAN></TD> <TD style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px" vAlign=top align=right><A class=fbox style="COLOR: rgb(92,129,167); LINE-HEIGHT: 13px; FONT-FAMILY: verdana, nsimSun, arial, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: none" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-diffp/index.html#main"><B><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>回页首</FONT></SPAN></B></A></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR><BR></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><A name=N1009E><SPAN class=atitle style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>3．配合使用diff和patch升级源码</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>在此仅举一个简单的例子来说明如何用diff/patch工具维护源码升级。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>假设program-1.0目录中为老版，现开发完成的新版位于program-2.0目录中，将两个目录置于同一父目录下，然后在该父目录上执行：</FONT></SPAN></P> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD class=code-outline style="BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(238,238,238)"><PRE class=displaycode style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: 'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', Monaco, fixed, monospace"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>diff -Nur program-1.0 program-2.0 >program-2.0.patch </FONT></SPAN></PRE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>将生成一个program-2.0.patch的补丁文件，发布该补丁文件（当然可以先压缩成bzip2格式）。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>假设拿到的是program-2.0.patch.bz2文件，则在program-1.0目录同级执行：</FONT></SPAN></P> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0> <TBODY> <TR> <TD class=code-outline style="BORDER-RIGHT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5px; BORDER-TOP: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; PADDING-TOP: 5px; BORDER-BOTTOM: rgb(204,204,204) 1px solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(238,238,238)"><PRE class=displaycode style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-FAMILY: 'Andale Mono', 'Lucida Console', Monaco, fixed, monospace"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>bzcat program-2.0.patch.bz2 | patch -p0 </FONT></SPAN></PRE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>如此即完成了从1.0到2.0的升级。</FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>如果希望恢复到原版本，可以使用-R（--reverse）参数，但仅对上下文格式的diff文件有效。还有一个备份参数也可以使用，但简单应用中，整个目录备份可能更方便一些。</FONT></SPAN></P><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><BR><BR></SPAN> <P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 8px; PADDING-TOP: 5px"><A name=resources><SPAN class=atitle style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, sans-serif"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>参考资料</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A></P> <UL style="MARGIN-TOP: 2px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 2px; PADDING-BOTTOM: 2px; PADDING-TOP: 2px"> <LI><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>Patch手册页<BR><BR></FONT></SPAN> <LI><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><FONT size=1>Diff手册页</FONT></SPAN></LI></UL></SPAN> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-06-23 ┆
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FFMPEG ts模块(2)
<H1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><FONT size=1>Join FFmpeg<?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></H1> <P class=MsoNormal style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> Ffmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">主页</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg.org</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">上有介绍，</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">已经加入了</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="http://code.google.com/soc/"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2d6198"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Google Summer of Code</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">（</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Google</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">暑期程式赛）。关于怎样加入</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">，在其主</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">页以及</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="http://socghop.appspot.com/org/show/google/gsoc2009/ffmpeg"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2d6198"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Google SoC FFmpeg page</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">上都有详细的介绍。</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT class=Apple-style-span face=宋体 color=#202020><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><BR><FONT size=1></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">我浏览了一下，总结如下几点：</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">首先，</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">应聘者必须能达到（要求）或接受（条件）：</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Ø</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">熟练使用</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">C</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">语言（不是</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">C++</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">，</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> C#</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">等等，</SPAN></SPAN><U><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">C</SPAN></SPAN></U><U><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">语言工程经验至少</SPAN></SPAN></U><U><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">2</SPAN></SPAN></U><U><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">年</SPAN></SPAN></U><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">）；</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Ø</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">能快速熟悉</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">FFmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">代码库（</SPAN><U><SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">我觉得要做到这一点，除了上面一条外，额外需要基本功有：英文功底、理解多媒体格式常用编码方法、熟练掌握一种视频解码算法、至少理解一种复用协议、理解计算机基本组成原理</SPAN></SPAN></U><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">）；</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Ø</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">能否及时按质提交补丁？这需要你能接受批评性的意见，可能你也需要对你的架构进行改动。改动一直进行直至符合质量标准；</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Ø</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">需要完成在</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=Small_FFmpeg_Tasks"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">http://wiki.multimedia.cx/index.php?title=Small_FFmpeg_Tasks</SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">罗列的</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">small task</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">先；</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT class=Apple-style-span face=宋体><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><BR><FONT size=1></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">当然，在你选好了自己的</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">small tasks</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">的时候，可以发送邮件至</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="mailto:ffmpeg-devel@mplayerhq.hu"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg-devel</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">告诉你的选择。这里有两个问题大家一定要注意啊：</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">1.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">别搞错了收件人。在</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="http://ffmpeg.org/contact.html"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">contact</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">页面</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">里有很多联系地址，有提问的，有使用</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">server</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">库配置的，有</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">libav</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">的等等。而我，想必大家也是，是欲加入</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">组织进行</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">develop</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">的，所以信件收件人选择</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="mailto:ffmpeg-devel@mplayerhq.hu"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg-devel</SPAN></A><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">;</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 39pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 39.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">2.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">必须注意邮件的格式。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">FFmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">组织在多处特别强调了不能使用所谓的</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">top-posting</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">转发邮件，可能是这样将导致邮件过大。大家可以参考以前的邮件</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="https://lists.mplayerhq.hu/pipermail/ffmpeg-devel/"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2d6198"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg-devel archives</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">来回复。关于</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">top-posting</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">我仍有些疑惑；</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">在发了邮件之后，那就凭自己本事开始完成</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">small tasks</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">了啊，有时限的哦～～～</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">look at this</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">：</SPAN></SPAN><U><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">”</SPAN></SPAN></U><SPAN class=apple-style-span><U><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> The sooner you start communicating with us and working within our code base, the sooner both you and we will ascertain your suitability and you will get used to our development methodology. You have until the application deadline to complete your small task. Good luck!</SPAN></SPAN></U></SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><U></U></SPAN><U><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">”</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></U></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT class=Apple-style-span face=Calibri><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px; TEXT-DECORATION: underline"><BR><FONT size=1></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">我们最后来看看几年成功的申请者和正在进行的任务：</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P style="MARGIN: 5pt 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><FONT size=1><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">FFmpeg was granted 9 slots to fill with applicants. After the gruelling application and qualification process, we will be running the following tasks this year:</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <UL type=disc> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">RTMP Support</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Kostya Shiskov</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Ronald Bultje</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Libswscale Cleanup</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Ramiro Polla</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Reimar Döffinger</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">S/PDIF Multiplexer</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Bartlomiej Wolowiec</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Benjamin Larsson</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Playlist/Concatenation Support</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Geza Kovacs</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Baptiste Coudurier</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">JPEG2000 Codec</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Jai Menon</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Justin Ruggles</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Implement the New Seeking API in Libavformat</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Zhentan Feng</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Baptiste Coudurier</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">MPEG-4 ALS Decoder</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Thilo Borgmann</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Justin Ruggles</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Implementation of AVFilter infrastructure and various audio filters</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Kevin Dubois</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Vitor Sessak</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Finish AMR-NB decoder and write an encoder</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <UL type=circle> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Student: Colin McQuillan</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 72.0pt"><FONT size=1><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Mentor</SPAN></SPAN></st1:place></st1:city><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">: Robert Swain</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL></LI></UL> <P style="MARGIN: 5pt 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><FONT size=1><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Congratulations to all the successful applicants. Work hard, communicate well and prosper! Good luck!</SPAN><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"></SPAN><FONT size=1>这些任务应该仅为一部分，否则估计永远都没办法挤进去。。。</FONT></SPAN><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">0v0</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">不过至少，我们应该努力，找一个</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">small task</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">，阅读邮件</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">archive</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">，开始靠拢。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-06-15 ┆
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FFMPEG ts模块(1)
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" align=center><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 24px; FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><FONT face=黑体 size=1>License</FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">FFmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">的</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">license</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">的简介页</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="http://ffmpeg.org/legal.html"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">http://ffmpeg.org/legal.html</SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">；进</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><A href="http://ffmpeg.org/shame.html"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Hall of shame</SPAN></A><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">确实</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">是一件很</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">shame</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">的事情啊！进去翻了一下，居然发现看似可爱而且劲头正火的</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">KMPlayer</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN style="COLOR: rgb(32,32,32); FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">就名列其中～</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT class=Apple-style-span color=#202020><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><BR><FONT face=黑体 size=1></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">两个月前就已经拿到了代码，可能不是最新版的。上周开始看，</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ts</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">部分的基本已经读完，部分数据结构的交织不太明白。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT class=Apple-style-span><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><BR><FONT face=黑体 size=1></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">首先关注的并不是</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">license</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">，而是代码。这部分代码估计也不会直接拿来用，阅读他的主要目的是辅助标准</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">iso13818-1</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">的理解。最大的可能下，我会重新编写这部分的代码，然后重新打包生成模块。但也难说最终的代码会与</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">FFmpeg ts</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">部分的代码到底多大雷同。因此仍需要关注</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">license</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT class=Apple-style-span><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><BR><FONT face=黑体 size=1></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">需要关注的</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">license</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">摘要：</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Ø</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">在使用标记有</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">GPL</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">的模块是需特别注意；</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Ø</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">使用代码时必须提供</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">license</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">相关说明，并保证说明的版本正确；</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Ø</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">提供你说所用的</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">源代码版本。代码必须编译过，你需要标记这是哪一个修订版本，而且必须给出你能接受的选项</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">Ø</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">细读</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">LGPL license</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">说明，温故而知新，确保自己明白她将产生的影响；</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 42pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 42.0pt"><FONT class=Apple-style-span><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><BR><FONT face=黑体 size=1></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">我认为</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">工程是一个非常了不起的工程。对学习、研究和工作都有巨大的作用，对我来说，一、可以窥见标准和协议的具体实现方式，一览众多的从标准到代码过程许多细节的处理问题；二、在移植过程中，由于</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">ffmpeg</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">代码已经相对纯熟，久经考验，可以借鉴此份代码所考虑的方方面面，减小在</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">coding</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">、移植或优化过程中犯错的概率；三、一份纯熟的代码对人的影响是不可忽视的，逻辑清晰度、数据结构之设计、代码风格、注释简约性等等来说各个方面都有值得深入学习的地方。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT class=Apple-style-span><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><BR><FONT face=黑体 size=1></FONT></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT face=黑体><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">遵守</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">license</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: medium">，从不沾染这份代码让后人也可以乘凉做起，更应努力加入开发小组，加油！</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <DIV><FONT face=黑体 size=1></FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=黑体 size=1></FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT face=黑体 size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-06-15 ┆
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学术与权力拉锯的改革争端
● 叶鹏飞 北京特稿 <p> 中国高等学府“官本位”现象在刚结束的“两会”期间成为一些代表、委员炮轰的对象，而新一期的中共中央党校报刊《学习时报》继续开火，让学术独立于权力的辩论持续延烧。 </p><p> 题为《高等教育体制改革是当务之急》的署名文章，严厉批评中国的大学“管理集权化、机构衙门化和职员官僚化”，并指出中国的大学要在国际上竞争，必须理顺教育与国家之间的关系，让大学成为拥有办学自主权的独立法人。 </p><p> 全国政协委员、九三学社中央副主席邵鸿在3月8日政协第三次全体会议大会发言时，指出了目前高等院校中政府行政干预日益强化和大学内部高度行政化的现象。 </p><p> 邵鸿说，不仅1998年颁布的《高等教育法》规定的自主权多未落实，而且政府部门通过招生计划、教学科研项目、学位点等繁多的建设工程立项审批以及评估、评奖等手段，使行政力量介入大学管理的各个方面，加大了行政部门对大学的控制和大学对政府的依赖。 </p><p> 他表示，应当明确取消高校的行政级别，使其回归学术本位，同时探索建立新机制，民主遴选大学校长。 </p><p> 据大陆媒体报道，邵鸿的上述发言获得大会委员的共鸣，“赢得了现场与会者最持久、最热烈的掌声”。 </p><p> 《南方都市报》引述九三学社的一份发言初稿报道说，邵鸿在发言时没有说出的内容包括：随着大学行政级别的强化，国家部委司局级干部“空降”升任部属重点大学党政一把手，以及省市甚至县级行政官员提拔担任高校领导现象明显增多。 </p><p> 政府权力介入高等学术的弊端在今年“两会”再度被一些委员热议。政协委员、北京语言大学教授石定果3月7日在联组会议上，当着高层领导的面炮轰说：“我们的现状是高校事实上被剥夺了办学的自主权，教育部由一个职能部门，变成一个高度集权并且自我扩张权力的领导者。行政通吃之下，高等教育被异化了。” </p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; "> 《学习时报》文章归纳出高等教育异化的三个面向：外部举办权、管理权和监督权三权合一的高度集权体制，内部决策权、行政权和学术权的职责不分；大学管理集权化、机构衙门化和职员官僚化，行政权力簪越学术权力及办学效率效益低下；官本位意识形态变成一种文化意识和价值取向蔓延于高校。</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><br></span></div><div>学术遭权力腐蚀 <p> 近日中国爆发的一系列学术造假丑闻，论者多归咎于学术遭权力腐蚀。 </p><p> 《科学时报》日前报道，中国每年网上揭露的学术造假事件约百起，下至研究生上至院士都被牵扯其中。 </p><p> 浙江大学副教授贺海波因“论文造假”日前被开除，随即又爆出六名教授联名投诉、涉嫌“抄袭剽窃”的中国工程院院士刘兴土不再被续聘；上海前日也通报了数名学者论文抄袭剽窃事件。 </p><p> 官方媒体在面对这场学术对权力的拉锯战时仍有所顾忌，《南方都市报》发现，中央电视台在报道3月8日政协第三次全体会议大会发言活动时，16名委员当中独漏了邵鸿要求学术独立的发言内容。 </p><p> 新华网3月3日《中国的“学术造假”为何屡禁不止？》的报道，虽然没有直指权力污染学术的根源，也分析说：“一些学术机构的领导者和研究经费管理部门官员，在分配研究资源和经费时，不公正、不公开、不透明，而揭露这一现象的努力遭到压制，是导致学术剽窃现象持续存在的体制原因。” </p><p> 虽然对应“学术造假”的“自主创新”是中共提倡的科学发展的重要组成部分，而权力腐蚀学术则被认为是妨碍中国学术界创新的元凶，然而基于政治考量，要求权力退出、学术独立、教授治校的呼吁应该无法获得当局的响应。 </p><p> 大学与大学生在中国近代史上都扮演过政治改革推手的角色，无论是90年前的五四运动，或20年前的六四事件，中共恐怕都记忆犹新。在全球金融危机阴影笼罩下，面对大学生失业问题等一系列挑战，社会稳定的政治需要，势必让学术对权力的要价沦为空谷足音。</p> </div>
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发表于:2009-03-23 ┆
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舒兆征是琪澳岛人
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发表于:2009-03-18 ┆
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The History of Computer Programming
<P class=MsoNormal style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=1></FONT><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: rgb(86,0,0); FONT-FAMILY: Arial"> <P class=MsoNormal style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><FONT size=1><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="COLOR: rgb(55,66,87)">While doing some research for one of my classes at Kaplan, I came across the following article cached in Google's search engine. Since the page is no longer available and will likely be de-indexed over time, I have decided to re-print the information/research here.</SPAN><BR></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #374257; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><FONT size=1>The research is on the history of programming languages and presents some information that is cited and not part of what is in the current Wikipedia entry on the same topic. The researcher's name is Andrew Ferguson who I am assuming did this research while a student at <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Princeton</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>.<BR><BR><BR><BR><B>The History of Computer Programming Languages</B><BR>by Andrew Ferguson, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Princeton</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place><BR><BR>Ever since the invention of Charles Babbage's difference engine in 1822, computers have required a means of instructing them to perform a specific task. This means is known as a programming language. Computer languages were first composed of a series of steps to wire a particular program; these morphed into a series of steps keyed into the computer and then executed; later these languages acquired advanced features such as logical branching and object orientation. The computer languages of the last fifty years have come in two stages, the first major languages and the second major languages, which are in use today.<BR><BR>In the beginning, Charles Babbage's difference engine could only be made to execute tasks by changing the <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">gears</B> which executed the calculations. Thus, the earliest form of a computer language was physical motion. Eventually, physical motion was replaced by electrical signals when the US Government built the ENIAC in 1942. It followed many of the same principles of Babbage's engine and hence, could only be "programmed" by presetting <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">switches</B> and <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">rewiring</B> the entire system for each new "program" or calculation. This process proved to be very tedious.<BR><BR>In 1945, John Von Neumann was working at the Institute for Advanced Study. He developed two important concepts that directly affected the path of computer programming languages. The first was known as </FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT size=1>"shared-program technique"</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #374257; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT size=1> (</FONT><A href="http://www.softlord.com/"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #560000; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT size=1>http://www.softlord.com</FONT></SPAN></B></A><FONT size=1>). This technique stated that the actual computer hardware should be simple and not need to be hand-wired for each program. Instead, complex instructions should be used to control the simple hardware, allowing it to be reprogrammed much faster.<BR><BR>The second concept was also extremely important to the development of programming languages. Von Neumann called it</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT size=1> "conditional control transfer"</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #374257; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT size=1> (</FONT><A href="http://www.softlord.com/"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #560000; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT size=1>http://www.softlord.com</FONT></SPAN></B></A><FONT size=1>). This idea gave rise to the notion of subroutines, or small blocks of code that could be jumped to in any order, instead of a single set of chronologically ordered steps for the computer to take. The second part of the idea stated that computer code should be able to branch based on logical statements such as IF (expression) THEN, and looped such as with a FOR statement. "Conditional control transfer" gave rise to the idea of "libraries", which are blocks of code that can be reused over and over.<BR><BR>In 1949, a few years after Von Neumann's work, the language <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Short Code appeared (<A href="http://www.byte.com/"><SPAN style="COLOR: #560000; TEXT-DECORATION: none; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; text-underline: none">http://www.byte.com</SPAN></A>). It was the first computer language for electronic devices and it required the </B>programmer to change its statements into 0's and 1's by hand. Still, it was the first step towards the complex languages of today. In 1951, Grace Hopper wrote the first compiler, A-0 (</FONT><A href="http://www.byte.com/"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #560000; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT size=1>http://www.byte.com</FONT></SPAN></B></A><FONT size=1>). A compiler is a program that turns the language's statements into 0's and 1's for the computer to understand. This lead to faster programming, as the programmer no longer had to do the work by hand.<BR><BR>In 1957, the first of the major languages appeared in the form of <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">FORTRAN. Its name stands for FORmula TRANslating system. The language was designed at IBM for scientific computing.</B> The components were very simple, and provided the programmer with low-level access to the computers innards. Today, this language would be considered restrictive as it only included IF, DO, and GOTO statements, but at the time, these commands were a big step forward. The basic types of data in use today got their start in FORTRAN, these included logical variables (TRUE or FALSE), and integer, real, and double-precision numbers.<BR><BR>Though FORTAN was good at handling numbers, it was not so good at handling input and output, which mattered most to business computing.<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> Business computing started to take off in 1959</B>, and because of this, <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">COBOL</B> was developed. It was designed from the ground up as the language for businessmen. Its only data types were numbers and strings of text. It also allowed for these to be grouped into arrays and records, so that data could be tracked and organized better. It is interesting to note that a COBOL program is built in a way similar to an essay, with four or five major sections that build into an elegant whole. COBOL statements also have a very English-like grammar, making it quite easy to learn. All of these features were designed to make it easier for the average business to learn and adopt it.<BR><BR>In 1958, John McCarthy of MIT created the LISt Processing (or LISP) language. It was designed for Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. Because it was designed for such a highly specialized field, its syntax has rarely been seen before or since. The most obvious difference between this language and other languages is that the basic and only type of data is the list, denoted by a sequence of items enclosed by parentheses. LISP programs themselves are written as a set of lists, so that LISP has the unique ability to modify itself, and hence grow on its own. The LISP syntax was known as "Cambridge Polish," as it was very different from standard Boolean logic (Wexelblat, 177) :<?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <DIV align=center> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt" cellPadding=0 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=1>x V y - Cambridge Polish, what was used to describe the LISP program<BR>OR(x,y) - parenthesized prefix notation, what was used in the LISP program<BR>x OR y - standard Boolean logic<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #374257; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><FONT size=1>LISP remains in use today because its highly specialized and abstract nature.<BR><BR><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">The Algol language was created by a committee for scientific use in 1958. It's major contribution is being the root of the tree that has led to such languages as Pascal, C, C++, and Java</B>. It was also the first language with a formal grammar, known as Backus-Naar Form or BNF (<I>McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</I>, 454). Though Algol implemented some novel concepts, such as recursive calling of functions, the next version of the language, Algol 68, became bloated and difficult to use (</FONT><A href="http://www.byte.com/"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #560000; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT size=1>http://www.byte.com</FONT></SPAN></B></A><FONT size=1>). This lead to the adoption of smaller and more compact languages, such as Pascal.<BR><BR>Pascal was begun in 1968 by Niklaus Wirth. Its development was mainly out of necessity for a good teaching tool. In the beginning, the language designers had no hopes for it to enjoy widespread adoption. Instead, they concentrated on developing good tools for teaching such as a debugger and editing system and support for common early microprocessor machines which were in use in teaching institutions.<BR><BR>Pascal was designed in a very orderly approach, it combined many of the best features of the languages in use at the time, COBOL, FORTRAN, and ALGOL. While doing so, many of the irregularities and oddball statements of these languages were cleaned up, which helped it gain users (Bergin, 100-101). The combination of features, input/output <I>and</I> solid mathematical features, made it a highly successful language. Pascal also improved the "pointer" data type, a very powerful feature of any language that implements it. It also added a <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">CASE</B> statement, that allowed instructions to to branch like a tree in such a manner:<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <DIV align=center> <TABLE class=MsoNormalTable style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt" cellPadding=0 border=0> <TBODY> <TR style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <TD style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt"> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=1>CASE <I>expression</I> OF<BR> <I>possible-expression-value-1</I>:<BR> <I>statements to execute</I>...<BR> <I>possible-expression-value-2</I>:<BR> <I>statements to execute</I>...<BR>END<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #374257; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><FONT size=1>Pascal also helped the development of <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">dynamic variables</B>, which could be created while a program was being run, through the NEW and DISPOSE commands. However, Pascal did not implement dynamic arrays, or groups of variables, which proved to be needed and led to its downfall (Bergin, 101-102). With later created a successor to Pascal, Modula-2, but by the time it appeared, C was gaining popularity and users at a rapid pace.<BR><BR><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie while working at Bell Labs in New Jersey</B>. The transition in usage from the first major languages to the major languages of today occurred with the transition between Pascal and C. <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Its direct ancestors are B and BCPL</B>, but its similarities to Pascal are quite obvious. All of the features of Pascal, including the new ones such as the CASE statement are available in C. C uses pointers extensively and was built to be fast and powerful at the expense of being hard to read. But because it fixed most of the mistakes Pascal had, it won over former-Pascal users quite rapidly.<BR><BR></FONT><FONT size=1><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Ritchie developed C for the new Unix system being created at the same time. Because of this, C and Unix go hand in hand. Unix gives C such advanced features as dynamic variables, multitasking, interrupt handling, forking, and strong, low-level, input-output. Because of this, C is very commonly used to program operating systems such as Unix, Windows, the MacOS, and Linux.<BR></B><BR>In the late 1970's and early 1980's, a new <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">programing method</B> was being developed. It was known as Object Oriented Programming, or <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">OOP</B>. Objects are pieces of data that can be packaged and manipulated by the programmer. Bjarne Stroustroup liked this method and developed extensions to C known as "C With Classes." This set of extensions developed into the full-featured language C++, which was released in 1983.<BR><BR>C++ was designed to organize the raw power of C using OOP, but maintain the speed of C and be able to run on many different types of computers. <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">C++ is most often used in simulations, such as games</B>. C++ provides an elegant way to track and manipulate hundreds of instances of people in elevators, or armies filled with different types of soldiers. It is the language of choice in today's AP Computer Science courses.<BR><BR>In the early 1990's, interactive TV was the technology of the future. Sun Microsystems decided that interactive TV needed a special, portable (can run on many types of machines), language. This language eventually became Java. In 1994, the Java project team changed their focus to the web, which was becoming "the cool thing" after interactive TV failed. The next year, Netscape licensed Java for use in their internet browser, Navigator. At this point, Java became the language of the future and several companies announced applications which would be written in Java, none of which came into use. <BR><BR>Though Java has very lofty goals and is a text-book example of a good language, it may be the "language that wasn't". It has serious optimization problems, meaning that programs written in it run very slowly. And Sun has hurt Java's acceptance by engaging in political battles over it with Microsoft. But Java may wind up as the instructional language of tomorrow as it is truly object-oriented and implements advanced techniques such as true portability of code and garbage collection.<BR><BR>Visual Basic is often taught as a first programming language today as it is based on the BASIC language developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. BASIC is a very limited language and was designed for non-computer science people. Statements are chiefly run sequentially, but program control can change based on IF..THEN, and GOSUB statements which execute a certain block of code and then return to the original point in the program's flow.<BR><BR>Microsoft has extended BASIC in its Visual Basic (VB) product. The heart of VB is the form, or blank window on which you drag and drop components such as menus, pictures, and slider bars. These items are known as "widgets." Widgets have properties (such as its color) and events (such as clicks and double-clicks) and are central to building any user interface today in any language. VB is most often used today to create quick and simple interfaces to other Microsoft products such as Excel and Access without needing a lot of code, though it is possible to create full applications with it.<BR><BR>Perl has often been described as the "duct tape of the Internet," because it is most often used as the engine for a web interface or in scripts that modify configuration files. It has very strong text matching functions which make it ideal for these tasks. Perl was developed by Larry Wall in 1987 because the Unix sed and awk tools (used for text manipulation) were no longer strong enough to support his needs. Depending on whom you ask, Perl stands for Practical Extraction and Reporting Language or Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister.<BR><BR>Programming languages have been under development for years and will remain so for many years to come. They got their start with a list of steps to wire a computer to perform a task. These steps eventually found their way into software and began to acquire newer and better features. The first major languages were characterized by the simple fact that they were intended for one purpose and one purpose only, while the languages of today are differentiated by the way they are programmed in, as they can be used for almost any purpose. And perhaps the languages of tomorrow will be more natural with the invention of quantum and biological computers.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 3" align=center><FONT size=1><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #374257; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Bibliography</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <UL type=disc> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; COLOR: #374257; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT size=1>"A Brief History of Programming Languages."</FONT><A href="http://www.byte.com/art/9509/se7/artl9.htm"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #560000; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT size=1>http://www.byte.com/art/9509/se7/artl9.htm</FONT></SPAN></B></A><FONT size=1>. Cited, March 25, 2000.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN><FONT size=1> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; COLOR: #374257; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT size=1>"A Short History of the Computer." </FONT><A href="http://www.softlord.com/comp/"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #560000; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT size=1>http://www.softlord.com/comp/</FONT></SPAN></B></A><FONT size=1>. Jeremy Myers. 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Gibson, eds. <I>History of ProgrammingLanguages-II</I>. <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>: ACM Press, 1996.<o:p></o:p></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; COLOR: #374257; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Christiansen, Tom and Nathan Torkington. </SPAN><I><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR">Perlfaq1 Unix Manpage</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR">. Perl 5 Porters, 1997-1999.<o:p></o:p></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; COLOR: #374257; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Christiansen, Tom and Nathan Torkington. </SPAN><I><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR">Perlhist Unix Manpage</SPAN></I><SPAN lang=FR style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR">. Perl 5 Porters, 1997-1999.<o:p></o:p></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; COLOR: #374257; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT size=1>"Java History." </FONT><A href="http://ils.unc.edu/blaze/java/javahist.html"><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #560000; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT size=1>http://ils.unc.edu/blaze/java/javahist.html</FONT></SPAN></B></A><FONT size=1>. Cited, March 29, 2000.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN><FONT size=1> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; COLOR: #374257; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">"Programming Languages." <I>McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</I>. <st1:state w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>: McGraw-Hill, 1997.<o:p></o:p></SPAN> </FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="COLOR: #374257; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">Wexelblat, Richard L., ed. <I>History of Programming Languages</I>. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:state w:st="on">New York</st1:state></st1:place>: Academic Press, 1981.<o:p></o:p></SPAN> </FONT></LI></UL><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #374257; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><BR style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always" clear=all></SPAN> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase; COLOR: rgb(17,17,17); FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>EXTRA：</FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN class=apple-style-span><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase; COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>A BRIEF HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></B></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN class=apple-style-span><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase; COLOR: #111111; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.lingoworkshop.com/Articles/A_brief_history_of_computer_programming.php"><FONT size=1>http://www.lingoworkshop.com/Articles/A_brief_history_of_computer_programming.php</FONT></A></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>In the 17 Century,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> the first calculating machines were invented by<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Schickard.html"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92">Wilhelm Schickard</SPAN></A><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>and<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><A href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Pascal.html"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92">Blaise Pascal</SPAN></A><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>(who created the "Pascaline" in 1642). These mechanical devices were remarkable creations but they could only perform specific calculations.</B> Arguably the first programmable computer was the<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><A href="http://www.fourmilab.to/babbage/contents.html"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92"><FONT size=1>Analytical Engine</FONT></SPAN></A><FONT size=1><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>by<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><A href="http://www.cbi.umn.edu/exhibits/cb.html"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92"><FONT size=1>Charles Babbage</FONT></SPAN></A><FONT size=1>conceived in 1835 but never completed.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <H3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0cm 1.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.2pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #443333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>Analytical Engine - 1835<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></H3> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'">With the Analytical Engine(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Grande'">解析机</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'">, </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Grande'">分析机</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Grande'">早期的机械通用计算机</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'">)), Babbage conceived of a machine that could be programmed to solve any logical or computational problem. This project came to the attention of<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><A href="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/ada-bio.html"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92">Lady Ada Lovelace</SPAN></A><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN></B>(who, incidently, was the only legitimate child of Lord Byron-</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: -webkit-sans-serif"> <A title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"><SPAN style="COLOR: #002bb8; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none">British</SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: -webkit-sans-serif"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=apple-style-span><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: -webkit-sans-serif">poet</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'">). Lovelace became obsessed with the project and wrote notes on programming techniques, sample programs and the potential for programmable machines to play chess and compose music. <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">She is regarded as the world’s first computer programmer and is credited with the invention of the programming loop and the subroutine.<o:p></o:p></B></SPAN></FONT></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>Babbage’s ideas were conceived in terms of mechanical technology, and it wasn’t until a century later when advances in electronic technology would enable many of his ideas to be fully realized.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <H3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0cm 1.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.2pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #443333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>Z-3, Robinson and Mark I<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></H3> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>During the Second World War, British invested significant resources into the<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><A href="http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92"><FONT size=1>‘Ultra’</FONT></SPAN></A><FONT size=1><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>project based at <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Bletchley</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">Park</st1:placetype></st1:place>. This top-secret project utilized machines built by Alan <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Turing(</B></FONT></SPAN><FONT size=1><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Lucida Grande'">图灵机</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'">)</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"> to decode German military messages encoded using the ‘Enigma’ enciphering machine. One such machine, called Robinson, was built in 1940 and is generally regarded as the first operational (although non-programmable) computer.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>The first programmable computer was actually built in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region></st1:place> by<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><A href="http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Zuse.html"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92"><FONT size=1>Konrad Zuse</FONT></SPAN></A><FONT size=1><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>in 1941. In contrast to the British, the German military apparently overlooked the significance of Zuse’s achievements and his work only ever got minor support and very little recognition after the war (the original Z-3 machine was destroyed during the war, but a replica is on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich).<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>In the<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><SPAN class=caps>US</SPAN></st1:country-region></st1:place><SPAN class=caps>,</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>a team of Harvard and<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>IBM</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>scientists led by Howard Aiken were also working on a programmable computer. This computer, called<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><A href="http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/markI/markI_intro.html"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92"><FONT size=1>Mark I</FONT></SPAN></A><FONT size=1>, was completed in 1944. The person who is credited with fully harnessing the power of this programmable computer is<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN></FONT><A href="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-story.html"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92"><FONT size=1>Captain Grace Murray Hopper</FONT></SPAN></A><FONT size=1>. She was one of the<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> first to recognize the value of reusable libraries of subroutines</B>, is credited with inventing the term <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">'debug'</B> (when she removed a dead moth stuck in a relay) and having written the <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">first high level compiler</B> (A-0). She also led the effort to develop <SPAN class=caps>COBOL</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>– a programming language not identified with a particular manufacturer. Among Hopper's many achievements was winning "Computer Science Man-of-the-Year Award" in 1969 (despite not being a 'man').<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <H3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0cm 1.95pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 13.2pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #443333; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>Programming Languages<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></H3> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>The language a computer can understand (called "machine code") is composed of strings of zeros and ones. This smallest element of a computer’s language is called "a bit" – 0 or 1.<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> Four bits are a nibble</B>. Two nibbles (8 bits) equal a byte. The ‘words’ of a computer language are the size of a single instruction encoded in a sequence of bits (for example, many computers speak a language with words that are '32-bits' long).<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>As machine code is extremely difficult to work with, a type of language called “Assembly” was soon developed. Using an assembly language, programmers use series of mnemonics that are then translated by a program into machine code that the computer can understand. However, assembly is very similar to machine code in that all procedures have to be spelt out in exact detail in a process that is extremely difficult, slow and prone to errors.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <H4 style="MARGIN: 3.95pt 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #365565; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>Translators (Compilers and Interpreters)<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></H4> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><FONT size=1><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'">Grace Hopper is credited with pioneering the idea of a ‘compiler’ to translate some more human-friendly language into the language of a computer</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'">. These more ‘human-friendly’ languages are called ‘higher level languages’ and were developed to allow programmers to concentrate more closely on the abstract problem to be solved rather than all the painful detail required for machine code or assembly language programming.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>A <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">compiler</B> converts source code written in some high-level language into executable machine code (also called binary code or object code). The resulting machine code can only be understood by a specific processor, such as a Pentium or PowerPC.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>An <B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">interpreter</B> translates either source code or tokens into machine code, one instruction at a time, as the program is run. An interpreter does not generate machine code from a source program.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <H4 style="MARGIN: 3.95pt 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #365565; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>High level languages<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></H4> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>One of the first 'higher level' languages that gets wide use is<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>FORTRAN,</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>first released in 1957. This language is very good at number crunching, but not so good at input and output.<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>COBOL,</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>released soon after, was "designed from the ground up as the language for businessmen" and used "a very English-like grammar"<SUP><A href="http://www.lingoworkshop.com/Articles/A_brief_history_of_computer_programming.php#fn1#fn1"><SPAN style="COLOR: #2c6f92">1</SPAN></A></SUP>.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>These languages are generally considered to reflect a 'procedural' paradigm of programming. In 1958, John McCarthy at<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>M.I.T.</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>began work on<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>LISP</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>which goes on to become one of the most important languages in the area of "Artificial Intelligence".<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>LISP,</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>which gets its name from<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>LIS</SPAN>t Processing, reflects a language model based on recursive functions. Another language,<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>PROLOG,</SPAN><SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN>invented in the 70s, used a model based on 'logic programming' with predicate calculas.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 11.15pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: #4b4b4b; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Grande'"><FONT size=1>The next most significant language to appear, at least from a Director/Lingo perspective, was Smalltalk which was developed by Alan Kay at Xerox<SPAN class=apple-converted-space> </SPAN><SPAN class=caps>PARC.</SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #374257; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P></SPAN> <P><FONT size=1></FONT></P> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-02-20 ┆
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程序员的十层楼（下）
<H2><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: navy; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: navy; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: navy; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">层</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: navy; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: navy; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">学者</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; COLOR: navy; LINE-HEIGHT: 173%; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></H2> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.85pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">当</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">"</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">专家</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">"</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">们想继续往上一层楼爬时，他们几乎一眼就可以看到楼梯的入口，不过令他们吃惊的是，楼梯入口处竖了一道高高的门槛，上面写着</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana">"</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">创新</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 1……
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发表于:2009-02-12 ┆
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程序员的十层楼（上）
<H1 style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 14px; COLOR: rgb(51,0,255)"> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-DECORATION: underline"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"><FONT size=1></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"><FONT size=1></FONT></SPAN></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT size=1></FONT></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.85pt"><FONT size=1></FONT><SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 19px; COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.85pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">自西方文艺复兴以来，中国在自然科学方面落后西方很多，软件领域也不例外。当然现在中国的许多程序员们对此可能有许多不同的意见，有些人认为中国的程序员水平远落后于西方，有些则认为中国的程序员个人能力并不比西方的程序员差，只是整个软件产业落后而已。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.85pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Verdana; mso-hansi-font-family: Verdana">那么，到底中国的程序员水平比西方程序员水平差，还是中国有许多优秀的程序员达到或超过了西方程序员同等水平呢？要解决这个问题，必须先知道程序员有多少种技术层级，每个层级需要什么样的技术水平，然后再比较中国和西方在各个技术层级的人数，就可以知道到底有没有差距，差距有多大。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 6.8pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-line-height-alt: 10.85pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black……
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发表于:2009-02-12 ┆
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漏网之语
<SPAN class=Apple-tab-span style="WHITE-SPACE: pre"></SPAN><FONT size=1>现在都说大学生就业难，1978年后，那么多知青回城，当时的GDP跟现在没法比，不也基本都安排了工作？可以从事服务行业，也可以做个体户，甚至“走鬼”。对比之下，现在传统工业的劳力安置能力会越来越弱，而商业是现代服务业中的重要内容之一，理应吸纳更多的劳力。现在不少大商人，当年不也是“走鬼”出身？李嘉诚靠卖塑料花、霍英东靠开杂货店、美国的戴尔靠送报纸起家。</FONT> <DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"><FONT size=1>——广东省政协常委、九三学社广东副主委温洋建议中国大学生毕业不妨当流动小贩 </FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-02-10 ┆
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理解程序性能
<META content=Word.Document name=ProgId> <META content="Microsoft Word 11" name=Generator> <META content="Microsoft Word 11" name=Originator><LINK href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMAMING%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel=File-List> <STYLE> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-alt:SimSun; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-pagination:none; font-size:10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-page-border-surround-header:no; mso-page-border-surround-footer:no;} @page Section1 {size:21.0cm 842.0pt; margin:2.0cm 1.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-gutter-margin:1.0cm; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </STYLE> <META content=Word.Document name=ProgId> <META content="Microsoft Word 11" name=Generator> <META content="Microsoft Word 11" name=Originator><LINK href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMAMING%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel=File-List> <STYLE> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-alt:SimSun; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-pagination:none; font-size:10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-page-border-surround-header:no; mso-page-border-surround-footer:no;} @page Section1 {size:21.0cm 842.0pt; margin:2.0cm 1.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-gutter-margin:1.0cm; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </STYLE> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt">1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">、</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt"><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">程序的性能取决于多种因素：程序中使用的算法，创建程序和将程序翻译成机器指令的系统，计算机指令执行部件的效率，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>I/O</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">操作的执行效率。下表总结了软硬件是如何影响程序性能的。</SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <TABLE class=MsoTableGrid style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1> <TBODY> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; WIDTH: 246.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=328> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=1>影响程序性能的软硬件部件</FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 246.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=329> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=1>如何影响性能</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt solid; WIDTH: 246.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=328> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=1>算法</FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 246.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=329> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">决定源程序级语句的数量以及执行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>I/O</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">操作的数量</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt solid; WIDTH: 246.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=328> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=1>程序设计语言、编译器和体系结构</FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 246.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=329> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=1>决定每一条源程序级的语句对应的机器指令</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt solid; WIDTH: 246.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=328> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=1>处理器和存储器系统</FONT></SPAN></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 246.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=329> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><FONT size=1>决定指令的执行速度</FONT></SPAN></P></TD></TR> <TR> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: 1pt solid; WIDTH: 246.35pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=328> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US>I/O</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">系统</SPAN></FONT></P></TD> <TD style="BORDER-RIGHT: 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 5.4pt; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 5.4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0cm; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; WIDTH: 246.4pt; PADDING-TOP: 0cm; BORDER-BOTTOM: 1pt solid" vAlign=top width=329> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">决定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>I/O</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">操作的执行速度</SPAN></FONT></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-02-04 ┆
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计算机之道：程序角度
<META content=Word.Document name=ProgId> <META content="Microsoft Word 11" name=Generator> <META content="Microsoft Word 11" name=Originator><LINK href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMAMING%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel=File-List> <STYLE> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-alt:SimSun; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:华文楷体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@华文楷体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 4 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:647 135200768 16 0 262303 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-pagination:none; font-size:10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:宋体; mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-page-border-surround-header:no; mso-page-border-surround-footer:no;} @page Section1 {size:21.0cm 842.0pt; margin:2.0cm 1.0cm 1.0cm 2.0cm; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-gutter-margin:1.0cm; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </STYLE> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">自接触</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">c</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">语言之日起，就一直心存疑惑，总有这个问题在脑中盘旋“我写下这行代码，计算机怎么通晓我的意思的，它是怎么辨识并执行的？”。长期以来，受微软编译器所赐，这一过程与我来说就如魔术一般雾里看花。往后的日子，随着接触面的扩大以及学识的加深，一些问题渐渐在心中有了答案。而愈发觉得傻瓜式编译器对我这一类人来说是要不得的，然而关键不在此。近日拜读《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Computer Organization&Design The Hardware/Software Interface</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">》，作者总结了四类问题，是为我当初疑惑的一个细化，也为我继续探索的一个追求，记录于此：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体">1 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体">用高级语言，例如<SPAN lang=EN-US>C</SPAN>、<SPAN lang=EN-US>Java</SPAN>，写得程序是怎样翻译成硬件语言的，硬件又是怎样执行的？<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体">2 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体">软硬件间的接口是什么，软件是如何命令硬件完成指定的功能的？<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体">3 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体">什么决定了程序的性能，程序员如何改进性能？<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体">4 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体">硬件设计人员可以使用什么样的技术提高性能？<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">额外地，接下来的这句话也很为经典，大家可自己斟酌：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体"><FONT face=宋体>如果不理解上述问题，那么在现代计算机上优化程序的过程，或者评估特定应用中的计算机的性能的过程，将是一个复杂的<B><SPAN style="COLOR: red">试验过程</SPAN></B>，而不是一个建立在深入理解和分析基础上的<B><SPAN style="COLOR: red">科学过程</SPAN></B>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-02-04 ┆
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奥巴马演讲-联合早报网
<font size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><p> 美国首位黑人总统奥巴马在深刻经济危机中发表的就职演说引起了世界各地，包括中国社会的关注。然而，演说内容却无法完整进入中国主流报道。</p><p> 官方媒体在翻译报道时，删掉了奥巴马提及“腐败”、“镇压异见固守权势”政权时的前后整两段文字。</p><p> 国内观察人士指出，中国官方神经过敏，结果是主动对号入座，自认是外界批评的对象，还再次成为国际媒体关注的话题。</p><p> 人民网与新华网昨天上午将奥巴马的演说翻译成中文，但官方的全译本中，不仅奥巴马说到美国先辈“战胜法西斯主义与共产主义”时，“共产主义”四字被删，有关美国外交新方针的关键段落也不翼而飞。</p><p> 奥巴马当时说：“美国愿意基于共同利益与相互尊重的理念，与回教世界寻求新的前进道路。那些寻求制造矛盾、将自己社会的弊端归罪于西方的领导人，其人民将根据他们的建设成就而非毁灭能力来评判他们。”</p><p> 他接着说：“那些依靠腐败、欺骗、以及压制异见以固守权势的人，你们站在历史错误的一边；但只要你们松开紧握的拳头，我们将伸出援助之手。”</p><p> 紧接着，奥巴马提出要协助贫穷国家发展农业与环保，滋养饥饿的身躯与心灵；富国不能再对国界外的苦难漠不关心，更不能继续大肆索取世界的资源。</p><p> 中国官方媒体转载的英文演讲保留了原文，但在中文译本中，上述内容悉数删节。</p><p> 非官方的门户网站新浪、搜狐也采取类似做法。网易的译本则保留上述内容，却整段删去提到“共产主义”四字的文字。<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> 另据路透社报道，中央电视台昨天凌晨转播奥巴马就职演说，在出现“共产主义”几个字后，画面迅速从直播转到摄影棚内评述员。<p> 反之，很多媒体却强调了奥巴马在美国最高法院首席法官领导下宣誓时发生口误的细节。</p><p>学者时殷弘：</p><p>不是针对中国</p><p> 谈到奥巴马的演说，人民大学国际关系学院美国研究中心主任时殷弘受访时说，演讲并未明显针对中国，对专制政权的批评肯定不是针对中国，而是指向伊朗、朝鲜、古巴。</p><p> 时殷弘分析说，奥巴马表示愿与松开拳头的专制政权合作，但中美已是重要合作伙伴，不存在“紧握的拳头”。如果认为奥巴马指的是中国，那是“乱对号”。</p><p> 也有人指出，官方媒体的删节做法让北京主办奥运时期的自信与气度顿失。何况国内博客早已把全文翻译出来，在网上流传。</p><p> 中国官方暂未对就职演说发表正式评论，但国内学界基本对美国新总统的姿态表示欢迎。</p><p> 时殷弘说，奥巴马分析美国经济严重衰退的原因，称其来源于部分人的贪婪与不负责任，更是由于美国人整体上“未能做出面对一个新时代的艰难决策”，是触及到问题的根本。</p><p> 他也说，尽管奥巴马强调美国对世界的领导地位，“但帝国的傲慢与自封的领导权少了一些”。<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></p><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 24px; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">学者们也注意到，奥巴马十分强调西方世界里的经典美德，如诚实、勤奋、勇气、公平、宽容心、探索精神、忠诚、爱国等等，这种论述能够让美国价值观对世界更具吸引力。<p> 北京大学国际关系学院国际安全研究项目主任朱锋受访时说，奥巴马对美国价值观做了放大处理，前总统布什突出以反恐输出美国价值观，他在奥巴马演说中读到的信息是，不应该寻求完全以美国理念改变世界。</p><p> 朱锋说，“从这个方面说，是蛮有看头的。”</p></span></p></span></p></span></font>
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发表于:2009-01-22 ┆
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<p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic;"><p style="background:white"><p style="background:white"><p style="background:white"><span class="font"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">（转）不知道谁统计的。比较不错。建议英文好的朋友去看看，肯定会有收获的。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">2.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">关于嵌入式开发的站点，提供非常多关于嵌入式开发的资料。包括开发公司，技术文档，免费资源等等。版面包括</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">busses & boards,embedded software,dsp,embedded systems,open source,rtos,embedded chips,system-on-a-chip<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">强烈推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.eg3.com/" title="http://www.eg3.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.eg3.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">3. 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The First Stop for the Latest ICs and Components<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">非常好的关于微处理器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,DSP,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">可以编程控制器资讯的网站，更新非常快。强烈推荐一些领导级别的人常去，了解行业动态！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.eeproductcenter.com/" title="http://www.eeproductcenter.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.eeproductcenter.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">5. 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mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">8.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Cornell University</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">课程</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">ECE476</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">所完成的项目。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">这些项目都具有详细学习资料。共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">200</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">多个项目，看看这</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">些东西，就能感觉国内与国外教学实践的差别。我们国家很多高校的电子相关专业的设计就是搞个键盘，搞个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">MAX7219</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">显示，搞个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">DS1302</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">时钟，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">'</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一百</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">年不变</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">'</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">。看了它是我记得很不舒服。大家好好研究研究吧。特别是老师们，一定要深思。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">一毛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/" title="http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">9. Web51 - Ethernet & TCP/IP on 8051 Family<br> 51</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">单片机上网技术</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">提供详细资料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.<br> <a href="http://8052.lphard.cz/" title="http://8052.lphard.cz/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://8052.lphard.cz/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">10. eeCatalog<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">一个电子目录网站</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">大量的信息经过有序的组织</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">对开发者来说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">这里是一个了解开发信息的好地方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">比如可以按照</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">8bit</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">单片机来查找信息</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">也许对美国人更有用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.<br> <a href="http://www.eecatalog.com/" title="http://www.eecatalog.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.eecatalog.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">11. 8051 Sourcecode<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">大量的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">8051</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">实用代码</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">分类清晰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.programmersheaven.com/zone5/cat27/index.htm" title="http://www.programmersheaven.com/zone5/cat27/index.htm"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.programmersheaven.com/zone5/cat27/index.htm</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">12. Build Your Own Microcontroller Projects<br> This page provides schematic and software for hobbyists to practice "learn by doing", build a simple microcontroller projects at home. For those who would like to contribute projects, please prepare HTML files whatever you like to see but keep all files small and informative. I shall provide for others. DIY</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">的好地方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">强烈推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.<br> <a href="http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/" title="http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">13. LPC900 information for embedded engineers<br> LPC900 information page LPC932, LPC930, LPC931, LPC901, LPC902, LPC903, LPC935, LPC920, LPC921, LPC912, LPC913, LPC914<br> <a href="http://www.lpc900.com/" title="http://www.lpc900.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.lpc900.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">14. Intel(R) MCS(R) 51/251 Microcontrollers Documentation<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">大量的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Intel(R) MCS(R) 51/251 Microcontrollers<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">的应用文档</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">许多是鲜为人知的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">不看是你的损失</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.<br> <a href="http://www.intel.com/design/mcs51/docs_mcs51.htm" title="http://www.intel.com/design/mcs51/docs_mcs51.htm"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.intel.com/design/mcs51/docs_mcs51.htm</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">15. The Home of Electronic Engineering and Embedded Systems Programming<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">收集了非常多的有用资料，常用的单片机系统，开发项目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">CD Project<br> MP3 Projects PC Parallel Port<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">等等。界面非常友好。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://ee.cleversoul.com/" title="http://ee.cleversoul.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://ee.cleversoul.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Universal Bootloader<br> Universal Bootloader project provides firmware with full source code under GPL. Many CPU architectures are supported: PowerPC(MPC5xx, MPC8xx, MPC82xx, MPC7xx, MPC74xx, 4xx), ARM(ARM7, ARM9, StrongARM, Xscale), MIPS(4Kc,5Kc), x86, ...<br> <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot" title="http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">18. Ethernet & TCP/IP on 8051 Family<br> An open source (GPL) TCP/IP project with an 8051-based hardware design<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">。提供源代码与开发板。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://web51.hw-server.com/" title="http://web51.hw-server.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://web51.hw-server.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">19. MCUserver<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个比较专业的关于电子开发的网站，但是我也不知道网站是什么语言，但看一勉强看懂。它的下载区有很多实用资料，需要注册才可以下载。它提供很多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">DIY</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">电路，比如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">PIC,AVR,MSP430,FPGA,ARM,8051</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">等等编程电路。推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.mcu.cz/modules/news/" title="http://www.mcu.cz/modules/news/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.mcu.cz/modules/news/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">. OpCUBE project.<br> Micro-IDE with SDCC .SDCC</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">非常好的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">8051</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发工具</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">具有编译</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">链接功能</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">而这是它的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">IDE</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发界面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">完全免费</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">这里有大量的相关资源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.http://sdccokr.dl9sec.de/resources.htm<br> <a href="http://www.opcube.com/home.html" title="http://www.opcube.com/home.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.opcube.com/home.html</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Tiny TCP/Tiny WEB/etc<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">很好的解析了常用的协议，同时可以下载很多的紧凑</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">TCP/IP</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">栈，特别是有一个已经处理好的为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">DS<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="89" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">89C</st1:chmetcnv>420</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">超高速</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">8051</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">单片机的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">TCP/IP</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">栈。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.unusualresearch.com/tinytcp/tinytcp.htm" title="http://www.unusualresearch.com/tinytcp/tinytcp.htm"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.unusualresearch.com/tinytcp/tinytcp.htm</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">30. 8051-/ C51-Homepage<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个德国人的经典</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">51</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">单片机网站</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">不错</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.<br> <a href="http://www.c51.de/" title="http://www.c51.de/"><span style="color: #3300FF">http://www.c51.de/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> Code Architect for Philips<br> Code Architect allows quick and easy code generation for Philips Microcontrollers. Code is generated for a specific peripheral or device feature, allowing code generation for the exact combination of peripherals your project need<br> <a href="http://www.codearchitect.org/philips/" title="http://www.codearchitect.org/philips/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.codearchitect.org/philips/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">. The First Stop for the Latest ICs and Components<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">非常好的关于微处理器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,DSP,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">可以编程控制器资讯的网站，更新非常快。强烈推荐一些领导级别的人常去，了解行业动态！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.eeproductcenter.com/" title="http://www.eeproductcenter.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.eeproductcenter.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">续</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> 6. Embedded Etherne<br> Ethernut is an Open Source Hardware and Software Project for building tiny Embedded Ethernet Devices.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">主要是用在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">系列单片机</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">提供足够资料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">它的下载也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://www.ethernut.de/en/download/index.html" title="http://www.ethernut.de/en/download/index.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.ethernut.de/en/download/index.html</span></a></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">有不错的东西供下载</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">相关产品</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://www.hw-group.com/products/charon2/index_en.html" title="http://www.hw-group.com/products/charon2/index_en.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.hw-group.com/products/charon2/index_en.html</span></a><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开源项目支持</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/ethernut/" title="http://sourceforge.net/projects/ethernut/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://sourceforge.net/projects/ethernut/</span></a><br> <a href="http://www.ethernut.de/en/" title="http://www.ethernut.de/en/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.ethernut.de/en/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">7. Programmers Heaven - Assembler programming zone<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">大量的源代码，分类清晰，强烈推荐。但是有很多好像已经不再更新了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.programmersheaven.com/zone5/index.htm" title="http://www.programmersheaven.com/zone5/index.htm"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.programmersheaven.com/zone5/index.htm</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">8.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">大量的关于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">资源与应用的链接，推荐！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.omegav.ntnu.no/avr/resources.php3" title="http://www.omegav.ntnu.no/avr/resources.php3"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.omegav.ntnu.no/avr/resources.php3</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">9. Build Your Own Microcontroller Projects<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">大量的微处理器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">DIY</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">电路，非常好的入门级别的资料。这些微处理包括</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">8051,avr,pic,<st1:chmetcnv unitname="C" sourcevalue="89" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">89C</st1:chmetcnv>2051/4051, Intel x86</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">。强烈推荐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://chaokhun.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/" title="http://chaokhun.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://chaokhun.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> C-Language Library for Atmel AVR Processors<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个非常优秀的代码库</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">强烈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">3</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">搞</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">不用它</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">真是的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">!</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/avr/avrlib/" title="http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/avr/avrlib/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/avr/avrlib/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">12.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">决对优秀的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">网站</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">不好你天天诅咒我</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">好就天天为我祈祷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.<br> <a href="http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/" title="http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">13.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个非常有用的电子设计资源站。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">这里包含的了大量的电子设计资源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,DC motors</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">，</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">PWM control</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Video Generation with AVR.Serial communications with AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">。特别是它收集了很大实用的链接，分类清晰。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/" title="http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/"><span style="color: #3300FF">http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">14.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">美国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Cornell University</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">课程</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">ECE476</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">所完成的项目。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">这些项目都具有详细学习资料。共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">200</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">多个项目，看看</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">这些东西，就能感觉国内与国外教学实践的差别。我们国家很多高校的电子相关专业的设计就是搞个键盘，搞个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">MAX7219</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">显示，搞个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">DS1302</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">时钟，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">'</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">百年不变</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">'</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">。看了它是我记得很不舒服。大家好好研究研究吧。特别是老师们，一定要深思。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一毛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/" title="http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">15. Build Your Own Microcontroller Projects<br> This page provides schematic and software for hobbyists to practice "learn by doing", build a simple microcontroller projects at home. For those who would like to contribute projects, please prepare HTML files whatever you like to see but keep all files small and informative. I shall provide for others. DIY</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">的好地方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">强烈推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.<br> <a href="http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/" title="http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">16. AvrX Real Time Kernel<br> AvrX is a Real Time Multitasking Kernel written for the Atmel AVR series of micro controllers. AvrX contains approximately 34 API in the following Six categories:<br> bullet Tasking<br> bullet Semaphores<br> bullet Timer Management<br> bullet Message Queues<br> bullet Single Step Debugging support<br> <a href="http://www.barello.net/avrx/index.htm" title="http://www.barello.net/avrx/index.htm"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.barello.net/avrx/index.htm</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">17. GNU avr-gcc<br> The AVR-GCC is a freeware C compiler (and assembler) that is made available through the GNU project.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">详细的开发文档说明，强烈推荐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://www.avrfreaks.net/AVRGCC/" title="http://www.avrfreaks.net/AVRGCC/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.avrfreaks.net/AVRGCC/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVaRICE<br> AVaRICE is a program which interfaces the GNU Debugger GDB with the AVR JTAG ICE available from Atmel. There are some third party clones of the Atmel jtagice available for purchase via the web for prices much less than the Atmel's offering.<br> <a href="http://avarice.sourceforge.net/" title="http://avarice.sourceforge.net/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://avarice.sourceforge.net/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">20. All FastAVR output ASM routines are absolutely free<br> AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">单片机的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">BASIC</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发软件及源程序例，还有图形点阵转换程序可以下载。特别是里面</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">LCD</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发工具，必须看看！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.fastavr.com/" title="http://www.fastavr.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.fastavr.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">21. AVRbeginners.net<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">看题目就知道是什么地方了。非常适合初学者。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">分类非常清晰。推荐！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.avrbeginners.net/" title="http://www.avrbeginners.net/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.avrbeginners.net/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">22. Jesper's World on the Net<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">个人站点，站长肯定是个高手，居然写了仿真软件。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">这个页面做的很差，资料不好找。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">栏目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">:http://www.myplace.nu/avr/<br> MP3</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">应用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">:http://www.myplace.nu/mp3/<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">还有一些其它的好东西，等待大家发掘。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.myplace.nu/" title="http://www.myplace.nu/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.myplace.nu/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">23. AVR and Robotics<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个关于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">应用与机器人的站点！</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.barello.net/" title="http://www.barello.net/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.barello.net/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">24.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">双龙的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">专栏，非常好。国内</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">单片机开发的先锋。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.sl.com.cn/Special_News.asp?SpecialName=AVR" title="http://www.sl.com.cn/Special_News.asp?SpecialName=AVR"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.sl.com.cn/Special_News.asp?SpecialName=AVR</span></a></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">专栏</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">中文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">25. Universal Bootloader<br> Universal Bootloader project provides firmware with full source code under GPL. Many CPU architectures are supported: PowerPC(MPC5xx, MPC8xx, MPC82xx, MPC7xx, MPC74xx, 4xx), ARM(ARM7, ARM9, StrongARM, Xscale), MIPS(4Kc,5Kc), x86, ...<br> <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot" title="http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">26.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个教程，非常有意思，利用动画来演示</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">单片机内部结构。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.microschematic.com/inde.html" title="http://www.microschematic.com/inde.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.microschematic.com/inde.html</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">27. Atmel AVR Code Examples<br> PID Motor Controller,GPS</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">信息处理。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">USB Code</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVR Bootloaders</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">AVR with Ethernet Examples<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">等等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/avr/code/index.html" title="http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/avr/code/index.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://hubbard.engr.scu.edu/embedded/avr/code/index.html</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">28. Electronic circuits based on AVR micros<br> MIDI generator ,Analog inputs for ATtiny26 ,Acceleration meter for cars,2 channel RF remote control at 418 MHz,SMS remote control v2.0,Electronic safety-lock with telecard as key,AVR In-System Programmer,Visual Basic & AVR RS232 interface,AVR composite PAL colour bar generator, Ultra low-cost programmer for AT90Sxxxx family,IgorPlug-USB (AVR)<br> Universal USB interface,LCD 2x16 characters & 4x4 keypad example,Connect RS232 modem to E<st1:chmetcnv unitname="g" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="False" negative="True" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">-10G</st1:chmetcnv>, Programable LCD counter with memory backup,128x64 LCD Driver for AT90S2313,RCEN fuse bit programmer<br> <a href="http://www.serasidis.gr/" title="http://www.serasidis.gr/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.serasidis.gr/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">29.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.mikrocontroller.com/" title="http://www.mikrocontroller.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">www.mikrocontroller.com</span></a><br> <a href="http://www.mikrocontroller.com/" title="http://www.mikrocontroller.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.mikrocontroller.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">30. WinAVR (AVR GCC)<br> WinAVR (pronounced "whenever") is a suite of executable, open source software development tools for the Atmel AVR series of RISC microprocessors hosted on the Windows platform. It includes the GNU GCC compiler for C and C++.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br> <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr" title="http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://sourceforge.net/projects/winavr</span></a><br> <a href="http://winavr.sourceforge.net/" title="http://winavr.sourceforge.net/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://winavr.sourceforge.net/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">31. AVaRICE<br> AVaRICE is a program for interfacing the Atmel JTAG ICE to GDB to allow users to debug their embedded AVR target.<br> <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/avarice" title="http://sourceforge.net/projects/avarice"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://sourceforge.net/projects/avarice</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">32.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一些非常有用的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">GNU</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发工具</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">资源</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avr/" title="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avr/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avr/</span></a><br> AVR Downloader/UploaDEr<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude/" title="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrdude/</span></a><br> AVR USB<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrusb/" title="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrusb/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/avrusb/</span></a><br> an AVR simulator<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/simulavr/" title="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/simulavr/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/simulavr/</span></a><br> AVR In-System Programmer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/uisp/" title="http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/uisp/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/uisp/</span></a><br> <a href="http://savannah.nongnu.org/" title="http://savannah.nongnu.org/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://savannah.nongnu.org/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">33.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/" title="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/"><span style="color:#3300FF">www.mikrocontroller.net</span></a><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">非常好的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVR-Tutorial,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">而且非常好的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">AVR-GCC-Tutorial<br> <a href="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/" title="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.mikrocontroller.net/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">34. P COLTRANE<br> DIY Electronics, DIY PIC Projects, DIY AVR Projects, DIY X86 Projects, DIY Basic Stamp Projects - Tutorials, Schematics and Code<br> <a href="http://www.pcoltrane.com/" title="http://www.pcoltrane.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.pcoltrane.com</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">35. AVR Libc Home Page<br> AVR Libc is a Free Software project whose goal is to provide a high quality C library for use with GCC on Atmel AVR microcontrollers.<br> <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/" title="http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">36. SmallC for AVR<br> SmallC for AVR has been extensively re-written to make it more efficient. Typical code space savings of over 50% on version 1 have been achieved. A complete User Manual is now available that puts in one place the details previously scattered throughout my old web pages. It includes many examples and code snippets on configuring and using the various AVR hardware.<br> <a href="http://www.jennaron.com.au/smallc/smallc.html" title="http://www.jennaron.com.au/smallc/smallc.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.jennaron.com.au/smallc/smallc.html</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">37. PIC,AVR,ARM,MSP430</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">DIY<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">该网站提供很多的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">PIC,AVR,ARM,MSP430</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">的开发资料，特别适合自己制作开发系统，它的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">ARM</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">(</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">利用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">LPC21**</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">系列</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">)</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">是非常号的资料。推荐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.olimex.com/dev/index.html" title="http://www.olimex.com/dev/index.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.olimex.com/dev/index.html</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">38. AVR<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">中文数据手册已经可以获得了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> ATMEL<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">正在为</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVR<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">微控制器的用户提供进一步的支持，那就是为他们提供产品的简体中文数据手册。这个表将不断地得到拓展。在浏览如下的产品卡时您可以找到这些数据手册：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> ATmega16, ATmega<st1:chmetcnv unitname="l" sourcevalue="16" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">16L</st1:chmetcnv>, ATmega48, ATmega88, ATmega168, ATmega169, ATmega169V, ATmega32, ATmega<st1:chmetcnv unitname="l" sourcevalue="32" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">32L</st1:chmetcnv>, ATmega64, ATmega<st1:chmetcnv unitname="l" sourcevalue="64" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">64L</st1:chmetcnv>, ATmega8515, ATmega8535, ATmega<st1:chmetcnv unitname="l" sourcevalue="8535" hasspace="False" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0" w:st="on">8535L</st1:chmetcnv>, ATtiny13, ATti<br>  </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">SkyEye Project<br> SkyEye</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">是一个开源软件（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">opensource software</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">）项目，中文名字是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">“</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">天目</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">”</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">SkyEye</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">的目标是在通用的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Linux</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">Windows</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">平台实现一个模拟集成开发环境，模拟基于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">ARM</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">的</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">嵌入式计算机系统；可在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">SkyEye</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">上运行</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">ARM Linux,uclinux</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">uC/OS-II</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">等多种嵌入式操作系统，并对它们进行源码级的分析和测试</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.skyeye.org/index_cn.html" title="http://www.skyeye.org/index_cn.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.skyeye.org/index_cn.html</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">再续</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.ulrichradig.de/" title="http://www.ulrichradig.de/"><span style="color:#3300FF">www.ulrichradig.de</span></a><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个非常好的德国个人网站</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">有些电子制作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">比较经典的就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> 1,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">利用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">单片机做的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">WEB</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">服务器</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">.RTL8019</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">芯片</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.<br> 2,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">利用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">CPLD</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">产生视频信号</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">VGA.<br> 3,μClinux - mini Linux for the Philips's ARM LPC2294<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br> <a href="http://www.ulrichradig.de/" title="http://www.ulrichradig.de/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.ulrichradig.de/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">PIC,AVR,ARM,MSP430</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">DIY<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">该网站提供很多的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">PIC,AVR,ARM,MSP430</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">的开发资料，特别适合自己制作开发系统，它的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">ARM</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">开发</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">(</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">利用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">LPC21**</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">系列</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">)</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">是非常号的资料。推荐。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.olimex.com/dev/index.html" title="http://www.olimex.com/dev/index.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.olimex.com/dev/index.html</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Build Your Own Microcontroller Projects<br> This page provides schematic and software for hobbyists to practice "learn by doing", build a simple microcontroller projects at home. For those who would like to contribute projects, please prepare HTML files whatever you like to see but keep all files small and informative. I shall provide for others. DIY</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">的好地方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">强烈推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">.<br> <a href="http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/" title="http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">GNU ARM? toolchain for Cygwin, Linux and MacOS .</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">这里是它的实用资源</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://www.gnuarm.com/resources.html" title="http://www.gnuarm.com/resources.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.gnuarm.com/resources.html</span></a><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">讨论组</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gnuarm/" title="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gnuarm/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://groups.yahoo.com/group/gnuarm/</span></a><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">文件下载</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><a href="http://www.gnuarm.com/files.html" title="http://www.gnuarm.com/files.html"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.gnuarm.com/files.html</span></a><br> <a href="http://www.gnuarm.com/" title="http://www.gnuarm.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.gnuarm.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">10. ARMuC Wiki.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">大量的开发资料</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">强烈推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.open-research.org.uk/ARMuC/" title="http://www.open-research.org.uk/ARMuC/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.open-research.org.uk/ARMuC/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">11.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">来自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><a href="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/" title="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/"><span style="color:#3300FF">www.mikrocontroller.net</span></a></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">大量实用链接</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">这里有许多所用链接关于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">AVR,8051,ARM,PIC.</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">它收集的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">AVR</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">信息是我看到的最好的。遗憾的是网站语言是德文。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/articles/Linksammlung" title="http://www.mikrocontroller.net/articles/Linksammlung"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.mikrocontroller.net/articles/Linksammlung</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">12. LPC2000 information page featuring the Philips ARM microcontrollers<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">关于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">LPC2100</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">的专业网站</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.lpc2100.com/" title="http://www.lpc2100.com/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.lpc2100.com/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">ARMboot<br> ARMboot is an Open-Source firmware suite for ARM based platforms. ARMboot is heavily based on the sister-project PPCboot, which provides similar ality on PowerPC based systems. ARMboot shall be a common, easy-to-use and easy-to-port boot platform<br> <a href="http://armboot.sourceforge.net/" title="http://armboot.sourceforge.net/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://armboot.sourceforge.net/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Linux for all ARM based machines<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">LINUX</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">操作系统，适合移植在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">ARM</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">结构上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/" title="http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">uclinux-elf-tools<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个优秀的交叉编译工具。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">m68k</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">系统</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">,ARM</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">系统下有很好的性能。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"><br> <a href="http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/uclinux-elf-tools/" title="http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/uclinux-elf-tools/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/uclinux-elf-tools/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="background:white"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">20. MCUserver<br> </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-bidi-font-style:italic">一个比较专业的关于电子开发的网站，但是我也不知道网站是什么语言，但看一勉强看懂。它的下载区有很多实用资料，需要注册才可以下载。它提供很多</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">DIY</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">电路，比如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">PIC,AVR,MSP430,FPGA,ARM,8051</span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">等等编程电路。推荐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><br> <a href="http://www.mcu.cz/modules/news/" title="http://www.mcu.cz/modules/news/"><span style="color:#3300FF">http://www.mcu.cz/modules/news/</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">外文</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></p></p></span></p>
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发表于:2009-01-21 ┆
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编译过程中的着色图算法简介
<FONT size=1> 编译器进行优化编译过程中的寄存器分配算法。IBM研究人员首先提出着色图算法（Graph-coloring）公式进行分配，简化了分配过程并提高了性能。Stanford大学扩充并强化了这个算法，提出了在许多现有编译器中使用的基于优先权的着色图算法。<BR> 着色算法是一种试探性算法，对大量程序的统计分析表明，采用28~32个整数寄存器（浮点变量还要另外增加寄存器）时能够把大部分需要访存的工作变量分配到寄存器中，从而把存储器访问转换成寄存器访问，有效减少存取操作和程序运行时间。<BR></FONT> <DIV></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2009-01-12 ┆
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About keyword "inline" in C language
<p class="MsoNormal"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMAMING%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C02%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:SpaceForUL/> <w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/> <w:DoNotLeaveBackslashAlone/> <w:ULTrailSpace/> <w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/> <w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:UseFELayout/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-alt:SimSun; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:"MS PGothic"; panose-1:2 11 6 0 7 2 5 8 2 4; mso-font-charset:128; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610612033 1757936891 16 0 131231 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@MS PGothic"; panose-1:2 11 6 0 7 2 5 8 2 4; mso-font-charset:128; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610612033 1757936891 16 0 131231 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体; mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;} span.EmailStyle15 {mso-style-type:personal; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"MS PGothic"; mso-ascii-font-family:"MS PGothic"; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS PGothic"; mso-hansi-font-family:"MS PGothic"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; font-variant:normal !important; color:navy; mso-text-animation:none; mso-hide:none; text-transform:none; text-decoration:none; text-underline:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none; vertical-align:baseline;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-page-border-surround-header:no; mso-page-border-surround-footer:no;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:普通表格; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">昨天阅了一段<span lang="EN-US">mips</span>汇编代码<span lang="EN-US">,</span>发现我的<span lang="EN-US">inline</span>没如愿地被展开<span lang="EN-US">.</span>一顿纳闷之后跟同事讨论，说inline是建议性的关键字，为确认准确性，在《<span lang="EN-US">C Reference Manual</span>》中找到了答案，摘相关要点如下：</span> <font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US"></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">The inline designation is only a hint to the translator, suggesting that calls to the inline function should be as fast as possible. The name comes from a compiler optimization called <i><span style="font-style: italic;">inline expression</span></i>.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">…<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">There are three important principles for inline expansion:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US"><span style="">1.<font size="1" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></font></span></span></font><i><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-style: italic; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">Visible definition</span></font></i><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">. In C99, if a function is declared inline, then the function’s definition must be visible in that translation unit.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US"><span style="">2.<font size="1" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></font></span></span></font><i><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-style: italic; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">Free choice</span></font></i><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">. </span></font><font color="red" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">Translators are never obligated to perform inline expansion</span></font><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">. A C program must never depend on whether a call is expanded.</span></font><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US"><span style="">3.<font size="1" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; -x-system-font: none;"> </span></font></span></span></font><i><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-style: italic; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">Same meaning</span></font></i><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">. Inline expansion is only an optimization; it does no change the meaning of the program.</span></font><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US">…</span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMAMING%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C04%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:SpaceForUL/> <w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/> <w:DoNotLeaveBackslashAlone/> <w:ULTrailSpace/> <w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/> <w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:UseFELayout/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-alt:SimSun; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:"MS PGothic"; panose-1:2 11 6 0 7 2 5 8 2 4; mso-font-charset:128; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610612033 1757936891 16 0 131231 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 135135232 16 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@MS PGothic"; panose-1:2 11 6 0 7 2 5 8 2 4; mso-font-charset:128; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610612033 1757936891 16 0 131231 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:宋体; mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;} span.EmailStyle15 {mso-style-type:personal; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-ansi-font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"MS PGothic"; mso-ascii-font-family:"MS PGothic"; mso-fareast-font-family:"MS PGothic"; mso-hansi-font-family:"MS PGothic"; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; font-variant:normal !important; color:navy; mso-text-animation:none; mso-hide:none; text-transform:none; text-decoration:none; text-underline:none; text-decoration:none; text-line-through:none; vertical-align:baseline;} /* Page Definitions */ @page {mso-page-border-surround-header:no; mso-page-border-surround-footer:no;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:普通表格; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">1 基础不扎实</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;">2 有疑问时，多交流，并查阅权威</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: "MS PGothic"; color: navy;" lang="EN-US"></span>进行确认</p> <br><font color="navy" size="3" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US"></span></font><font color="navy" face="Times New Roman"><span style="color: navy; font-family: 'Times New Roman';" lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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发表于:2008-12-31 ┆
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劝学
<FONT size=1>蚓无爪牙之利筋骨之强，上食黄土，下饮黄泉，用心一也；蟹六跪而二鳌，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。<BR></FONT> <DIV style="MARGIN-LEFT: 40px"><FONT size=1>—— 近日详阅某份代码，如行于错综乱杂的秋日灌木丛中，时常遇到甚为难解的问题，令我焦头烂额，极为考验耐性与定力，总凭各种缘由在难点之前面前退缩。而每当弄清一处原本看似艰深之处时，发现杂草丛中仍然绿流涌动生机勃勃，一切仍然是有机可循。中学的句古文最近碰巧入目，望记于此以为鞭挞，以小流而成江河。<BR></FONT></DIV> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2008-12-15 ┆
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!! is used instead of a (bool) cast to ...
<FONT size=1>XXX_Boolean isBFrmBuffPrbblyNdd = !!(t->m_options.IntrdcLtncy);<BR><BR>---- An amazing "C" statement like this really deluded me; But, "!! is used instead of a cast to avoid an MSVC compilation warning about performance." </FONT> <DIV></DIV>
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发表于:2008-12-08 ┆
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人毕竟是人，人性无法泯灭
<FONT size=1>马英九说，即使在战争中难免还是有值得肯定的人性因子，坦白说，日本与台湾有许多恩怨情仇，跟大陆也有，但人毕竟是人，人性无法泯灭，若从这个角度看，很多场景、故事都能获得谅解。希望大陆同胞能从这个角度看海角七号。 </FONT> <DIV></DIV>
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发表于:2008-12-05 ┆
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“唐门”事件快照
<DIV> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 42pt"><FONT face=宋体>一<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 亲爱的爸爸：</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 你走后，女儿非常非常想念你，在女儿的心中，你是一位宁愿死去也不愿让他们用脏手沾辱你品格的真英雄。只是，在这样的一个社会里，在这样一个污浊的社会里，在这样一个官场如同死蛆堆满大粪阴沟的社会里，你的死去留给这个社会不过是给腐败者去掉了心头恨，给告密者以升官发财的机会，给官场上的公仆增加了吃饭时谈话的笑料。就像现在，清明了，他们都去扫墓了，女儿却不知道亲爱的爸爸你被我们敬爱的公仆（我不知道应该怎么称呼）县委书记周小驹埋在了什么地方，不知道你一个人孤不孤单，会不会寂寞？</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 由于你的耿直，你得罪了江华县最大的公仆，由此带来了横祸。你被强行裸体火化时，女儿没能看上你最后一眼。你被强行背地里安葬，女儿不知道你埋在什么地方。女儿想给你扫墓，却不知道去哪里扫。外公说，你是被人打昏后活活掐死的，死得连条狗都不如。外公还说，那些当官的都是没有人性，没有天性，没有党性的人渣，比国民党、法西斯，日本鬼子还坏，要我永远记住，当官的没有朋友，只有敌人。我没有见过国民党、法西斯，日本鬼子，但我从教科书上读到，他们都是无恶不作的坏蛋。我痛恨这个社会，我痛恨我现在生长的这个社会。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 爸爸，你在天堂安息吧。爸爸，纤妹想你。下辈子，让我再做你的女儿，你再做女儿的爸爸，可不许反悔哦。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 你亲爱的女儿，江华二中初二学生唐文纤</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体> <SPAN lang=EN-US> <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="4" Month="4" Year="2008">2008<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>年4</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>月4</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>日</SPAN></SPAN></st1:chsdate></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: navy; FONT-FAMILY: 'MS PGothic'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 42pt"><FONT face=宋体>二<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><FONT face=宋体 size=3>将事件回放整理以下，希望这个故事梗概能能够基本回答不明真相的群众：</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="21" Month="4" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>21</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>，江华国土局主持工作的书记唐家波被县纪委叫去协助调查，到<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="4" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>22</SPAN>日下午<SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>时<SPAN lang=EN-US>44</SPAN>分</st1:chsdate>，唐家波的家属在江华县殡仪馆第一次看到唐家波的尸体。而此时距唐家波死亡已有近<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>个小时。唐家波的家属当场拍摄了照片和录像。该照片和录像显示出唐家波尸体有以下明显外伤：左右双耳耳根和耳叶明显青肿且均流血至颈部、左肩至于颈部红肿且有多处明显的外伤出血点、右肩皮肤淤青且明显脱臼。</FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN> 但是根据江华有关部门的说法：唐家波是因为受贿<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>万元畏罪自杀。自杀的方式是用总体长度最长不超过<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="165" UnitName="厘米"><SPAN lang=EN-US>165</SPAN>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>的<SPAN lang=EN-US>T</SPAN>恤衫降自己<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>绞<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>死在最高高度只有<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="80" UnitName="厘米"><SPAN lang=EN-US>80</SPAN>厘米</st1:chmetcnv>的靠墙壁安装的水龙头上。 </FONT></FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN> 并且江华有关部门立即动用相关力量炮制了一个非常没有专业水平的很不详细的验尸报告，报告结论是<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>符合缢颈致机械性窒息死亡<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>但是并未涉及<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>自杀<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>或<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>他杀<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>，而在江华有关部门的结论中唐家波死亡赫然变成<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>自杀<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>。 </FONT></FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN> 且在验尸报告尚未出炉之前，江华有关部门即在未征得家属同意的情况下，强行火化尸体。</FONT></FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN> 唐的家属因为对唐家波的了解和对<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>自杀<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>死亡真相的怀疑，就进行申冤，后来得到<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>万元的封口费。但是<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>人不能这样死去<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>，因此家属还是希望有一个正确的说法并洗刷唐家波身上的污点。因此，申冤继续着</FONT></FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>… <BR></SPAN> 但是因为官场的强势以及方方面面的关系，申冤一直未得到有效响应。并且<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>惨象，已使家属目不忍视了；流言，尤使家属耳不忍闻。<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN> </FONT></FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN> 于是，以前清明都相似，今年清明大不同，唐家波年仅<SPAN lang=EN-US>13</SPAN>岁的女儿就在今年清明时节写了上面给她爸爸的信，并发布到天涯杂谈。 </FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 一石激起千层浪，天涯热血而正义的网友迅速跟贴，强烈呼吁要求给出真相，<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>人不能就这样死去<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>。 </FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN> 于是，就有人注册了<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>唐家波<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>的<SPAN lang=EN-US>ID</SPAN>，在天涯发布帖子，申明自己未死，并且斥责自己的女儿不懂事。 </FONT></FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN> 但是纸终究是包不住火的，一个火星在天涯引燃了一场网络正义与邪恶的战斗，一场官场与民间的斗争。</FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 于是有了天涯以及相关转载网站的封贴删贴行为，有了更多的敏感字符，有了审核制度，如果有印象，自从今年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月份之后，网站的敏感字符和审核明显多了许多。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体> 正义终究是多数人所追求的，于是就有杨金柱律师抬棺上阵，开博议案，为正义摇旗吶喊，为法治大声疾呼<SPAN lang=EN-US>…<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><FONT face=宋体><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 42pt">三</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 42pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 作者：律坛怪侠杨金柱 </FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 唐家波<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>自杀死亡<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>案件的<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>个重大疑点</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>、江华县纪委在<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="4" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>22</SPAN>日早晨<SPAN lang=EN-US>6</SPAN>时</st1:chsdate>唐家波非正常死亡后，为什么擅自破坏现场、转移尸体？</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>、江华县纪委在</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体> <st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="4" Year="2007">2007<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>年4</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>月22</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>日早晨6</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>时</SPAN></SPAN></st1:chsdate></FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=宋体 size=3>唐家波非正常死亡后，为什么不通知江华县公安局派人到现场进行现场勘察和检验尸体？<BR></FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>、江华县纪委在<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="4" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>22</SPAN>日早晨<SPAN lang=EN-US>6</SPAN>时</st1:chsdate>唐家波非正常死亡后，为什么不及时通知近在咫尺的唐家波家属到现场</FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>?<BR></SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>、唐家波家属在<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="4" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>22</SPAN>日下午<SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>时</st1:chsdate>以后在江华殡仪馆拍摄的录像和照片显示唐家波尸体伤痕累累，在<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="23" Month="4" Year="2008"><SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>23</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>给江华县检察院申请法医鉴定的报告中也明确提到。为什么中山大学法医鉴定中心在<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="10" Month="5" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>作出的司法鉴定中对唐家波的外伤只字不提</FONT></FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>?<BR></SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>、江华县人民政府<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="26" Month="4" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>26</SPAN>日下午</st1:chsdate>在没有作出司法鉴定结论、唐家波家属不同意签字火化的前提条件下，为什么要强行火化唐家波的尸体？</FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <SPAN lang=EN-US>6</SPAN>、广东中山大学法医鉴定中心为什么在鉴定中不进行死亡时间鉴定？不进行毒物鉴定？</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <SPAN lang=EN-US>7</SPAN>、唐家波家属不同意中山大学法医鉴定中心<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>唐家波符合缢颈致机械性窒息死亡<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>的鉴定结论，于<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="27" Month="5" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>27</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>向江华县检察院申请重新鉴定。江华县检察院为什么在<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="20" Month="7" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>书面拒绝了唐家波家属重新鉴定的正当要求</FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>?<BR></SPAN> <SPAN lang=EN-US>8</SPAN>、认定公民非正常死亡属于公安部门的事情。为什么江华县检察院要超越职权范围、违法擅自认定<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>唐家波系自杀死亡<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>？</FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <SPAN lang=EN-US>9</SPAN>、唐家波家属除了在江华县检察院<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="20" Month="7" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>7</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>的答复中看到<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>唐家波系自杀死亡<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>的文字之外，从未看到江华县检察院出具的正式结论。为什么江华县检察院不对<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>唐家波系自杀死亡<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>作出正式书面结论？</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>、经过调查核实，江华县公安局<SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>22</SPAN>日没有派人去江华宾馆<SPAN lang=EN-US>2107</SPAN>房唐家波死亡现场。江华县人民政府于<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="14" Month="4" Year="2008"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>14</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>在江华县国土局网站上发表《唐家波自杀死亡情况》一文中却提到有县公安局<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="4" Year="2007"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>22</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>唐家波死亡的现场勘察记录和尸体检验报告这两份关键原始证据。江华县人民政府为什么要在网上发布虚假信息欺骗社会公众？</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> <SPAN lang=EN-US>11</SPAN>、湖南省纪委信访办副主任曾海平<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="16" Month="4" Year="2008"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>对新京报记者说：唐家波家属发布在网上的唐家波尸体的照片<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>有可能<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>是假的，唐家波家属多次向省纪委要求对该照片进行真伪鉴定。省纪委为什么不敢对该照片真伪进行鉴定？</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体> <SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>、湖南省纪委曾海平<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="16" Month="4" Year="2008"><SPAN lang=EN-US>2008</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN>日</st1:chsdate>对新京报记者说：<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>对于唐家波一事，湖南省纪委着手下个星期就向中纪委汇报具体情况，真相也会逐渐公布。<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>为什么省纪委在近半年时间内却没有公布唐家波一案的任何真相材料？<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 42pt"><FONT face=宋体>四<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: auto 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 记得我在读书的时候，<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="鲁迅">鲁迅</st1:PersonName>先生的这篇<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="文章">文章</st1:PersonName>老师是要求背诵的，<SPAN lang=EN-US>70</SPAN>多年过去了，现状还是那样的阴暗﹔<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>多年过去了，我不知道还能记忆多少，但是里面有一些简直可以当作警世名言的语句，我认为是不会错的：</FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <BR></SPAN> 共和国五十九年四月五日，就是天涯杂谈发布了寻找去年在县记委遇害的文纖父親墓地扫墓的帖子的那一天，我独在网络上徘徊，看见网友的回贴道，<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>网友可曾为文纖顶贴了没有？<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>我想<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>没有<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>。就有网友正写道，<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>各位还是顶一下罢；文纖小妹现在很希望有大家的回复。</FONT></FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US>”<BR></SPAN> 这是我知道的，凡我所浏览的网页，大概是因为往往没有热点之故罢，回复一向就甚为寥落，然而在这样的网络世界中，大量回复的竟然就有这个帖子。我也早觉得有顶一下的必要了。这虽然于死者毫不相干，但在生者，却大抵只能如此而已。倘使我能够相信真有所谓<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>在天之灵<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>，那自然可以得到更大的安慰，但是，现在，却只能如此而已。</FONT></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 可是我实在无话可说。我只觉得所住的并非人间。无数貌似自杀的谋杀案件，洋溢在我的周围，使我艰于呼吸视听，那里还能有什么言语？长歌当哭，是必须在痛定之后的。而此后几个所谓五毛走狗的阴险的论调，尤使我觉得悲哀。我已经出离愤怒了。我将深味这非人间的浓黑的悲凉；以我的最大哀痛显示于非人间，使它们快意于我的苦痛，就将这作为后死者的菲薄的祭品，奉献于逝者的灵前。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。这是怎样的哀痛者和幸福者？然而造化又常常为庸人设计，以时间的流驶，来洗涤旧迹，仅使留下淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀。在这淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀中，又给人暂得偷生，维持着这似人非人的世界。我不知道这样的世界何时是一个尽头！</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 我们还在这样的世上活着；我也早觉得有顶一下帖子的必要了。离<st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="5" Month="4" Year="2008">四月五日</st1:chsdate>也已有两星期，忘却的救主快要降临了罢，我正有写一个帖子的必要了。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 在无数貌似自杀的谋杀案件之中，文纖父親是国土局書記。當委書記者，我向来这样想，这样说，现在却觉得有些踌躇了，我应该对他奉献我的悲哀与尊敬。他不是<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>光荣伟大的當<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>的書記，是为了正义真相而死的中国的斗士。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 他的姓名第一次为我所见，是在天涯发布各种奇怪事件帖子，社会很黄很暴力的时候，其中的一个帖子就是他，但是我不认识。直到现在，也许已经是天涯强行删贴，各大网站相继封贴之后了，才有<SPAN lang=EN-US>QQ</SPAN>群连接着一些网址告诉我，说：这就是那些帖子。其时我才能将姓名和事件联合起来，心中暗自诧异。我平素想，能够不为势利所屈，反对一广有羽翼的县委書記的干部，无论如何，总该是有些贪污腐败的，但他却常常清贫着，借钱过日子。待到反对非法征地后，记委带走检查之后，他就失去了联系，于是见面的回数就没有了，家人还是始终清贫着，惦记很辛苦。待到记委通知领人，往日的他难道以为责任已尽，永别世间生活的时候，家人才见他冰凉的尸体，全身伤痕的躺在殡仪馆的屋檐下，此后似乎永不相见，总之，在家人的记忆上，记委带走就是永别了。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 我在六日早晨，才知道昨天有闻先在天涯发贴的事，后来便得到消息，说他居然是自杀，伤痕却布满全身，难道自杀者竟然也是自残者之列。但我对于这些传说，竟至于颇为怀疑。我向来是不惮以最坏的恶意，来推测行政官僚的，然而我还不料，也不信竟会下劣凶残到这地步。况且始终清贫着的作干部的文纖父親，更何至于无端在纪委蝶血呢？然而即日证明不是事实了，作证的便是他自己的名字的马甲。还有一个，是人民网评的。然而又反证着这不但是杀害，简直是无耻虐杀，因为身体上还有手卡的伤痕。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 但县记委就有令，说他是<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>贪官<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>！</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 但接着就有流言，说他是受人贿赂的。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 惨象，已使我目不忍视了；流言，尤使我耳不忍闻。我还有什么话可说呢？我懂得衰亡民族之所以默无声息的缘由了，沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 但是，我还有要说的话。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 我没有亲见；听说，他，文纖父親，那时是欣然前往協助检查的。自然，检查而已，稍有人心者，谁也不会料到这样的罗网。但竟在县记委死去了，全身猛击，狠卡颈部，已是致命的手法，更是七窍流血。同样以前的<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="魏">魏</st1:PersonName>君想阻止城管，中了几拳，其中有头部，<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>病死<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>；同样稍前的<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="李">李</st1:PersonName>君也想去举报贪腐，也被抓，投入省一监，尸体悬栏杆，也<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>自杀<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>。但帖子还未删除，一些马甲上窜下跳的回复，于是合鞋了。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 始终清贫着的作干部的文纖父親确是死掉了，这是真的，但他的尸骸却无法为证；沉勇而博爱的<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="魏">魏</st1:PersonName>君也死掉了，有他自己的尸骸为证；还有一样沉勇而正直的<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="李">李</st1:PersonName>君在监狱里死掉了。当三个干部从容地转辗于执政者所控制的阴暗的官场中的时候，这是怎样的一个惊心动魄的伟大呵！地方官僚的贪污腐化的伟绩，利益集团的挟政获利的武功，不幸全被这几具尸体抹杀了。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 但是上下的邪恶者却居然昂起头来，不知道个个脸上有着血污<SPAN lang=EN-US>……</SPAN>。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 时间永是流驶，街市依旧太平，有限的几个生命，在世间是不算什么的，至多，不过供无恶意的闲人以饭后的谈资，或者给有恶意的闲人作<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>流言<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>的种子。至于此外的深的意义，我总觉得很寥寥，因为这实在不过是制度的悲哀。人类的血战前行的历史，正如煤的形成，当时用大量的木材，结果却只是一小块，但举报检查是不在其中的，更何况还有城管。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 然而既然有了网络了，当然不觉要扩大。至少也当浸渍了亲族、网友、爱人的心，纵使时光流驶，洗成鲜红，也会在微漠的悲哀中永存微笑的合鞋的！陶潜说过，<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>亲戚或余悲，他人亦已歌，死去何所道，托体同山阿。<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>倘能如此，这也就够了。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 我已经说过：我向来是不惮以最坏的恶意来推测地方官僚的。但这几次却很有几点出于我的意外。一是地方官竟会这样地凶残，一是流言家竟至如此之下劣，一是地方的干部死去竟能如是之曲折。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 我知道地方干部的办事，是始于以前的，虽然是少数，但看那干练坚决、百折不回的气概，曾经屡次为之感叹。至于这几个在官场中还能清贫或正直，虽殒身不恤的事实，则更足为中国人民的勇毅，虽遭阴谋秘计，压抑至数千年，而终于没有消亡的明证了。倘要寻求这一些死伤者对于将来的意义，意义就在此罢。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 苟活者在淡红的血色中，会依稀看见微茫的希望；真的猛士，将更奋然而前行。</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> 呜呼，我说不出话，但以此记念逝去<st1:PersonName w:st="on" ProductID="诸">诸</st1:PersonName>君！</FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT face=宋体 size=3> </FONT><FONT size=3><FONT face=宋体><SPAN lang=EN-US> <st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="4" Year="2008">4<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>月22</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>日</SPAN></SPAN></st1:chsdate></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P><SPAN id=_AthCaret></SPAN></DIV>
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发表于:2008-11-11 ┆
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牛根生的《万言书》
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CMAMING%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C02%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="chsdate"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="chmetcnv"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" name="PersonName"></o:smarttagtype><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEv……
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发表于:2008-11-05 ┆
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“土地流转改革”应该慎重考虑后再实施
新闻联播中报道了胡锦涛总书记视察小岗村的讲话，讲话明确提出：“要赋予农民更加充分而有保障的土地承包经营权……要根据农民的意愿，允许农民以多种形式流转土地承包经营权，发展适度规模经营”。目的是“改善农村的生产生活条件，不断提高农民的生活水平。”<br> 看来，前一段主流们关于所谓城乡二元制改革和土地私有化的改革建议在一定程度上被中央采纳了。<br> 所谓土地流转改革，虽然并不涉及土地所有权问题（宪法规定土地国有，修宪是困难的），但其包含了承包土地者对土地的“转包、转让、出租、互换、入股以及其他符合法律法规规定的方式”，也包含对应的对土地承包、承让、承租、互换、组织股份公司等活动。这里既包含了承包农户通过出租、入股等在经营过程中长期获益的方法，也包括了通过转包、转让、互换等一次性获得收益的方法。<br> 现在尚不清楚最后出台的政策对转包、转让究竟是怎么定义的，以及受让者的身份限制等具体规定。不过，所谓“所有权”或者“产权”，就是财产的“经营权、收益权和处置权”。允许“出让、转包”，等于在原来农民拥有的“经营权和收益权”上加了土地的“处置权”，基本涵盖了土地“所有权”的全部内容。中国古代一样是……
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发表于:2008-10-16 ┆
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王炎关于民族主义的发言
王炎的这个发言是2002年还是2003年的一次会的发言，是我邀请的，这个发言也是我整理的。我觉得这个发言相当不错，把许多我想说的话说清楚了，比我说得更好。我不记得在这个博客上我发过没有，这是我在百度上找到的，看来网络上什么都丢不了。<br> 王炎是自由主义的代表人物之一，在1980年代，他在自由派中的辈分很高，后来潜龙了。他比一般的那些自由派“大师”要明白得多。<br> 王炎关于民族主义的发言<br> 民族主义是近代西方形成的东西，它有三重概念：第一个是种族民族主义，第二个是文化民族主义，第三个是政治民族主义……
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发表于:2008-10-10 ┆
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C/C++中的函数参数传递机制
<div id="art" style="margin: 15px;"> <div> <div id="art" style="margin: 15px; line-height: 150%;" width="560"><span class="line">本文论述了在 C 和 C++ 中函数调用的参数传递机制；同时附带说明了函数返回值</span>的一些问题。本文示例使用的是VC++6.0。 <p><font size="5"><strong><font color="#c45868">C/C++中的函数参数传递机制</font><font class="font1" color="#5288c7"> </font></strong></font> </p><p><br><span class="line"><font color="#000066"><span class="line"><strong>一、 函数参数传递机制的基本理论</strong></span></font><span class="line"><br> 函数参数传递机制问题在本质上是调用函数（过程）和被调用函数（过程）在调用发生时进行通信的方法问题。基本的参数传递机制有两种：值传递和引用传递。以下讨论称调用其他函数的函数为主调函数，被调用的函数为被调函数。<br> 值传递（passl-by-value）过程中，被调函数的形式参数作为被调函数的局部变量处理，即在堆栈中开辟了内存空间以存放由主调函数放进来的实 参的值，从而成为了实参的一个副本。值传递的特点是被调函数对形式参数的任何操作都是作为局部变量进行，……
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发表于:2008-09-05 ┆
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编译器宏使用总结
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left; text-indent: 21pt;" align="left"><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">C/C++</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">中宏总结</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">程序的源代码中可包括各种编译指令，这些指令称为预处理命令。虽然它们实际上不是</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;" lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;">语言的一部……
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发表于:2008-09-05 ┆
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extern "C" 的用意
<p>引用前先感谢原作者<font style="font-size: 14px;" color="#003399"><b> 蓝斯博顿(Lance Burton),</b></font>因为他把这个问题讲得很清楚.而且思维的条理性和清晰度值得学习!</p><p>====================================================================<br></p><p>前些天，编程序是用到了很久以前写的<b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">C</b>程序，想把里面的函数利用起来，连接发现出现了找不到具体函数的错误：</p> <p>以下是假设旧的<b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(……
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发表于:2008-09-05 ┆
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硅谷的故事
<div style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">作者：</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">钱颖一</span><span lang="EN-US"></span><br><span lang="EN-US"></span></div><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-weight: bold;">一、硅谷奇迹</span><span style="font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-US"><br> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><br> </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;"> </span> <span style="font-family: 宋体;"> 硅谷这个地方对我有特殊的意义。我从</span><span lang="EN-US">1990</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">年搬到硅谷，</span><span lang="EN-US"> 9</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">年间目睹硅谷的腾飞。硅谷的名声越来越大，人气越来越旺，房价也越涨越高，我对此有亲身的体会。硅谷是指从旧金山向南到圣何塞，大概纵深</span><st1:chmetcnv unitname="公里" sour……
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发表于:2008-07-29 ┆
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大道相通,邪道雷同
看看有几点相似的,几点不同的,想想有没有一些道理:<br><br> 我是一个工厂主，瓷器厂，劳动密集型企业。对于一个企业，最重要的是管理―――怎样训练又听话又能干又不讲待遇的员工―――才是企业成功的关键。关于这个，我从邻居开泡菜厂的金胖子那学到很多。<br> <br> 为了能让一部分人先富起来，我很乐意和大家分享我的经验<br> <br><span style="color: rgb(0, 1, 255);"> 1、 向员工阐述勤劳致富、知识改变命运的观念，让他们埋头学习和干活，无暇其他</span><br> 2、 在员工里面找典型找先进，没有先进制造先进，要求员工向先进典型看齐，积极寻找自己不足并努力，并且能够提高生产率<br> 3、 集体宿舍、集中管理，外出也集体活动，不让员工接触外面的就业市场，没有接触也就没有对比，让他们认识到在我的厂里干活是多么幸福<br><span style="color: rgb(0, 1, 255);"> 4、 向员工经常阐述当前严峻的经济形式和其他工厂对我们的恶意竞争，制造同仇敌忾的气氛、提高凝聚力</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 1, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 1, 255);"> 5、 自己亲自控制一切关系到工厂命运的权力，比如财务、采购等等，只允许我指挥厂，不允许厂制约我</span><br> 6、 禁止员工之间讨论一切关于厂务以及经营的问题，只许谈生活问题以及生产上的技术问题，违者罚款，并安排人充当舆论监督者和引导者的角色，及时发现不良苗头，积极引导员工情绪向正确的方向发展并向我汇报<br><span style="color: rgb(0, 1, 255);"> 7、 逐步提高工资，让员工觉得生活有盼头，年年收入比以前高。但不能提太高，以免失去干活的动力</span><br style="color: rgb(0, 1, 255);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 1, 255);"> 8、 给员工们描述本厂的美好未来，阐述这是所有人共同的家园，承诺将来做大做强以后每人都将会获得本厂股份，让他们觉得是在为自己干活</span><br> 9、 向员工们解释现在是建厂初级阶段，有些措施不到位、有些福利不完善也是难免的，但重要的是我们要团结一心向前看，要讲付出、讲奉献，不要过于计较个人得失，房子会有的，面包会有的<br> <span style="color: rgb(0, 1, 255);"> 10、 从员工的薪水中定期扣除一定金额，到年中岁末，组织大PARTY</span>，比如运动会之类的，也邀请别的厂参加，一方面可以展示我厂实力，一方面也可以提高员工们的自豪感，客观上为员工带来欢乐<br> <br> 欢迎大家批评指正！
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发表于:2008-07-17 ┆
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Time to revise old ideas of economic security
<p style="text-indent: 21pt;"><b style=""><span style="color: red;" lang="EN-US">The economic security of a country refers to the subjective impression and objective state of the sovereign country that its economic interests are not under threat from internal and external factors and its national economy maintains a relatively stable, balanced and sustained development.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="text-indent: 21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">For a country to preserve its economic s……
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发表于:2008-07-02 ┆
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王岐山副总理华尔街演讲全文
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">女士们先生们朋友们，我结束了</span><span lang="EN-US">SED</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">的对话，从华盛顿</span><span lang="EN-US">dc</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">赶到纽约来，一个很重要的想法就是来见见华尔街的老朋友，纽约的老朋友。今天晚上我发现，昨天晚上我在华盛顿</span><span lang="EN-US">dc</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">的晚宴……
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发表于:2008-07-02 ┆
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读史鉴今之<五人墓碑记>
<SPAN class=Apple-style-span style="FONT-SIZE: 18px; COLOR: rgb(255,255,255)"> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: white; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">五人者，盖当蓼洲周公之被逮，激于义而死焉者也。至于今，郡之贤士大夫请于当道，即除魏阉废祠之址以葬之。且立石于其墓之门，以旌其所为。呜呼，亦盛矣哉！<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=2>夫五人之死，去今之墓而葬焉，其为时止十有一月耳。夫十有一月之中，凡富贵之子，慷慨得志之徒，其疾病而死，死而湮没不足道者，亦已众矣；况草野之无闻者欤！独五人之皦皦，何也？<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=2>予犹记周公之被逮，在丁卯三月之望。吾社之行为士先者，为之声义，资财，以送其行，哭声震动天地。缇骑按剑而前，问：<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>谁为哀者？<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>众不能堪，抶而仆 之。是时以大中丞抚吴者，为魏之私人，周公之逮所由使也，吴之民方痛心焉。于是乘其厉声以呵，则噪而相逐，中丞匿于溷藩以免。既而以吴民之乱请于朝，按诛五人，曰：颜佩韦、杨念如、马杰、沈扬、周文元，即今之傫然在墓者也。然五人之当刑也，意气扬扬，呼中丞之名而詈之，谈笑以死；断头置城上，颜色不少变。 有贤士大夫发五十金，买五人之脰而函之，卒与尸合。故今之墓中，全乎为五人也。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=2>嗟夫！大阉之乱，缙绅而能不易其志者，四海之大，有几人欤？而五人生于编伍之间，素不闻《诗》、《书》之训，激昂大义，蹈死不顾，亦曷故哉？且矫诏纷出，钩党之捕遍于天下，卒以吾郡之发愤一击，不敢复有 株治；大阉亦逡巡畏义，非常之谋，难于猝发，待圣人之出而投缳道路：不可谓非五人之力也！<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">由是观之，则今之高爵显位，一旦抵罪， 或脱身以逃，不能容于远近，而又有剪发杜门、佯狂不知所之者，其辱人贱行，视五人之死，轻重固何如哉？</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0001ff; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">是以蓼洲周公忠义暴于朝廷，赠谥美显，荣于身后；而 五人亦得以加其土封，列其姓名于大堤之上，凡四方之士，无有不过而拜且泣者，斯固百世之遇也！不然，令五人者保其首领以老于户牖之下，则尽其天年，人皆得以隶使之，安能屈豪杰之流，扼腕墓道，发其志士之悲哉！故予与同社<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /><st1:personname w:st="on" productid="诸">诸</st1:personname>君子哀斯墓之徒有其石也，而为之记，亦以明死生之大，匹夫之有重于社稷也。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT size=2>贤士大夫者：冏卿因之吴公、太史文起文公、孟长姚公也。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">本文写的是明末天启六年（１６２６）三月苏州市民反抗阉党的斗争。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">明朝末年，宦官魏忠贤专权，阉党当政。他们网罗党羽，排斥异己，杀戮大臣，欺压人民，暴虐无道，形成了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">钩党之捕遍于天下</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">的局面。当时以江南士大</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">夫为首的东林党人，主张开放言路，改良政治。他们多次上疏弹劾魏忠贤，斗争非常激烈。以魏忠贤为首的阉党对东林党人进行残酷迫害，杨涟、左光斗、魏大昌等</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">相继被杀。天启六年（１６２６），魏忠贤又派爪牙到苏州逮捕周顺昌，苏州市民群情激愤，奋起反抗，发生暴动。事后，统治者大范围搜捕暴动市民，市民首领颜</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">佩韦等五人为了保护群众，挺身投案，英勇就义。次年，崇祯皇帝即位，罢黜魏忠贤，魏畏罪自缢，阉党失败，周顺昌得以昭雪。为了纪念死去的五位烈士，苏州人</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">民把他们合葬在城外虎丘山前面山塘河大堤上，称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">五人之墓</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">。张溥于崇祯元年（１６２８）写下这篇《五人墓碑记》。碑记，又称碑志，记述死者生前的事</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">迹，评价、歌颂其功德，刻在墓碑上。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><BR><BR></SPAN><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song"><FONT size=5>治国就是治吏</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><BR><BR></SPAN><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song"> 崇祯<st1:chsdate w:st="on" year="2017" month="3" day="18" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False">十七年三月十八日晚</st1:chsdate>，李自成的大顺军攻陷北京外城。崇祯见大势已去，遂于次日凌晨登上万岁山（今景山）自缢身亡。他</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0001ff; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">临终前留下血诏：</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0001ff; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0001ff; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">朕凉德藐躬，上干天咎，然皆群臣误朕。</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0001ff; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">” </SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><BR><BR><FONT size=1> </FONT></SPAN><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">对于崇祯这句牢骚话，历来史家见仁见智；倒是《明史》评论较为客观，说他</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">承神、熹之后，慨然有为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">，然</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">大势已倾</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">用非其人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">，以至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">身罹祸变</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">。</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> <BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">平心而论，崇祯对于明朝覆亡固然难辞其咎，但他执政后还是很想有番作为的。他登基伊始，便当机立断地剪除了魏忠贤阉党集团。接着，又严惩贪官污吏。在用人</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">上，更是每</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">临朝浩叹，慨然思得非常之才</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">。然而事实却是：堪当重任之才寥若晨星，多数是崇祯每任用一人，便失望一人。究其原因，除了崇祯帝本人刚愎自</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">用，用人失察之外，关键就在于，明朝中后期在选人用人机制上发生了严重腐败和危机。</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> <BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">明初，开国皇帝朱元璋很注意重典治国，在官</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">吏铨选、考核、监督方面也制定了一套严密的制度。但到明代中后期，随着整个国家机器日趋腐败，这些制度也都遭到严重破坏。当时，科场舞弊盛行，对官员的考</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">核、监察名存实亡，连负责考核选拔官吏和惩治贪墨的吏部官员和监察御史们，也大肆贪污受贿。据孙承泽《春明梦余录》记载，这些人每到一处，便公开收受贿</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">赂，以至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">不肖有司应劾者，反以贿得荐；应荐者，多以不贿止</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">。到崇祯上台，虽然他以很大决心整饬吏治，但已积弊难返。崇祯元年，吏科给事中韩一良在奏疏</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">中说：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">臣所闻见，督抚也，非五六千金不得；道府之美缺，非二三千金不得；以至州县并佐贰之求缺，各有定价。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">寥寥数语，生动反映了当时买官鬻爵之风愈演</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">愈烈的情况。其实，崇祯对此并非没有觉察。他在崇祯十年的《罪己诏》中就说得明白：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">张官设吏，原为治国安民。今出仕专为身谋，居官有同贸易</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”———</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">明末</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">的官场，已俨然成了权钱交易的大市场。</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> <BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">这些通过走门子、塞票子上来的无耻之徒，其道德品性不言自明。至于其能力如何，虽然不能</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">一概而论，但既然来路大多不正，其能力、素质恐怕也要大打折扣。崇祯朝战事频仍，但崇祯御宇</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">17</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">年中，却是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">兵事方亟，诸大臣避中枢（指兵部尚书一</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">职）</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">。原因很简单，军事并非儿戏，那些只图渔利，并无真才实学的贪官墨吏们，平日当当太平官还勉强凑合，要真让他们领兵打仗，搞不好连脑袋也保不住。事</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">实也确实如此。崇祯一朝，因军事失利被杀的领兵官员不计其数。</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> <BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">明王朝大厦将倾，崇祯面对的却是这么一批贪才、庸才、蠢才，他怎能不陷入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">任用一人，失望一人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">的怪圈，并且直到临死还牢骚满腹呢？</SPAN></FONT><FONT size=1><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> <BR><BR> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">毛泽东生前最爱读《明史》。他有一次谈到明末的历史时，曾不无感慨地说：崇祯其实是个有作为的皇帝，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">但他面对那样一个烂摊子，只好哭天抹泪地走了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">；</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #0001ff; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">治国就是治吏。如果我们的干部都寡廉鲜耻，贪污无度，国家还没有办法治理他们，那天下一定大乱，老百姓一定要当李自成</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">。毛泽东熟读经史，深知历朝历代</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">的兴衰存亡皆与吏风是否清明息息相关，因而把治国归结为治吏，充分显示了一代伟人的深谋远虑。当然，我们党绝不是明朝的崇祯，党的立党宗旨和正在逐步建立</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">与完善的一整套民主法制机制，决定了我们不能也绝不会腐败到那种程度。但是，如果我们掉以轻心，不有效加强对吏治腐败这个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">最大的腐败</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> ”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">的治理，也是非</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">常危险的。从这个意义上说，重温一下明末那段历史，恐怕不无警示意义。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><FONT size=1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">毛泽东论“国之不国”：治国就是治吏，否则天下一定大乱，老百姓一定要当李自成</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">。在枪决了张子善、刘青山之后，毛泽东在一次讲话中语重心长地说：</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 华文楷体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“我们杀了几个有功之臣也是万般无奈。我建议重读一下《资治通鉴》。治国就是治吏。礼义廉耻，国之四维。四维不张，国之不国。如果一个个都寡廉鲜耻，贪污无度，胡作非为，而国家还没有办法治理他们，那么天下一定大乱，老百姓一定要当李自成。国民党是这样，共产党也是这样。杀张子善、刘青山时我讲过，杀他们两个，就是救两百个、两千个、两万个啊。我说过杀人不是割韭菜，要慎之又慎。但是，事出无奈，不得已啊。问题若是成了堆，就是积重难返了啊。崇桢皇帝是个好皇帝，可他面对那样一个烂摊子，只好哭天抹泪去了哟。我们共产党不是明朝的崇桢，我们决不会腐败到那种程度。不过谁要搞腐败那一套，我毛泽东就割谁的脑袋。我毛泽东若是搞腐败，人民就割我毛泽东的脑袋。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: song; mso-hansi-font-family: song">”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: song; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT size=1> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P></SPAN> <DIV><FONT size=1></FONT></DIV>
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发表于:2008-06-30 ┆
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以弱国心态追逐强国梦想
<p> 遇到中国国内的朋友，免不了要对中国当下的时局胡言乱语一番。有趣的是，无论是好听的还是不好听的话，对方基本上都不以为然。就比如，当批评某 些不好的现象时，对方听着听着面子就挂不住了，忍不住要责备你“脱离中国国情太久”；可是，若你对中国政府的某些做法表示赞赏时，对方也要泼一盆冷水： “你长期置身海外，感受不到我们内心的郁闷。”</p><p> 还有一类朋友，其实是不相识的网友，则是另外一种情形，而且也不那么可爱了。比如，只要看到某篇文章中有几句不太顺耳的话，例如批评有些中国民众不懂得如何爱国云云，他……
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发表于:2008-06-27 ┆
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几个c的问题
1. 用预处理指令#define 声明一个常数，用以表明1 年中有多少秒（忽略闰年问题）<br>#define SECONDS_PER_YEAR (60 * 60 * 24 * 365)UL<br>我在这想看到几件事情：<br><br>#define 语法的基本知识（例如：不能以分号结束，括号的使用，等等）<br>懂得预处理器将为你计算常数表达式的值，因此，直接写出你是如何计算一年中有多少秒而不是计算出实际的值，是更清晰而没有代价的。<br>意识到这个表达式将使一个16 位机的整型数溢出-因此要用到长整型符号L 告诉编译器这个常数是的长整型数。<br>如果你在你的表达式中用到UL（表示无符号……
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发表于:2008-06-26 ┆
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How computers bootup
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体;" lang="EN-US">The previous post described <a href="http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/motherboard-chipset-memory-map">motherboards and the memory map</a> in Intel computers to set the scene for the initial phases of boot. Booting is an involved, hacky, multi-stage affair - fun stuff. Here’s an outline of the process: <o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-famil……
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发表于:2008-06-10 ┆
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境外利益集团在华游说活跃 如何制约成关键
<p><span style="" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 楷体_GB2312;" lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 楷体_GB2312;">活跃在中国境内的境外利益集团，通过各种方式，越来越多、越来越深地介入中国经济决策。有关中国的经济主权受到侵蚀的话题越来越引起关注。与发达国家相比较，在华的境外利益集团无拘无束，为所欲为，应实施有效制约。</span> <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang="EN-US"> </span>对外开放<span lang="EN-US">3……
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发表于:2008-06-06 ┆
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COM技术连载
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发表于:2008-05-20 ┆
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民气可用——叶鹏飞
<!--AdForward End--> <p> “地无分南北，年无分老幼，无论何人，皆有守土抗战之责，皆应抱定牺牲一切之决心！”</p><p> 连日陷入汶川大地震的灾情中，不知为何突然联想到蒋介石61年前在七七事变之后所发布的庐山抗战声明。</p><p> 虽然与1937年当时的具体时空环境大不同，今天的中国也似乎在最关键的时刻，从改革开放30年举国上下交征利的萎靡精神状态中苏醒，在惨绝人寰的巨大天灾前洗心革面。</p><p> 在震后抢救生命的黄金72小时过去后，温家宝在灾区所说的一句话，势必成为体现中国人面对这一场国殇……
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发表于:2008-05-19 ┆
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国际米价可能将因日本出售大米下降50%
<p> （东京讯）据英国《泰晤士报》从日本政府多名消息人士处得悉，美国政府已批准日方出口一些对日本来说是多余的美国米。 </p><p> 世界贸易组织(WTO)有一项为人诟病的规定，要求日本不论有否需要，都必须年年进口大米。而日本为了保护国内的农业，就将进口米存仓，待变坏时再当做喂猪喂鸡的饲料出售，十分浪费。有见及此，不少智库组织和粮食专家都促请美日双方，要扭转这股“隐形歪风”。 </p><p> 来自美国华盛顿的全球发展中心表示，这种不合理的做法如果得以终止，150万吨的美国优质米就可从日本的米仓中释放出来，转瞬间就能解决大米危机，估计米价本月底就可能跌50%。 <br></p>——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————<br><br><br>拭目以待，看月底是否会大跌，若不下跌，又是什么因素在影响。<br>米价的近中期走势又如何？<br>
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发表于:2008-05-19 ┆
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Linux 汇编语言开发指南
<blockquote>汇编语言的优点是速度快，可以直接对硬件进行操作，这对诸如图形处理等关键应用是非常重要的。Linux 是一个用 C 语言开发的操作系统，这使得很多程序员开始忘记在 Linux 中还可以直接使用汇编这一底层语言来优化程序的性能。本文为那些在Linux 平台上编写汇编代码的程序员提供指南，介绍 Linux 汇编语言的语法格式和开发工具，并辅以具体的例子讲述如何开发实用的Linux 汇编程序。</blockquote><!--START RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE INCLUDE FILES--><!-- include java script once we verify teams wants to use this and it……
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发表于:2008-05-14 ┆
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突然的小忆
<FONT size=1> 在接连三次装redhat9的等待过程中，将最近一周接触linux的点滴摘要记录下来。由于刚刚开始使用Linux，所以，每一次碰到问题，似乎都花了不小的功夫解决。感谢我这台在04年配备的电脑，从大三一直陪伴我到现在。即使在从武汉托运到珠海的途中，机箱都被挤压变形，庆幸的是仍能工作正常。否则刚来工作，要配一台新电脑又多了一笔不小的开支。<BR><BR> 面对着我这台古董，不时就想起了配电脑的那一天。那天是阴天，出发前天沉沉的，并不是闷热的那种。回来的时候却下点了小雨。欣欣、淫哥、黄皓陪我一起去了电脑城。武汉的电脑城总是人群川流不息，发传单的、摆路边柜台的、卖盗版光碟的一个接一个。我们在电脑城逛了一圈，然后看好了店子就钻了进去。兄弟们从CPU选到键盘鼠标、音箱，帮我搭配帮我砍价。然后一起搬回寝室，再帮我装好。晚上我们在西二食堂二楼高兴地吃了一顿。记得花了不到30。记忆中的兄弟都好久没见了，大约一算，有近3年了。欣欣，四年同寝室，平淡相处，从未闹过任何矛盾。大方随和，一双眼睛炯炯有神。字写得工整漂亮，文笔极好，看到一篇文章我一直以为是他转载的，后来才知道是他写的。欣欣刻苦好学钻劲极强。他在缺乏实践引导的专业课上吃过一些亏，我始终认为我们本科教育的部分课程有太大的改进空间。专业课程要是有一个实践性系统的引导，当初就不会觉得模电等于魔电等等；兴趣来自实践，实践遇到未知，自可深入学习和研究，不展开说明。这些学习、钻研所需的关键精神我都在欣欣的身上看到了，可惜的是如此具有操作性的工程性学科，却被解释成了一团死水。按下不表。鹦哥，喜欢吃水果，总是记得他的那把水果刀和一个白瓷饭碗，以及那个硕大无比的显示器。鹦哥来自钟祥，表述能力是我非常佩服的，第一次的班会上，当我都不知道就一个话题说些什么时，淫哥能有滔滔不绝的言语。鹦哥是个善良的人，不修边幅，洒脱，乐于助人，时常把别人的事当成自己的事，花大把精力解决。总是觉得大家都是非常好相处的人，总是时不时想起大家。黄皓很喜欢看小说，以及网上的新闻，同样，对自己喜欢的东西，有孜孜不倦的追求和钻研精神。对事情有自己独特的见解，总能辨出自己的道路。始终记得他坐在电脑前看小说的样子。还有虎哥、江帅、小芳、淼哥、刘淼、任重、端午、日华、广朋、波哥、郭畅。。。每个人，都有一个标志性的表情，或是姿势，或是话语活在我的记忆中。就像昔日校园早晚的广播和八月的桂花香一样，深深地烙在了回忆里。同学们各奔东西，那片宿舍已然物是人非了。校园依然会轮回春夏秋冬，上课铃声依然会按时响起，初夏的荷花，现在也又会开放了。祝愿兄弟们在他乡安好！一切尽在不言中。 </FONT> <DIV></DIV>
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发表于:2008-05-09 ┆
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CS:APP
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发表于:2008-05-08 ┆
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自己动手写操作系统,笔记
纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行. -----陆游
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发表于:2008-05-07 ┆
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